Resilience and restoration of lakes

Ecology and Society

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 1997, Pages

  Carpenter, Stephen R ^a   Cottingham, Kathryn L ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^b NATIONAL CENTER FOR ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS   (United States)

Author keywords

Ecological economics; Ecosystem; Eutrophication; Lake; Resilience; Restoration; Watershed

Indexed keywords

EID: 34447340838     PISSN: 17083087     EISSN: 17083087     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5751/es-00020-010102     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Arrow, K., B. Bolin, R. Costanza, P. Dasgupta, C. Folke, C.S. Holling, B. Jansson, S. Levin, K. Maler, C. Perrings, and D. Pimentel. 1995. Economic growth, carrying capacity, and the environment. Science 268: 520-521.
2. Blindow, I., G. Andersson, A. Hargeby, and S. Johansson. 1993. Long-term pattern of alternative stable states in two shallow eutrophic lakes. Freshwater Biology 30: 159-167.
3. Campbell, D.G. 1996. Splendid isolation in Thingvallavatn. Natural History, June 1996: 48-55.
4. Caraco, N.F. 1993. Disturbance of the phosphorus cycle: a case of indirect effects of human activity. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 8: 51-54.
5. Carpenter, S.R. 1988. Transmission of variance through lake food webs. Pages 119-138 in S.R. Carpenter, editor. Complex interactions in lake communities. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
6. Carpenter, S.R., D. Bolgrien, R.C. Lathrop, C.A. Stow, T. Reed, and M.A. Wilson. 1997. Ecological and economic analysis of lake eutrophication by nonpoint pollution. Australian Journal of Ecology, in press.
7. Carpenter, S.R., T.M. Frost, J.F. Kitchell, T.K. Kratz, D.W. Schindler, J. Shearer, W.G. Sprules, M.J. Vanni, and A.P. Zimmerman. 1991. Patterns of primary production and herbivory in 25 North American lake ecosystems. Pages 67-96 in J. Cole, S. Findlay, and G. Lovett, editors. Comparative analyses of ecosystems: patterns, mechanisms, and theories. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
8. Carpenter, S.R. and J.F. Kitchell, editors. 1993. The trophic cascade in lakes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
9. Carpenter, S.R., J.F. Kitchell, K.L. Cottingham, D.E. Schindler, D.L. Christensen, D.M. Post, and N. Voichick. 1996. Chlorophyll variability, nutrient input, and grazing: evidence from whole-lake experiments. Ecology 77: 725-735.
10. Carpenter, S.R., C.E. Kraft, R. Wright, X. He, P.A. Soranno, and J.R. Hodgson. 1992. Resilience and resistance of a lake phosphorus cycle before and after food web manipulation. American Naturalist 140: 781-798.
11. Carpenter, S.R., and P.R. Leavitt. 1991. Temporal variation in a paleolimnological record arising from a trophic cascade. Ecology 72: 277-285.
12. Carpenter, S.R., and M.L. Pace. 1997. Dystrophy and eutrophy in lake ecosystems: implications of fluctuating inputs. Oikos 78: 3-14.
13. Christensen, D.L., B.R. Herwig, D.E. Schindler, and S.R. Carpenter. 1996. Impacts of lakeshore residential development on coarse woody debris in north temperate lakes. Ecological Applications 6: 1143-1149.
14. Christie, W.J. 1974. Changes in the fish species compositions of the Great Lakes. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 31: 827-854.
15. Cole, J.J., N.F. Caraco, G.W. Kling, and T.K. Kratz. 1994. Carbon dioxide supersaturation in the surface waters of lakes. Science 265: 1568-1570.
16. Cornett, R.J., and Rigler, F.H. 1979. Hypolimnetic oxygen deficits: their prediction and interpretation. Science 205: 580-581.
17. Cottingham, K.L. 1996. Phytoplankton responses to whole-lake manipulations of nutrients and food webs. Dissertation. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
18. Cottingham, K.L., and S.R. Carpenter. 1994. Predictive indices of ecosystem resilience in models of north temperate lakes. Ecology 75: 2127-2138.
19. Daniel, T.C., A.N. Sharpley, D.R. Edwards, R. Wedepohl, and J.L. Lemunyon. 1994. Minimizing surface water eutrophication from agriculture by phosphorus management. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 49: 30-38.
20. DeAngelis, D.L. 1992. Dynamics of nutrient cycling and food webs. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York, USA.
21. DeAngelis, D.L., S.M. Bartell, and A.L. Brenkert. 1989. Effects of nutrient recycling and food chain length on resilience. American Naturalist 134: 778-805.
22. Driscoll, C.T., C. Yan, C.L. Schofield, R. Munson, and J. Holsapple. 1994. The mercury cycle and fish in Adirondack lakes. Environmental Science and Technology 28: 137-143.
23. Edmondson, W.T. 1969. Eutrophication in North America. Pages 124-149 in Eutrophication: causes, consequences, correctives. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
24. Frost, T.M., S.R. Carpenter, A.R. Ives, and T.K. Kratz. 1995. Species compensation and complementarity in ecosystem function. Pages 224-239 in C. Jones and J. Lawton, editors. Linking species and ecosystems. Chapman and Hall, London, England.
25. Gunderson, L.H., C.S. Holling, and S.S. Light, editors. 1995. Barriers and bridges to the renewal of ecosystems and institutions. Columbia University Press, New York, New York, USA.
26. Harper, D. 1992. Eutrophication of freshwaters. Chapman and Hall, London, England.
27. Hasler, A.D. 1947. Eutrophication of lakes by domestic drainage. Ecology 28: 383-395.
28. Heck, K.L., and L.B. Crowder. 1991. Habitat structure and predator-prey interactions in vegetated aquatic systems. Pages 281-299 in S.S. Ball, E.D. McCoy, and H.R. Mushinsky, editors. Habitat structure: the physical arrangemen t of objects in space. Chapman and Hall, London, England.
29. Hemond, H.F. 1990. Wetlands as the source of dissolved organic carbon to surface waters. Pages 301-313 in E.M. Perdue and E.T. Gjessing, editors. Organic acids in aquatic ecosystems. Wiley, New York, New York, USA.
30. Holling, C.S. 1973. Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4: 1-23.
31. _. 1992. Cross-scale morphology, geometry, and dynamics of ecosystems. Ecological Monographs 62: 447-502.
32. Holling, C.S., G. Peterson, P. Marples, J. Sendzimir, K. Redford, L. Gunderson, and D. Lambert. 1996. Self-organization in ecosystems: lumpy geometries, periodicities and morphologies. Pages 346-384 in B.H. Walker and W.L. Steffen, editors. Global change and terrestrial ecosystems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
33. Howarth, R.W. 1991. Comparative responses of aquatic ecosystems to toxic chemical stress. Pages 169-195 in J. Cole, G. Lovett, and S. Findlay, editors. Comparative analyses of ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, New York, New Yor k, USA.
34. Ives, A.R. 1995. Measuring resilience in stochastic systems. Ecological Monographs 65: 217-233.
35. Jeppesen, E., J.P. Jensen, P. Kristensen, M. Sondergaard, E. Mortensen, O Sortkjaer, and K. Olrik. 1990. Fish manipulation as a lake restoration tool in shallow, eutrophic, temperate lakes. 2: Threshold levels, long-term stability, and c onclusions. Hydrobiologia 200/201: 219-227.
36. Johnston, C.A. 1991. Sediment and nutrient retention by freshwater wetlands: effects on surface water quality. Critical Reviews in Environmental Control 21: 491-566.
37. Jones, R.I. 1992. The influence of humic substances on lacustrine planktonic food chains. Hydrobiologia 229: 73-91.
38. Jones, C., and J. Lawton, editors. 1995. Linking species and ecosystems. Chapman and Hall, London, England.
39. Kitchell, J.F., editor. 1992. Food web management: a case study of Lake Mendota. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
40. Kitchell, J.F., and S.R. Carpenter. 1993. Variability in lake ecosystems: complex responses by the apical predator. Pages 111-124 in M. McDonnell and S. Pickett, editors. Humans as components of ecosystems. Springer-Verl ag, New York, New York, USA.
41. Kitchell, J.F., E.A. Eby, X. He, D.E. Schindler, and R.M. Wright. 1994. Predator-prey dynamics in an ecosystem context. Journal of Fish Biology 45: 1-18.
42. Leopold, A. 1935. Land pathology. Pages 212-217 in S.L. Flader and J.B. Callicott, editors. The river of the Mother of God and other essays by Aldo Leopold. 1991 edition. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
43. Levin, S.A., editor. 1996. Forum: economic growth and environmental quality. Ecological Applications 6: 12-32.
44. Likens, G.E. 1984. Beyond the shoreline: a watershed-ecosystem approach. Internationale Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnology 22: 1-22.
45. _. 1992. The ecosystem approach: its use and abuse. Ecology Institute, Oldendorf/Luhe, Germany.
46. Lodge, D.M. 1993. Biological invasions: lessons for ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 8: 133-137.
47. Ludwig, D., B. Walker, and C.S. Holling. 1997. Sustainability, stability, and resilience. Conservation Ecology [online] 1 (1): 8 (http://www.consecol. org).
48. Maser, C., and J.R. Sedell. 1994. From the forest to the sea: the ecology of wood in streams, rivers, estuaries, and oceans. St. Lucie Press, Delray Beach, Florida, USA.
49. May, R.M. 1974. Stability and complexity in model ecosystems. Second edition. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
50. McKnight, D., D.F. Brakke, and P.J. Mulholland, editors. 1996. Freshwater ecosystems and climate change in North America. Limnology and Oceanography 41(6): 815-1149.
51. Moss, B. 1995. The microwaterscape: a four-dimensional view of interactions among water chemistry, phytoplankton, periphyton, macrophytes, animals, and ourselves. Water Science and Technology 32: 105-116.
52. Moss, B., J. Stansfield, K. Irvine, M. Perrow, and G. Phillips. 1996. Progressive restoration of a shallow lake: a 12-year experiment in isolation, sediment removal, and biomanipulation. Journal of Applied Ecology 33: 71-86.
53. Naiman, R.J., J.J. Magnuson, D.M. McKnight, and J.A. Stanford. 1995. The freshwater imperative. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
54. National Research Council. 1992. Restoration of aquatic ecosystems: science, technology, and public policy. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
55. _. 1993. Soil and water quality: an agenda for agriculture. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
56. O'Neill, R.V., D.L. DeAngelis, J.B. Waide, and T.F.H. Allen. 1986. A hierarchical concept of ecosystems. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
57. Osborne, L.L., and D.A. Kovacic. 1993. Riparian vegetated buffer strips in water quality restoration and stream management. Freshwater Biology 29: 243-258.
58. Pimm, S.L. 1984. The complexity and stability of ecosystems. Nature 307: 321-326.
59. Pimm, S.L., and J.H. Lawton. 1977. Number of trophic levels in ecological communities. Nature 268: 329-331.
60. Porcella, D.B., J.W. Huckabee, and B. Wheatley, editors. 1995. Mercury as a global pollutant. Kluwer, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
61. Post, D.M., S.R. Carpenter, D.L. Christensen, K.L. Cottingham, J.R. Hodgson, J.F. Kitchell, and D.E. Schindler. 1997. Seasonal effects of variable recruitment of a dominant piscivore on food web structure. Limnology and Oceanography, in press.
62. Postel, S., and S.R. Carpenter. 1997. Freshwater ecosystem services. Pages 195-214 in G. Daily, editor. Nature's services. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
63. Power, M.E., D. Tilman, J.A. Estes, B.A. Menge, W.J. Bond, L.S. Mills, G. Daily, J.C. Castilla, J. Lubchenco, and R.T. Paine. 1996. Challenges in the quest for keystones. BioScience 46: 609-620.
64. Rasmussen, J.B., R.B. Rowan, D.R.S. Lean, and J.H. Carey. 1990. Food chain structure in Ontario lakes determines PCB levels in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and other pelagic fish. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic S ciences 47: 2030-2038.
65. Rudd, J.W.M., C.A. Kelly, D.W. Schindler, and M.A. Turner. 1988. Disruption of the nitrogen cycle in acidified lakes. Science 240: 1515-1518.
66. Rudstam, L.G., R.C. Lathrop, and S.R. Carpenter. 1993. The rise and fall of a dominant planktivore: direct and indirect effects on zooplankton. Ecology 74: 303-319.
67. Scheffer, M. 1991. Fish and nutrients interplay determines algal biomass: a minimal model. Oikos 62: 271-282.
68. Scheffer, M., S.H. Hosper, M.-L. Meijer, B. Moss, and E. Jeppesen. 1993. Alternative equilibria in shallow lakes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 8: 275-279.
69. Schindler, D.E., S.R. Carpenter, K.L. Cottingham, X. He, J.R. Hodgson, J.F. Kitchell, and P.A. Soranno. 1996. Food web structure and littoral coupling to pelagic trophic cascades. Pages 96-108 in G.A. Polis and K.O. Winemiller, edi tors. Food webs: integration of pattern and dynamics. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York, USA.
70. Schindler, D.W. 1977. The evolution of phosphorus limitation in lakes: natural mechanisms compensate for deficiencies of nitrogen and carbon in eutrophied lakes. Science 195: 260-262.
71. _. 1990. Experimental perturbations of whole lakes as tests of hypotheses concerning ecosystem structure and function. Oikos 57: 25-41.
72. Schindler, D.W., P.J. Curtis, B.R. Parker, and M.P. Stainton. 1996. Consequences of climate warming and lake acidification for UV-B penetration in North American boreal lakes. Nature 379: 705-708.
73. Schindler, D.W., T.M. Frost, K.H. Mills, P.S.S. Chang, I.J. Davies, D. Findlay, D.F. Malley, J.A. Shearer, M.A. Turner, P.J. Garrison, C.J. Watras, K. Webster, J.M. Gunn, P.L. Brezonik, and W.A. Swenson. 1991. Comparisons betweeen experimen tally and atmospherically acidified lakes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 97B: 193-226.
74. Soltero, R.A., L.R. Singleton, and C.R. Patmont. 1992. The changing Spokane River watershed: actions to improve and maintain water quality. Pages 458-478 in R.J. Naiman, editor. Watershed management. Springer-Verlag, New Y ork, New York, USA.
75. Stow, C.A., S.R. Carpenter, C.P. Madenjian, L.A. Eby, and L.J. Jackson. 1995. Fisheries management to reduce contaminant consumption. BioScience 46: 752-758.
76. Tilman, D. 1996. Biodiversity: population vs. ecosystem stability. Ecology 77: 350-363.
77. van Donk, E., and R.D. Gulati. 1995. Transition of a lake to turbid state six years after biomanipulation: mechanisms and pathways. Water Science and Technology 32: 197-206.
78. Vollenweider, R.A. 1976. Advances in defining critical loading levels for phosphorus in lake eutrophication. Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia 33: 53-83.
79. Wadler, R., J.C. Landman, and D.M. Cameron. 1993. The Clean Water Act 20 years later. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
80. Walker, B.H. 1992. Biological diversity and ecological redundancy. Conservation Biology 6: 18-23.
81. Wetzel, R.G. 1983. Limnology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
82. _. 1990. Land-water interfaces: metabolic and limnological regulators. Internationale Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnology 24: 6-24.
83. _. 1992. Gradient-dominated ecosystems: sources and regulatory functions of dissolved organic matter in freshwater ecosystems. Hydrobiologia 229: 181-198.