Multiple mortality optima due to heterogeneity in the birth cohort: A continuous model of birth weight by gestational age-specific infant mortality

American Journal of Human Biology

Volumn 19, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 475-486

  Fang, Fu ^a   Stratton, Howard ^a   Gage, Timothy B ^a,b  

^a STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^b SOUTHWEST FOUNDATION FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AFRICAN AMERICAN; ARTICLE; BIRTH WEIGHT; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; ERROR; EUROPEAN AMERICAN; FEMALE; FETUS DEVELOPMENT; GESTATIONAL AGE; HUMAN; INFANT; INFANT MORTALITY; INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION; LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; PREMATURITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SMALL FOR DATE INFANT; UNITED STATES;

AFRICAN AMERICANS; BIRTH WEIGHT; COHORT STUDIES; FEMALE; GESTATIONAL AGE; HUMANS; INFANT MORTALITY; INFANT, NEWBORN; LOGISTIC MODELS; MALE; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; NEW YORK; PREGNANCY;

EID: 34447304341     PISSN: 10420533     EISSN: 15206300     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20607     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Alexander GR, Tompkins ME, Petersen DJ, Hulsey TC, Mor J. 1995. Discordance between LMP-based and clinically estimated gestational age: implications for research, programs and policy. Public Health Rep 110:395-402.
2. Alshimmiri MM, Hammoud MS, Al-Saleh EA, Alsaeid KMS. 2003. Ethnic variations in birthweight percentiles in Kuwait. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 17:355-362.
3. Bowman AW, Azzalini A. 1997. Applied smoothing techniques for data analysis: the kernel approach with S-Plus illustrations. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 208 p.
4. Brunskill AJ, Rossing MA, Connell FA, Daling J. 1991. Antecedents of macrosomia. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 5:392-401.
5. Buck GM, Shelton JA, Mahoney MC, Michalek AM, Powell EJ. 1995. Racial variation in spontaneous fetal deaths at 20 weeks or older in upstate New York, 1980-1986. Public Health Rep 110:587-592.
6. Cassady G, Strange M. 1987. The small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infant? In: Avery GB, editor. Neonatology. Philadelphia: Lippincott. pp 299-331.
7. Chamberlain. 1989. The epidemiology and etiology of intrauterine growth retardation. In: Kurjak A, Beazley JM, editors. Fetal growth retardation: diagnosis and treatment. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
8. David RJ. 1980. The quality and completeness of birth-weight and gestational age data in computerized birth files. Am J Public Health 70:964-973.
9. Davison AC, Hinkley DV. 1998. Bootstrap methods and their application. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10. Demissie K, Rhoads GG, Ananth CV, Alexander GR, Kramer MS, Kogan MD, Joseph KS. 2001. Trends in preterm birth and neonatal mortality among blacks and whites in the United States from 1989 to 1997. Am J Epidemiol 154:307-315.
11. Forbes JF, Smalls MJ. 1983. A comparative analysis of birth weight for gestational age standards. Br J Obstet Gynecol 90:297-303.
12. Frisbie WP, Forbes D, Pullum SG. 1996. Compromised birth outcomes and infant mortality among racial and ethnic groups. Demography 33:469-481.
13. Fryer JG, Hunt RG, Simons AM. 1984. Biostatistical considerations: the case for using models. In: Falkner F, editor. Prevention of prenatal mortality and mortality. Basel: Karger.
14. Gage TB. 2000. Variability of gestational age distributions by sex and ethnicity: an analysis using mixture models. Am J Hum Biol 12:181-191.
15. Gage TB. 2002a. Birth-weight-specific infant and neonatal mortality: effects of heterogeneity in the birth cohort. Hum Biol 74:165-184.
16. Gage TB. 2002b. Modeling birth weight and gestational age distributions: additive vs. multiplicative processes. Am J Hum Biol 14:728-734.
17. Gage TB. 2003. Classification of births by birth weight and gestational age: an application of multivariate mixture models. Ann Hum Biol 30:589-604.
18. Gage TB, Bauer MJ, Fang F, Stratton H. 2004a. Mixed logistic regressions with covariate density defined components: applications to birth outcomes. Working paper. Center for Social and Demographic Analysis (CSDA), SUNY at Albany. Available at www.albany.edu/csda/2004wp1/ 2004wp1.pdf.
19. Gage TB, Bauer MJ, Heffner N, Stratton H. 2004b. Pediatric paradox: Heterogeneity in the birth cohort. Hum Biol 76:327-342.
20. Gage TB, Therriault G. 1998. Variability of birth-weight distributions by sex and ethnicity: analysis using mixture models. Hum Biol 70:517-534.
21. Geijerstam G. 1969. Low birth weight and perinatal mortality. Public Health Rep 84:939-948.
22. Ghosh S, Daga S. 1967. Comparison of gestational age and weight as standards of prematurity. J Pediatr 71:173-175.
23. Godfrey KM, Barker DJP. 2000. Fetal nutrition and adult disease. Am J Clin Nutr 71:1344-1352.
24. Goldenberg RL, Cutter GR, Hoffman HJ, Foster JM, Nelson KG, Hauth JC. 1989. Intrauterine growth retardation: Standards for diagnosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 161:1642-1674.
25. Goldenberg RL, Hauth JC, Andrew WW. 2000. Mechanisms of disease: intrauterine infection and preterm delivery. N Engl J Med 342:1500-1507.
26. Gould JB, Chavez G, Marks AR, Liu H. 2002. Incomplete birth certificates: a risk marker for infant mortality. Am J Public Health 92:79-81.
27. Guyer B, Martin JA, MacDorman MF, Anderson RN, Strobino DM. 1997. Annual summary of vital statistics - 1996. Pediatrics 100:905-918.
28. Hellier JL, Goldstein H. 1979. The use of birthweight and gestation to assess perinatal mortality risk. J Epidemiol Community Health 33:183-185.
29. Herman AA, Yu KF, Hoffman HJ, Krulewitch CJ, Bakketeig LS. 1993. Birth-weight, gestational-age and perinatal-mortality-biological heterogeneity and measurement error. Early Hum Dev 33:29-44.
30. Hoffman HJ, Stark CR, Lundin FEJ, Ashbrook JD. 1974. Analysis of birth weight, gestational age, and fetal viability, U.S. births, 1968. Obstet Gynecol Surv 29:651-681.
31. Joseph KS, Kramer MS, Allen AC, Mery LS, Platt RW, Wen SW. 2001. Implausible birth weight for gestational age. Am J Epidemiol 153:110-113.
32. Kallan JE. 1993. Race, intervening variables, and 2 components of low birth-weight. Demography 30:489-506.
33. Kiely JL, Brett KM, Yu S, Rowley DL. 1995. Low birth weight and intrauterine growth retardation. In: Wilcox LS, Marks JS, editors. From data to action: CDC's public health surveillance for women, infants, and children. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, pp 185-202.
34. Kohn MA, Vosti CL, Lezotte D, Jones RH. 2000. Optimal gestational age and birth-weight cutoffs to predict neonatal morbidity. Med Decis Making 20:369-376.
35. Kramer MS, Mclean FH, Boyd ME, Usher RH. 1988. The validity of gestational age estimation by menstrual dating in term, preterm, and postterm gestations. JAMA 260:3306-3308.
36. Kramer MS, McLean FH, Olivier M, Willis DM, Usher RH. 1989. Body proportionality and head and length sparing in growth-retarded neonates - a critical reappraisal. Pediatrics 84:717-723.
37. Lubchenco LO, Hansman C, Dressier M, Boyd E. 1963. Intrauterine growth as estimated from live born birth-weight data at 24 to 42 weeks of gestation. Pediatrics 32:793-800.
38. Madan KA, Nasrat HA, Al-Nowaisser AA, Khashoggi RH, Abalkhail BA. 1995. Low birth weight in the Taif Region, Saudi Arabia. East Mediterr Health J 1:47-54.
39. McCormick MC. 1985. The contribution of low birth weight to infant mortality and childhood morbidity. N Engl J Med 312:82-90.
40. Mustafa G, David RJ. 2001. Comparative accuracy of clinical estimate versus menstrual gestational age in computerized birth certificates. Public Health Rep 116: 15-21.
41. Nguyen TH, Larsen T, Engholm G, Moller H. 2000. Increased adverse pregnancy outcomes with unreliable last menstruation. Obstet Gynecol 95:867-873.
42. Oja H, Koiranen M, Rantakallio P. 1991. Fitting mixture-models to birth-weight data - a case-study. Biometrics 47:883-897.
43. Parker JD, Schoendorf KC. 2002. Implications of cleaning gestational age data. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 16: 181-187.
44. Platt RW. 2002. The effect of gestational age errors and their correction in interpreting population trends in fetal growth and gestational age-specific mortality. Semin Perinatol 26:306-311.
45. Platt RW, Abrahamowicz M, Kramer MS, Joseph KS, Mery L, Blondel B, Breart G, Wen SW. 2001. Detecting and eliminating erroneous gestational ages: a normal mixture model. Stat Med 20:3491-3503.
46. Platt RW, Ananth CV, Kramer MS. 2004. Analysis of neonatal mortality: is standardizing for relative birth weight biased? BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 4:9-18.
47. Rush RW, Keirse MJ, Howat P, Baum JD, Anderson AB, Turnbull AC. 1976. Contribution of preterm delivery to perinatal mortality. Br Med J 2:965-968.
48. Savitz DA, Terry JW, Dole N, Thorp JM, Siega-Riz AM, Herring AH. 2002. Comparison of pregnancy dating by last menstrual period, ultrasound scanning, and their combination. Am J Obstet Gynecol 187:1660-1666.
49. Simpson EH. 1951. The interpretation of interaction in contingency tables. J R Stat Soc Ser B 13:238-241.
50. Solis P, Pullum SG, Frisbie WP. 2000. Demographic models of birth outcomes and infant mortality: an alternative measurement approach. Demography 37:489-498.
51. Steward DK, Moser DK. 2004. Intrauterine growth retardation in full-term newborn infants with birth weights greater than 2,500 g. Res Nurs Health 27:403-412.
52. Tentoni S, Astolfi P, De Pasquale A, Zonta LA. 2004. Birthweight by gestational age in preterm babies according to a Gaussian mixture model. BJOG 111:31-37.
53. Todros T, Ronco G, Lombardo D, Gagliardi L. 1991. The length of pregnancy - an echographic reappraisal. J Clin Ultrasound 19:11-14.
54. Umbach DM, Wilcox AJ. 1996. A technique for measuring epidemiologically useful features of birthweight distributions. Stat Med 15:1333-1348.
55. Van der Veen WJ. 1998. Comment on Compromised birth outcomes and infant mortality among racial and ethnic groups. Demography 35:509-517.
56. Wilcox AJ, Russell IT. 1983. Birth weight and perinatal mortality. I. On the frequency distribution of birth weight. Int J Epidemiol 12:314-318.
57. Yang H, Kramer MS, Platt RW, Blondel B, Breart G, Morin I, Wilkins R, Usher R. 2002. How does early ultrasound scan estimation of gestational age lead to higher rates of preterm birth? Am J Obstet Gynecol 186:433-437.
58. Yerushalmy J. 1967. The classification of newborn infants by birth weight and gestational age. J Pediatr 71:164-172.