The city as barracks: Freetown, Monrovia, and the organization of violence in postcolonial African cities

Cultural Anthropology

Volumn 22, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 400-428

  Hoffman, Danny ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

Africa; Capitalism; Labor; Masculinity; Violence

Indexed keywords

EID: 34447254745     PISSN: 08867356     EISSN: 15481360     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/can.2007.22.3.400     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Abdullah, Ibrahim 1998 Bush Path to Destruction: The Origin and Character of the Revolutionary United Front/Sierra Leone. Journal of Modern African Studies 36(2):203-235.
2. Abdullah, Ibrahim 2002 Space, Culture, and Agency in Contemporary Freetown. In Under Siege: Four African Cities - Freetown, Johannesburg, Kinshasa, Lagos. Okwui Enwezor, Carlos Basualdo, Ute Meta Bauer, Susanne Ghez, Sarat Maharaj, Mark Nash, Octavio Zaya, eds. Pp. 201-212. Ostfildern-Ruit: Hatje Cantz.
3. Abdullah, Ibrahim, and Patrick Muana 1998 The Revolutionary United Front of Sierra Leone: A Revolt of the Lumpenproletariat. In African Guerillas. Christopher Clapham, ed. Pp. 172-194. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
4. Agamben, Giorgio 1998 Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
5. Bayart, Jean-François 1993 The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly. New York: Longman.
6. Bowden, Charles 1998 Juárez: The Laboratory of Our Future. New York: Aperture.
7. Bratton, Michael, and Nicholas van de Walle 1997 Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8. Chatterjee, Partha 2004 The Politics of the Governed: Reflections on Popular Politics in Most of the World. New York: Columbia.
9. Comaroff, Jean, and John Comaroff 1999 Occult Economies and the Violence of Abstraction: Notes from the South African Postcolony. American Ethnologist 26(2):279-303.
10. Coulter, Chris 2005 The Post War Moment: Female Fighters in Sierra Leone. Migration Studies Working Paper Series, 22. Forced Migration Studies Programme, University of the Witwatersrand. Electronic document, http://migration.wits.ac.za, accessed April 3, 2006.
11. De Boeck, Filip, with photographs by Marie-Françoise Plissart 2002 Kinshasa: Tales of the "Invisible City" and the Second World. In Under Siege: Four African Cities - Freetown, Johannesburg, Kinshasa, Lagos. Okwui Enwezor, Carlos Basualdo, Ute Meta Bauer, Susanne Ghez, Sarat Maharaj, Mark Nash, Octavio Zaya, eds. Pp. 243-285. Ostfildern-Ruit: Hatje Cantz.
12. Deleuze, Gilles 1995 Postscript on Control Societies. In Negotiations, 1972-1990. Pp. 177-182. New York: Columbia University Press.
13. Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari 1983 Anti-Oedipus, Capitalism and Schizophrenia, vol. 1. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
14. Farquhar, Judith, and Qicheng Zhang 2005 Biopolitical Beijing: Pleasure, Sovereignty, and Self-Cultivation in China's Capital. Cultural Anthropology 20(3):303-327.
15. Fassin, Didier 2005 Compassion and Repression: The Moral Economy of Immigration Policies in France. Cultural Anthropology 20(3):362-387.
16. Feldman, Allen 1991 Formations of Violence: The Narrative of the Body and Political Terror in Northern Ireland. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
17. Ferme, Mariane 1999 Staging Politisi: The Dialogics of Publicity and Secrecy in Sierra Leone. In Civil Society and the Political Imagination in Africa. J. L. Comaroff and J. Comaroff, eds. Pp. 160-191. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
18. Fithen, Caspar 1999 Diamonds andWar in Sierra Leone: Cultural Strategies for Commercial Adaptation to Endemic Low-Intensity Conflict. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University College, London.
19. Green, Linda 1994 Fear as aWay of Life. Cultural Anthropology 9(2):227-256.
20. Gill, Lesley 1997 Creating Citizens, Making Men: The Military and Masculinity in Bolivia. Cultural Anthropology 12(4):527-550.
21. Hardt, Michael 1995 The Whithering of Civil Society. Social Text 45 (Winter):27-44.
22. Hardt, Michael, and Antonio Negri 1994 Labor of Dionysus: A Critique of the State Form. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
23. Hardt, Michael, and Antonio Negri 2000 Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
24. Henry, Doug 2000 Embodied Violence:WAr and Relief along the Sierra Leone-Guinea Border. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University.
25. Henry, Doug 2005 The Legacy of the Tank: The Violence of Peace. Anthropological Quarterly 78(2):443-456.
26. Hoffman, Danny 2003 Like Beasts in the Bush: Synonyms of Childhood and Youth in Sierra Leone. Postcolonial Studies 6(3):295-308.
27. Hoffman, Danny 2005 a Despot Deposed: Charles Taylor and the Challenge of State Reconstruction in Liberia. In Legacies of Power: Leadership Change and Former Presidents in African Politics. Roger Southall and Henning Melber, eds. Pp. 308-330. Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council Press.
28. Hoffman, Danny 2005 b The Brookfields Hotel (Freetown, Sierra Leone), Public Culture 17(1):54-74.
29. Hoffman, Danny 2006 Disagreement: Dissent Politics and theWar in Sierra Leone, AfricaToday 52(3):3-22.
30. Human RightsWatch 2005 Youth, Poverty, and Blood: The Lethal Legacy ofWest Africa's RegionalWarriors, vol. 17, No. 5(a). Electronic document, http://hrw.org/reports/2005/westafrica0405/, accessed February 28, 2007.
31. Kandeh, Jimmy 1996 What Does the "Militariat" Do When It Rules? Military Regimes: The Gambia, Sierra Leone and Liberia. Review of African Political Economy 23(69):387-404.
32. Keen, David 2000 Incentives and Disincentives for Violence. In Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in CivilWars. Mats Berdal and David Malone, eds. Pp. 19-42. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
33. Mandémory, Boubacar Touré 2000 On Foot. Public Culture 12(1):39-42.
34. Marx, Karl 1973 [1857] The Grundrisse. New York: Vintage.
35. Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels 1978 [1848] Manifesto of the Communist Party. In The Marx-Engels Reader. 2nd edition. Robert C. Tucker, ed. Pp. 469-500. New York:W.W. Norton.
36. Mbembe, Achille 1992 The Banality of Power and the Aesthetics of Vulgarity in the Postcolony. Public Culture 4(2):1-30.
37. Mbembe, Achille 2003 Necropolitics. Public Culture 15(1):11-40.
38. Mbembe, Achille, and Sarah Nuttall 2004 Writing theWorld from an African Metropolis. Public Culture 16(3):347-372.
39. Mbembe, Achille, and Janet Roitman 1995 The Figure of the Subject in Times of Crisis. Public Culture 7(3):323-352.
40. Moore, Donald S. 1998 Subaltern Struggles and the Politics of Place: Remapping Resistance in Zimbabwe's Eastern Highlands. Cultural Anthropology 13(3):344-381.
41. Moore, Sally Falk 1994 Anthropology and Africa: Changing Perspectives on a Changing Scene. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
42. Moran, Mary 1998 "He Killed My Ma, He Killed My Pa; Still I Will Vote for Him": The Violence of Democracy in Liberia. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Ethnological Society, Toronto, May 8.
43. Nordstrom, Carolyn 2004 Shadows of War: Violence, Power, and International Profiteering in the Twenty-First Century. Berkeley: University of California Press.
44. Piot, Charles 1999 Remotely Global: Village Modernity in West Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
45. Rashid, Ishmail 1997 Subaltern Reactions: Lumpens, Students, and the Left. African Development 22(3-4):19-43.
46. Redfield, Peter 2005 Doctors, Borders, and Life in Crisis. Cultural Anthropology 20(3):328-361.
47. Rhodes, Lorna 2004 Total Confinement: Madness and Reason in the Maximum Security Prison. Berkeley: University of California Press.
48. Richards, Paul 1996 Fighting for the Rainforest: War,Youth and Resources in Sierra Leone. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
49. Richards, Paul, ed. 2005 No Peace, No War: An Anthropology of Contemporary Armed Conflict. Athens: Ohio University Press.
50. Roitman, Janet 1998 The Garrison-Entrepôt. Cahiers d'Études Africaines 150-152, 38(2-4):297-329.
51. Roitman, Janet 2005 Fiscal Disobedience: An Anthropology of Economic Regulation in Central Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
52. Shaw, Rosalind 2007 Displacing Violence: Making Pentecostal Memory in Postwar Sierra Leone. Cultural Anthropology 22(1):66-93.
53. Shepler, Susan 2002 Les filles-soldat: Trajectories d'apres-guerre en Sierra Leone. Politique Africaine 88(December):49-62.
54. Simone, AbdouMaliq 2001 On theWorlding of African Cities. African Studies Review 44(2):15-41.
55. Simone, AbdouMaliq 2002 The Visible and the Invisible: Remaking African Cities. In Under Siege: Four African Cities - Freetown, Johannesburg, Kinshasa, Lagos. Okwui Enwezor, Carlos Basualdo, Ute Meta Bauer, Susanne Ghez, Sarat Maharaj, Mark Nash, Octavio Zaya, eds. Pp. 23-43. Ostfildern-Ruit: Hatje Cantz.
56. Simone, AbdouMaliq 2004 People as Infrastructure: Intersecting Fragments in Johannesburg. Public Culture 16(3):407-429.
57. Virilio, Paul, and Sylvère Lotringer 1997 [1983] PureWar. New York: Semiotext(e).
58. Utas, Mats 2005 Victimcy, Girlfriending, Soldiering: Tactic Agency in a Young Woman's Social Navigation of the Liberian War Zone. Anthropological Quarterly 78(2):403-430.
59. Zack-Williams, Alfred B. 1997 Kamajors, "Sobel and Militariat: Civil Society and the Return of the Military in Sierra Leonean Politics. Review of African Political Economy 73:373-398.
60. Zack-Williams, Alfred B. 2002 Freetown: From the "Athens of West Africa" to a City under Siege: The Rise and Fall of Sub-Saharan First Municipality. In Under Siege: Four African Cities - Freetown, Johannesburg, Kinshasa, Lagos. Okwui Enwezor, Carlos Basualdo, Ute Meta Bauer, Susanne Ghez, Sarat Maharaj, Mark Nash, Octavio Zaya, eds. Pp. 287-314. Ostfildern-Ruit: Hatje Cantz.