Creating a National Park, 1910 to 1926

Journal of Southern African Studies

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 1989, Pages 188-216

  Carruthers, Jane ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 3442890169     PISSN: 03057070     EISSN: 14653893     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03057078908708197     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. E. J. Carruthers, ‘Game protection in the Transvaal, 1846 to 1926’, Ph.D. thesis, University of Cape Town, 1988.
2. R. Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven, 1982), A. Runte, National Parks: The American Experience (Lincoln, Nebraska, 1979) and J. M. Powell, Environmental Management in Australia, 1788-1914 (Melbourne, 1976), p. 53.
3. T. W. Cart, “The struggle for, wildlife protection in the United States, 1870-1900: attitudes and events leading to the Lacey act'. Ph.D. thesis, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1971, p. 25.
4. ‘Conservation may be defined as the management and utilisation of any resource in such a way as to ensure its perpetuation, while ’preservation’ attempts to protect such a resource from all human intervention.
5. R. N. Owen-Smith (ed.), Management of Large Mammals in African Conservation Areas (Pretoria, 1983), p. 285.
6. R. W. G. Hingston, ‘Proposed national parks for Africa’, The Geographical Journal, 67 (1931), pp. 401-28.
7. A. A. Dunbar-Brander, ‘Game preservation in India’, Journal of the Society for the Preservation of the Fauna of the Empire, XTV (1931), pp. 23-31.
8. Votes and Proceedings of the Provincial Council, 14 and 15 June 1911.
9. R. G. Morrell, ‘Rural transformations in the Transvaal; the Middelburg district, 1919 to 1930’, M. A. thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, 1983, pp. 17-18, p. 38.
10. See Carruthers, ‘Game protection in the Transvaal’, chapters 6 and 7.
11. WLS TGPA Minutes 1902-1920, Minutes of 7 Dec. 1910; TA TPS7 TA3054, TGPA Minutes of Annual General Meeting, 7 Nov. 1911.
12. Wits [Manuscript Collection of the University of the Witwatersrand] A1403/1, F.C. Selous Papers, Stevenson-Hamilton to Selous, 12 Sept. 1911.
13. J. Stevenson-Hamilton, ‘Empire fauna in 1922’, Journal ofthe Society for the Preservation of the Fauna of the Empire, Part II (July 1922), p. 38.
14. WLS H.B. Papenfus file, Stevenson-Hamilton to Papenfus, 13 Feb. 1926; SAB LDE537 7748/1, vol. 1, Stevenson-Hamilton to Reitz, 12 Apr. 1922, Stevenson-Hamilton to Sommerville, 12 Apr. 1922. Curson and Hugo, ‘Preservation of game’, p. 401.
15. KNP, H. Mockford, ‘History of the Witwatersrand Native Labour Association in the Kruger National Park’.
16. Stevenson-Hamilton to Secretary to the Administrator, 15 Feb. 1911; Wits A839, H.E. Schoch Papers, Db3, 30 July 1923.
17. Curson and Hugo, ‘Preservation of game’, p. 412; House of Assembly Debates, col. 4372,31 May 1926.
18. Hingston, ‘Proposed British national parks for Africa’, pp. 406-407.
19. Debates of the Legislative Assembly, cols. 1425-1426, 24 July 1907.
20. U. KNP de V. Pienaar, ‘The Kruger Park Saga (1898-1981)’, p. 16. See also Stevenson-Hamilton, South African Eden, pp. 123-124;
21. J. Stevenson-Hamilton, The Kruger National Park (Pretoria, 1928), p. 3; Labuschagne, The Kruger Park, p. 14; TA TPS7 TA3054, Stevenson-Hamilton to Provincial Secretary, 12 Feb. 1913; SAB LDE288 3081, vol 2, Stevenson-Hamilton to Rissik, 25 Aug. 1913.
22. Report of the TGPA for the year ended 30 Sept. 1912; WLS TGPA Minutes 1902-1920, Annual General Meeting, 14 Jan. 1913; WLS WDGPA [Western Districts Game Protection Association] Minutes 1886-1915, Minutes of 27 Sept. 1912.
23. S. H. Coetzee, T. I. Kleinenberg (who was replaced by J. F. Ludorf), A. Grant, C. Wade, F. A. W. Lucas and H. de Waal: Report of the Game Reserves Commission, p. 3.
24. Report of the Game Reserves Commission, p. 3, p. 7, p. 9, p. 10. WLS TGPA Minutes 1902-1920, Minutes of 15 Jan. 1919.
25. S-HA, Diary entries 12 Feb. 1925, 2 Mar. 1925, 9 Dec. 1925.
26. O'Meara, Volkskapitalisme, p. 34. Details of these land exchanges can be found in SAB LDE563-570.
27. Morrell, ‘Rural transformations’, pp. 238-9.
28. Rand Daily Mail, 15 May 1922, 17 May 1922; TA TPS7 TA3054, vol. 3, Secretary for Lands to Provincial Secretary, 28 Sept. 1923.
29. J. P. Harroy (comp.) World National Parks: Progress and Opportunities (Brussels, 1972), pp. 17-18.
30. T. Gutsche, The History and Social Significance of Motion Pictures in South Africa, 1895-1940 (Cape Town, 1972), pp. 313-18.
31. O'Meara, Volkskapitalisme,p. 4, p. 7.
32. I. Hofmeyr, ‘Popularising history: the case of Gustav Preller’, seminar paper presented to the African Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Aug. 1987. It is significant that Preller was given a seat on the National Parks Board when this body was inaugurated in 1926.
33. D. Reitz, No Outspan (London, 1943), p. 69; D. Reitz, Commando (London, 1929), p. 126.
34. Die Burger, 14 Dec. 1925; Die Huisgenoot, 8 Jan. 1926.
35. House of Assembly Debates, cols. 4366-4367, 31 May 1926.
36. Calcape Archives] A848, Stratford Caldecott Collection, 2(6), S. Caldecott to W. A. Caldecott, 4 Feb. 1926; House of Assembly Debates, col. 4369, 31 May 1926.
37. Stratford Caldecott Collection, 2(4), Caldecott to Stevenson-Hamilton, 6 Mar. 1926.
38. J. J. S. Smit, Collection, vol. 15, Grobler to Smit, 19 Jan. 1926.
39. KNP K5 KNP5, vol. 2, A. A. Schoch to Stevenson-Hamilton, 14 July 1924.
40. Morrell, ‘Rural transformations’, p. 109.
41. ‘There were no biltong hunters among responsible Voortrekkers’, see H. P. H. Behrens, ‘Paul Kruger’ - wildbeskermer: aspek van president se lewe wat selfs sy biograwe vergeet’, Die Huisgenoot, 12 Oct. 1951, p. 6.
42. WLS H.B. Papenfus file, Stevenson-Hamilton to Papenfus, 29 Dec. 1925. 103 CA A848, Stratford Caldecott Collection, 2(4), Stevenson-Hamilton to Caldecott, 3 April 1926, the underlining is in the original.
43. W. A. Caldecott to S. Caldecott, 17 Jan. 1926; W. A. Caldecott to S. Caldecott, 14 Feb. 1926. Sir Lionel and Lady Phillips were vehemently opposed to the name, and Stevenson-Hamilton feared that Lady Phillips had ‘ruined things’ with Grobler by her objection; see Stratford Caldecott Collection, 2(4), Caldecott to Stevenson-Hamilton, 24 Mar. 1926; S-HA, Diary entry 2 April 1926.
44. Stratford Caldecott Collection, 2(6), S. Caldecott to W. A. Caldecott, 4 Feb. 1926; The Senate of South Africa: Debates, col. 1079, 3 June 1926.
45. Stratford Caldecott Collection, 2(6). S. Caldecott to W. A. Caldecott, 4 Feb. 1926. See, Carruthers, ‘Game protection in the Transvaal’ for a full account of Kruger's role in the creation of game reserves in the Transvaal.
46. Stratford Caldecott Collection, 2(6), S. Caldecott to W. A. Caldecott, 4 Feb. 1926.
47. CA A848, Stratford Caldecott Collection, 2(4), Stevenson-Hamilton to Caldecott, 19 Jan. 1926.
48. S. H. Skaife, A Naturalist Remembers (Cape Town, 1963), p. 49.
49. S. Caldecott, ‘Create a national park!’, South African Nation 2(85), 21 Nov. 1925.
50. Cape Argus, 11 June 1926; Rand Daily Mail, 21 Nov. 1925.
51. Stratford Caldecott Collection, 2(4), Stevenson-Hamilton to Caldecott, 23 Mar. 1926.
52. All four daily papers in the Cape favoured the formation of a national park; see CA A848, Stratford Caldecott Collection, 2(5), Caldecott to Wilson, 17 Dec. 1925.
53. Stratford Caldecott Collection 2(4), Caldecott to Stevenson-Hamilton, 9 Jan. 1926.
54. The publication of J. P. Fitzpatrick's Jock of the Bushveld in 1907 had inaugurated this trend. An Africaans example is G. R. von Weilligh, Dierestories, but see particularly the work of A. A. Pienaar, who wrote under the name of ‘Sangiro’: see, J. C. Kannemeyer, Geskiedenis van die Afrikaanse Literatuur (Cape Town, 1978), pp. 212-20.
55. ‘Die Vlakte’ by Celliers: see Jan F. E. Celliers, Die Vlakte en Ander Gedigte (Cape Town, 1946) p. 21.
56. E. Berman, The Story of South African Painting (Cape Town, 1975), p. 6, p. 16, p. 34, pp. 39-44.
57. The photographs of Paul Selby were widely distributed: see, for instance, The Star, 24 Mar. 1926. O'Meara, Volkskapitalisme, p. 32; House of Assembly Debates, col. 4367, 31 May 1926.
58. J. Stevenson-Hamilton, ‘The great game of South Africa’, South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, Dec. 1927, pp. 2032.
59. WLS H.B. Papenfus file, Selby to Papenfus, 4 Mar. 1926. Haagner, ‘Conservation of wild life’, pp. 766-7.
60. SAB CEN [Entomological Department] 691 E7717, Fuller to Stevenson-Hamilton, 16 Apr. 1926.
61. Stratford Caldecott Collection, 2(4), Stevenson-Hamilton to Caldecott, 6 Feb. 1926; WLS H.B. Papenfus file, Stevenson-Hamilton to Papenfus, 10 Mar. 1926, 22 July 1926.
62. Stratford Caldecott Collection, 2(4), Stevenson-Hamilton to Caldecott, 10 Mar. 1926.
63. Die Huisgenoot, 8 Jan. 1926, 15 Jan. 1926, 2 Apr. 1926, 30. Jul. 1926; Die Burger, 25 Dec. 1925.
64. House of Assembly Debates, cols. 4366-4381,31 May 1926; The Senate of South Africa: Debates, cols. 1077-1011, 3 June 1926.
65. House of Assembly Debates, col. 4367, 31 May 1926.
66. House of Assembly Debates, cols. 4371-2, 31 May 1926.
67. CA A848, Stratford Caldecott Collection, 2(4), Caldecott to Stevenson-Hamilton, 22 June 1926.
68. S-HA, Diary entries 28 July 1920; 8 Jan. 1926.
69. K. Thomas, Man and the Natural World (London, 1983), p. 301.
70. A. Graham, The Gardeners of Eden (London, 1973), p. 196; House of Assembly Debates, col. 4371,31 May 1926.
71. WLS H.B. Papenfus file, Stevenson-Hamilton to Papenfus, 13 Feb. 1926; SAB LDE537 7748/1, vol. 1, Stevenson-Hamilton to Reitz, 12 Apr. 1922, Stevenson-Hamilton to Sommerville, 12 Apr. 1922.