Accumulation and distribution of copper and zinc in both water and some vital tissues of two fish species (Tilapia zillii and Mugil cephalus) of Lake Qarun, Fayoum Province, Egypt

Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences

Volumn 10, Issue 13, 2007, Pages 2106-2122

  Authman, Mohammad Mahmoud Nabiha ^a   Abbas, Hossam H H ^a  

^a NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE   (Egypt)

Author keywords

Bioaccumulation; Egypt; Heavy metals; Histopathology; Lake Qarun; Mugil; Physico chemical parameters; Tilapia; Water pollution

Indexed keywords

MUGIL; MUGIL CEPHALUS; PISCES; TILAPIA; TILAPIA ZILLII;

EID: 34447307655     PISSN: 10288880     EISSN: 18125735     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2007.2106.2122     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. Abbas, H.H., K.H. Zaghloul and M.A. Mousa, 2002. Effect of some heavy metal pollutants on some biochemical and histopathological changes in blue tilapia; Oreochromis aureus. Egypt. J. Agric. Res., 80: 1395-1411.
2. Abbas, H.H. and H.M. Mahmoud, 2003. The toxicological effects of water pollution on the Nile tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) collected from four sites along the River Nile. J. Egyptian Vet. Med. Assoc., 63: 30-323.
3. Abd El-Gawad, A.M., 1999. Histopathological studies on the liver and gills of Tilapia nilotica (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to different concentrations of lead acetate and zinc sulphate. J. Egyptian German Soc., 30: 3-22.
4. Abdel-Baky, T.E., A.E. Hagras, S.H. Hassan and M.A. Zyadah, 1998. Seasonal variations of some heavy metals accumulated in the organs of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) in Lake Manzalah, Egypt. J. Environ. Sci., 15: 45-66.
5. Abdel-Mageed, A.A.A., 2005a. Effect of some environmental factors on the biodiversity of holozooplankton community in lake Qarun, Egypt. Egyptian J. Aquat. Res., 31: 230-250.
6. Abdel-Mageed, A.A.A., 2005b. The effect of some environmental factors on zooplankton community biodiversity in Lake Qarun, Egypt. Afr. J. Aquat. Sci., 30: 195-200.
7. Abdel-Moniem, A.M., 1991. Changes in phytoplankton composition of Lake Qarun in relation to variation in salinity. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Girls, Ain Shams University, Egypt.
8. Abdel-Satar, A.M. and A.A. Elewa, 2001. Water quality and environmental assessments of the River Nile at Rossetta Branch. Proceeding of the 2nd International Conference and Exhibition for Life and Environment, 3-5 April, Alexandria, Egypt, pp: 136-164.
9. Abdel-Satar, A.M., A.A. Elewa, A.K.T. Mekki and M.E. Gohar, 2003. Some aspects on trace elements and major cations of Lake Qarun sediment. Egyptian Bulletin, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Egypt, 25: 77-97.
10. Aboul Ezz, A.S. and S.E. Abdel-Razek, 1991. Heavy metal accumulation in the Tilapia nilotica L. and in the waters of Lake Manzalah. Egypt. J. Applied Sci., 6: 37-52.
11. Abou-Zaid, F.A., S. El-Serafy and I.K. El-Shourbagy, 1988a. The toxicity of copper and zinc to three fish species of genus Tilapia. Egyptian J. Applied Sci., 3: 8-16.
12. Abou-Zaid, F.A., S.B. Salem and I.K. El-Shourbagy, 1988b. The toxic effect of copper and zinc on the liver of Tilapia nilotica as revealed by an acute test. Delta J. Sci., 12: 1167-1194.
13. Adham, K.G., I.F. Hassan, N. Taha and T.H. Amin, 1999. Impact of hazardous exposure to metals in the Nile and Delta lakes on the catfish, Clarias lazera. Environ. Monit. Assess., 54: 107-124.
14. Agius, C., 1979. The role of melano-macrophage centers in iron storage in normal and diseased fish. J. Fish Dis., 2: 337-343.
15. Ahdy, H.H., 1982. Distribution of heavy metals in Lake Mariut and Nozha Hydrodrome and their accumulation in fish. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt.
16. Ahmed, N.K., 1994. Ecological studies on zooplankton of Lake Qarun, El Fayoum, Egypt. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt.
17. Alabaster, J.S. and R. Lloyd, 1982. Water Quality Criteria for Freshwater Fish. 2nd Edn., FAO, by Butterworth Scientific, London.
18. Ali, M.H.H., 2002. Impact of agricultural and sewage effluents on the ecosystem of Lake Qarun, Egypt. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Egypt.
19. Ali, M.H.H. and A.M. Abdel-Satar, 2005. Studies of some heavy metals in water, sediment, fish and fish diets in some fish farms in El-Fayoum Province, Egypt. Egyptian J. Aquat. Res., 31: 261-273.
20. Ali, M.H.H. and M.R. Fishar, 2005. Accumulation of trace metals in some benthic invertebrate and fish species relevant to their concentration in water and sediment of Lake Qarun, Egypt. Egypt. J. Aquat. Res., 31: 289-302.
21. Ali, Y.A., A.A. Dardir and R.M. EL Sheikh, 2005. Evolution of the saline and hypersaline brines in the solar ponds from Lake Quarun, Faiyoum-Egypt. Egyptian J. Aquat. Res., 31: 213-225.
22. Anon, 1997. Investigation of Lake Qarun Ecosystem. Final report submitted to USAID, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Cairo, Egypt, pp: 287.
23. APHA (American Public Health Association), 1992. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 18th Edn., Greenberg, A.E., L.S. Clesceri, and A.D. Eaton, (Eds.). APHA, WEF and AWWA, Washington D.C.
24. Ataro, A., T. Wondimu and B.S. Chandravanshi, 2003. Trace metals in selected fish species from lakes Awassa and Ziway, Ethiopia. Ethiopian J. Sci., 26: 103-114.
25. Authman, M.M.N., 1998. A study on freshwater pollution and its effects on zooplankton and fish Oreochromis niloticus in Shanawan drainage canal at Almay, Al-Menoufeya Province, Egypt. Ph.D Thesis, Faculty of Science, Al-Menoufeya Univ., Egypt.
26. Balah, A.M., Z.M. EI-Bouhy and M.E.I.S. Easa, 1993. Histopathological studies in the gills of Tilapia nilotica (Oreochromis niloticus) under the effect of some heavy metals. Zagazig Vet. J., 21: 351-364.
27. Benedetti, I., A.G. Albana and L. Mola, 1989. Histomorphological changes in some organs of the brown bullhead, Ictalurus nebulosus Le Sueur, following short and long term exposure to copper. J. Fish Biol., 34: 273-280.
28. Bernet, D., H. Schmidt, W. Meier, P. Burkhardt-Holm and T. Wahli, 1999. Histopathology in fish: Proposal for a protocol to assess aquatic pollution. J. Fish Dis., 22: 25-34.
29. Bishai, H.M. and S.Y. Kirollus, 1980. The water budget of Lake Qarun and its physicochemical characteristics. Water Supply Manage., 4: 93-97.
30. Boyd, C.E., 1979. Water quality in warm water fish ponds, Agricultural Experiment station, Auburn University, Alabama, USA.
31. Boyd, C.E., 1990. Water quality in ponds for Aquaculture. Birmingham Publishing Co. Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
32. Clarke, M.L., D.G. Harvey and D.J. Humphreys, 1981. Veterinary Toxicology. 2nd Edn., ELBS and Bailliére Tindall, London.
33. Cole, G.E., 1979. Textbook of Limnology. 2nd Edn., C.V. Mosby Company.
34. Dicketson, B.R. and G.L. Vingard, 1999. Effects of high levels of total dissolved solids in Walker Lake, Nevada, on survival and growth of lahontan cutthroat trout. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 128: 507-515.
35. EI-Bagori, H.M., 2001. Pathological studies on some environmental pollution on some freshwater fish in Sharkia Governorate. M.V.Sc., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.
36. Eisenberg, M. and J.J. Topping, 1986. Trace metal residues in finfish from Maryland waters, 1978-1979. J. Environ. Sci. Health, 21: 87-102.
37. Elewa, A.A., 1993. Distribution of Mn, Cu, Zn and Cd in water, sediments and aquatic plants in River Nile and Aswan Reservoir. Egypt. J. Applied Sci., 8: 711-723.
38. Elewa, A.A., M.B. Shehata, A.M. Abdel Satar, M.H.H. Ali and M.E. Gohar, 2001. Effect of the drainage water on lake Qarun ecosystem, Egypt. Presented in 9th International Conference on the Conservation and Management of Lakes 11-16 November, 2001. Shigha Prefectural Government-Japan.
39. El-Ghobashy, A., 1991. Biological studies on the western region of Lake Manzalah. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Science, EI-Mansoura University, Egypt.
40. Elghobashy, H.A., K.H. Zaghloul and M.A.A. Metwally, 2001. Effect of some water pollutants on the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus collected from the River Nile and some Egyptian lakes. Egyptian J. Aquat. Biol. Fish., 5: 251-279.
41. El-Shabrawy, G.M. and O.E. Taha, 1999. Effect of grazing pressure of zooplankton on phytoplankton assemblage in Lake Qarun, El-Fayoum, Egyptian J. Aquat. Biol. Fish., 3: 81-92
42. El-Wakeel, S. and S.D. Wahby, 1970. a-Hydrography and Chemistry of Lake Manzalah, Egyptian Arch. Hydrobiol., 67: 173-200.
43. FAO, 1983. Compilation of legal limits for hazardous substances in fish and fishery products. FAO Fishery Circular No. 464: 5-100.
44. FAO, 1987. Committee for Inland Fisheries of Africa, Report of the first session of the Working Party on pollution and fisheries, Accra, Ghana, 16-20 June 1986. FAO Fisheries Report, 369: 23-36.
45. FAO, 1992. Committee for Inland Fisheries of Africa. Report of the third session of the Working Party on Pollution and Fisheries. Accra, Ghana, 25-29 November 1991. FAO Fisheries Report, 471, Rome, FAO.
46. Förlin, L., C. Haux, L. Karlsson-Norrgren, P. Runn and A. Larsson, 1986. Biotransformation enzyme activities and histopathology in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, treated with cadmium. Aquat. Toxicol., 8: 51-64.
47. Garcia, C.M. and F.X. Niell, 1993. Seasonal change in a saline temporary lake (Fuente de Piedra, southern Spain). Hydrobiology, 267: 211-223.
48. Getachew, T., 1988. Digestive efficiency and nutrient composition gradient in the gut of Oreochromis niloticus L. in lake Awasa, Ethiopia. J. Fish Biol., 33: 501-509.
49. Ghazaly, K.S., 1992. A comparative study of trace elements accumulation in tissues of the teleost Tilapia zillii from contaminated and clean areas. Bulletin of the National Institute of the Oceanographic Fishe., ARE, 18: 37-41.
50. Ghazaly, K.S., M.A. El-Mofty and S.I. Attia, 1992. Effects of locality and tissue type on heavy metal levels of some commercial fishes from Alexandria, Egypt. Bulletin of the National Institute of the Oceanographic and Fisheries, A.R.E., 18: 43-52.
51. Goher, M.E., 2002. Chemical studies on the precipitation and dissolution of some chemical elements in Lake Qarun. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
52. Gomaa, M.N.E., A.K. Abou-Arab, A. Badawy and K. Naguib, 1995. Distribution pattern of some heavy metals in Egyptian fish organs. Food Chem., 53: 385-389.
53. Herbst, D.B., 2002. Gradients of salinity stress, environmental stability and water chemistry as a template for defining habitat types and physiological strategies in inland salt waters. Hydrobiology, 466: 209-219.
54. Ibrahim, H.T.M., 1996. Detection and identification of some pesticides residues and heavy metals in Qaroun Lake and River Nile fish. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt.
55. Kebede, A. and T. Wondimu, 2004. Distribution of Trace Elements in muscle and organs of tilapia, Oreochromis Niloticus, from lakes awassa and ziway. Ethiopian Bulletin of Chemical Society, Ethiopia, 18: 119-130.
56. Khallaf, E.A., M. Galal and M. Authuman, 1998. Assessment of heavy metals pollution and their effects on Oreochromis niloticus in aquatic drainage water. J. Egypt. German Soc., 26(B): 39-74.
57. Khallaf, E.A., M. Galal and M. Authman, 2003. The biology of Oreochromis niloticus in a polluted canal. Ecotoxicology, 12: 405-416.
58. Kranz, H. and N. Peters, 1985. Pathological conditions in the liver of ruffe Gynmocephalus cernua (L.), from the Elbe estuary. J. Fish Dis., 8: 13-24.
59. Mainping, Z., 2002. On salinology. Hydrobiology, 466: 339-347.
60. Mallatt, J., 1985. Fish gill structural changes induced by toxicants and other irritants: A statistical review. Canadian J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 42: 630-648.
61. Mansour, S.A., S.S. Messeha and M.M. Sidky, 2000. Ecotox-icological Studies. 1. Qualitative and quantitative determination of salt composition in Lake Qarun water and its sources. Egypt. J. Aquat. Biol. Fish., 4: 271-303.
62. Mansour, S.A. and S.S. Messeha, 2001. Ecotoxicological studies. 2- Distribution of toxic heavy metals in water and sediment of lake Qarun, Egypt. J. Egypt. Acad. Soc. Environ. Develop., 2: 57-82.
63. Mansour, S.A., M.R. Mahran and M.M. Sidky, 2001a. Ecotoxicological Studies. 4. Monitoring of pesticide residues in the maior components of Lake Qarun, Egypt. J. Egyptian Acad. Soc. Environ. Deve., 2: 83-116.
64. Mansour, S.A., S.S. Messeha and A.W. Ibrahim, 2001b. Ecotoxicological Studies. 5. The use of Daphnia magna neonates and Culex pipiens larvae to bioassay toxicity of Lake Qarun water (Egypt) and to propose preliminary remedial criteria. J. Egypt. German Soc., 36: 115-140.
65. Mansour, S.A. and M.M. Sidky, 2002. Ecotoxicological Studies. 3. Heavy metals contaminating water and fish from Fayoum Governorate. Egypt. J. Food Chem., 78: 15-22.
66. Mansour, S.A. and M.M. Sidky, 2003. Ecotoxicological Studies. 6. The first comparative study between Lake Qarun and Wadi El-Rayan wetland (Egypt), with respect to contamination of their major components. Egypt. J. Food Chem., 82: 181-189.
67. Marie, M.A.S., A.M. Haggag and A.A. EI-Badawy, 1998. Physiological and biochemical responses of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio to an organophosphorus insecticide Profenofos. Egypt. J. Zool., 13: 279-302.
68. Masoud, M.S., A.A. Elewa, A.E. Ali and E.A. Mohamed, 2004. Metal distribution in water and sediments of Lake Edku, Egypt. Egypt. Sci. Maga., 1: 13-22.
69. Mattliiessen, P. and A.E. Brafield, 1973. The effects of dissolved zinc on the gills of the stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatiis (L.). J. Fish Biol., 5: 607-613.
70. Mousa, M.A.A., 1999. Biological and physiological studies on the effects of the gramoxone and stomp herbicides on Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt.
71. Obasohan, E.E., J.A.O. Oronsaye and E.E. Obano, 2006. Heavy metal concentrations in Malapterurus electricus and Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus from Ogba River in Benin City, Nigeria. Aft. J. Biotechnol., 5: 974-982.
72. Oliveira-Filho, E.C., R.M. Lopes and F.J.R. Paumgartten, 2004. Comparative study on the susceptibility of freshwater species to copper-based pesticides. Chemosphere, 56: 369-374.
73. Pascoe, D., S. Evans and J. Woodworth, 1986. Heavy metal toxicity to fish and the influence of water hardness. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 15: 481-487.
74. Pascoe, D., 1987. The role of aquatic toxicity tests in predicting and monitoring pollution effects. Acta Biologica Hungarica, 38: 47-58.
75. Radwan, A.M. and L.M. Shakweer, 2004. On the present status of the environmental and fishery of Lake Borollus. 2. A. Distribution and concentrations of trace elements in the water and bottom sediments of Lake Borollus. Egypt. J. Aquat. Res., 30(A): 43-98.
76. Rai, A.K., 2000. Limnological characteristics of subtropical Lakes Phewa, Begnas and Rupa in Pokhara Valley, Nepal. Jap. J. Limnol., 1: 33-46.
77. Randi, A.S., J.M. Monserrat, E.M. Rodrigue and L.A. Romano, 1996. Histopathological effects of cadmium on the gills of the freshwater fish, Macropsobrycon uruguayanae Eigenmann (Pisces, Atherinidae). J. Fish Dis., 19: 311-322.
78. Saad, M.A.H., 1980. A limnological study on Nasser Lake and the Nile in Egypt. Water Supplies Manage., 4: 81-92.
79. Saad, M.A.H., 1987. Limnological studies on the Nozha Hydrodrome, Egypt, with special reference to the problems of pollution. Sci. Total Environ., 67: 195-214.
80. Sabae, S.Z., 1993. Studies on aquatic bacteria of Lake Qarun, El-Fayoum, Egypt. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt.
81. Sabae, S.Z., 1996. Bacteriological and chemical studies on benthic layers of Lake Qarun El-Fayoum, Egypt. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt.
82. Sabae, S.Z. and M.H. Ali, 2004. Distribution of nitrogen cycle bacteria in relation to physicochemical conditions of a closed saline lake (Lake Qarun, Egypt). J. Egypt. Acad. Soc. Environ. Develop., (D-Environmental Studies), 5: 145-167.
83. Saeed, S.M., 1999. A study on factors affecting fish production from certain fish farm in the Delta., M.Sc. Thesis, Ain Shames University, Egypt.
84. Salanki, I., V.B. katalin and E. Berta, 1982. Heavy metals in animals of Lake Balaton. Water Res., pp: 1147-1152.
85. Saleh, H.H., 1982. Fish liver as indicator of aquatic environmental pollution. Bull. Nat. Inst. Oceanograph. Fish., ARE, 8: 69-79.
86. Saleh, H., A. hamza and B. El-Boghdady, 1983. Effect of water pollution on fish populations of Lake Mariut. Bulletin of High Institute of Public Health (Alexandria), Egypt, 13: 233-247.
87. Saleh, M.A., M.A. Saleh, M.M. Fouda, M.A. Saleh, M.S. Abdel Latif and B.L. Wilson, 1988. Inorganic Pollution of the Man-Made Lakes of Wadi El-Raiyan and its impact on Aquaculture and Wildlife of the Surrounding Egyptian Desert. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 17: 341-403.
88. Samy, M.S., 2000. Environmental study on Quarun Lake as closed final disposal basin. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt.
89. Shaker, I.M., A. Ez-EI-Rigal and H. El Ghobashy, 2000. Effects of EDTA on reducing of copper toxicity in water and Oreochromis niloticus. Egypt. J. Applied Sci., 15: 119-131.
90. Shakweer, L.M., 1998. Concentration levels of some trace metals in Oreochromis niloticus at highly and less polluted areas of Mariut Lake. J. Egypt. Soc. Zool., 25(A): 125-144.
91. Shakweer, L.M. and A.M. Radwan, 2004. Environmental and fishery investigations on Lake Borollus. 2. B. Rates of trace elements accumulation in the macrophytes and fish at Lake Borollus. Egypt. J. Aquat. Res., 30(A): 99-120.
92. Shakweer, L.M. and M.M. Abbas, 2005. Effect of ecological and biological factors on the uptake and concentration of trace elements by aquatic organisms at Edku Lake. Egypt. J. Aquat. Res., 31: 271-288.
93. Shaw, B.J. and R.D. Handy, 2006. Dietary copper exposure and recovery in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Aquat. Toxicol., 76: 111-121.
94. Shenouda, T.S., F.A. Abou-Zaid, A.E. Al-Assiuty and A.E. Abada, 1992. Water pollution and bioaccumulation of the highly pollutant agents in different organs of Oreochromis niloticus near Kafr El-Zayat. Proceeding of Zoology Society, ARE, 23: 12-25.
95. Shoman, H.M. and H.S. Gaber, 2003. Histological and ultrastructural observations on gills of tilapia nilotica 1. (Oreochromis niloticus) in Lake Qarun, Fayoum Province, Egypt. Egypt. J. Aquat. Biol. Fish., 7: 157-181.
96. Siliem, T.A.E., 1993a. Impact of drainage water on the water quality of Quarun saline Lake. I- Environmental survey. Bulletin of Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, 15: 122-146.
97. Siliem, T.A.E., 1993b. Impact of drainage water on the water quality of Qarun saline Lake: 2-some cations and anions anomalies. Bulletin of Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, 15: 147-166.
98. Siliem, T.A.E., 1993c. Impact of drainage water on the water quality of Quarun saline Lake: 3-Nutrient salts. Bulletin of Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, 15: 167-179.
99. Siliem, T.A.E., 1993d. Effect of pollution on the chemical composition of Lake Qarun water. Menofiya J. Agric. Res., 18: 1863-1892.
100. Soliman, G.F., 1989. The hydrology of Lake Qaroun, Fayonm province, Egypt, Part. I: physical environmental conditions. Bull. Nat. Inst. Oceanograph. Fish., ARE, 15: 75-92.
101. SPSS Inc., 2001. SPSS Science Inc. 233 South Wacker Drive. Chicago, IL 60606-6307, USA.
102. Talling, J.F. and T.B. Talling, 1965. The chemical composition of African lake waters. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie, 50: 421-463.
103. Temmink, J., P. Bouweister, P. De Jong and J. Van Den Berg, 1983. An ultrastructure of chromatin induced hyperplasia in the gill of rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri. Aquat. Toxicol., 4: 165-179.
104. USEPA (United States Enviornmental Protection Agency), 1986. Quality criteria for water EPA 440/5-86-001 MAY 1986. Office of water regulations and standards, Washington DC. USA.
105. USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 1994. The Quality of Our Nation's Water: 1994, Executive Summary of the National Water Quality Inventory: 1994 Report to Congress. EPA841-S-94-002. December 1995, Office of Water, Washington, DC, USA., pp: 209.
106. USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 2000. Drinking water standards and health advisories. Office of Water, US EPA 822-B-00-01.
107. Ueda, S., H. Kawabata, H. Hasegawa and K. Kondo, 2000. Characteristics of fluctuations in salinity and water quality in brackish Lake Obuchi. Limnology, 7: 57-62.
108. Vidondo, B., B. Martinez, C. Monies and M.C. Guerrero, 1993. Physico-chemical characteristics of a permanent Spanish hypersaline lake: La Salade de Chiprana (NE Spain). Hydrobiology, 267: 113-125.
109. Welcomme, R.L., 1985. River fisheries. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, (262): 330.
110. Wetzel, R.G., 1983. Limnology. Saunders College Publishing. 2nd Edn., pp: 767.
111. WHO (World Health Organization), 1984. Guide Lines for Drinking Water. Geneva.
112. WHO (World Health Organization), 1998. Copper Environmental Health Criteria 200. IPCS-International Program on Chemical Safety, WHO, Geneva.
113. Wiener, J.G. and J.P. Giesy, 1979. Concentration of Cd, Cu, Mn. Pb and Zn, in fishes in highly organic soft ware pond. J. Fish. Res. Board Canada, 36: 270-278.
114. Wilson, R.W. and E.W. Taylor, 1993. The physiological responses of freshwater rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, dining acutely lethal copper exposure. Compar. Physiol., 163(B): 38-47.
115. Zyadah, M.A., 1995. Environmental impact assessment of pollution in Lake Manzalah and its effect on fishes. Ph.D. Thesis, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, El-Mansoura University, Egypt, pp: 127.
116. Zyadah, M.A., 1997. A study on levels of some heavy metals in River Nile estuary-Damietta branch, Egypt. J. Egypt German Soc., 23(A): 149-160.