The age 60 rule

Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine

Volumn 75, Issue 8, 2004, Pages 708-715

  Angelici, Arnold ^a,b   Baker, Susan ^a   Cimrmancic, Mary A ^a   DeJohn, Charles ^a   Evans, Anthony ^a   Hoffman, Harry ^a   Maclarn, Graeme ^a   McCarthy, Geoffrey W ^a   Moore, Verba ^a   Navathe, Pooshan ^a   Sahiar, Farhad ^a   Villaire, Nathan E ^a   Webster, Nicholas ^a   Wolbrink, Alex ^a   Becker, James T ^a   Broach, Dana ^a  

^a Aerospace Medical Association   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Accidents; Aviation medicine; Aviation safety; Cognitive assessment; Commercial air transport operations; Incapacitation; Legislation; Pilot age; Pilot assessment; Pilot performance

Indexed keywords

AEROSPACE MEDICINE; AGE; AGE 60 RULE; AGING; AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT; AIRPLANE PILOT; AIRPLANE PILOT INCAPACITATION; AVIATION; COGNITION; COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT OPERATION; COMMERCIAL PHENOMENA; DISABILITY; ECONOMICS; HUMAN; INDUSTRY; JOB PERFORMANCE; LAW; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY; POLICY; RESEARCH; REVIEW;

AGE FACTORS; AGED; AGING; AVIATION; COGNITION; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; MOTOR SKILLS; TASK PERFORMANCE AND ANALYSIS; WORK CAPACITY EVALUATION;

EID: 3442884199     PISSN: 00956562     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (88)

1. nd Session, 383 (May 22, 2002). Retrieved May 2003 from: http://thomas.loc.gov/.
2. Backman HA, Smith FD. The design and prescription of multifocal lenses for civil pilots. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1975; 52:591-9.
3. Baker SP, Lamb MW, Grabowski G, et al. Characteristics of general aviation crashes involving mature male and female pilots. Aviat Space Environ Med 2001; 72:447-52.
4. Bennett G. Harmonization of age limits for professional pilots. Report of the FCL Subgroup on Medical Certification. Presented at the European Civil Aviation Conference; 1990 Sept; Paris, France.
5. Bennett G. Medical-cause accidents in commercial aviation. Euro Heart J 1992; 13(Suppl. H):13-5.
6. Beringer DB, Harris HC, Joseph KM. Hearing thresholds among pilots and non-pilots. Implications for auditory warning design. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Santa Monica, CA: HFES; 1998; 92-6.
7. Birren JE, Fisher LM. Rules and reason in the forced retirement of commercial airline pilots at age 60. Ergonomics 1995; 38:518-25.
8. Broach D, Joseph KM, Schroeder DJ. Pilot age and accident rates report 3: An analysis of professional air transport pilot accident rates by age. Oklahoma City, OK: FAA Civil Aeromedical Institute; 2000. Unpublished Civil Aeromedical Report prepared for Congress; Retrieved May 1, 2003, from: http://www.cami. jccbi.gov/aam-400A/AGE60/age60-3.pdf.
9. Broach D, Joseph K, Schroeder DJ. Pilot age and accident rates report 4: An analysis of professional ATP and commercial pilot accident rates by age. Oklahoma City, OK: FAA Civil Aeromedical Institute; 2000. Unpublished Civil Aeromedical Report prepared for Congress; Retrieved May 1, 2003, from: http://www.cami.jccbi.gov/aam-400A/AGE60/60_4.pdf.
10. Chapman PJC. The consequences of in-flight incapacitation in civil aviation. Aviat Space Environ Med 1984; 55:497-500.
11. Curdt-Christiansen CM. The case for an international upper age limit for airline pilots [abstract]. Aviat Space Environ Med 2002; 73:309.
12. Czaja SJ, ed. Human factors research needs for an aging population. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1990.
13. Elworth CL, Larry C, Malmstrom FV. Age, degraded viewing environments, and the speed of accommodation. Aviat Space Environ Med 1986; 57:54-8.
14. st Session (March 12, 2003).
15. Froom P. The risks of piloting with advanced age. J Comm Health 1994; 19:71-2.
16. Froom P, Benbassat J, Gross M, et al. Air accidents, pilot experience, and disease-related inflight sudden incapacitation. Aviat Space Environ Med 1988; 59:278-81.
17. Gander PH, De Nguyen BE, Rosekind MR, et al. Age, circadian rhythms, and sleep loss in flight crews. Aviat Space Environ Med 1993; 64:189-95.
18. Gillilandt K, Schleqel RE. Readiness to perform testing: A critical analysis of the concept and current practices. Washington, DC: Office of Aviation Medicine; 1993. DOT/FAA/AM-93/13.
19. Glazer I. Pilot aging policies in international airlines [abstract]. Aviat Space Environ Med 1992; 63:428.
20. Gubser AW. Aging problems and their impact on pilot performance. Cockpit 1983; 18:4-9.
21. Hardy DJ, Mouloua M, Molloy R, et al. Monitoring of automation failures by young and old adults. Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Aviation Psychology; 1999; Columbus, OH: Ohio State University. 1999:1382-6.
22. Hardy DJ, Parasuraman R. Cognition and flight performance in older pilots. J Exp Psychol Appl 1997; 3:313-48.
23. Hardy DJ, Slick DJ, Satz P, et al. Neuropsychological test performance in middle-aged aviation pilots. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association; 1998; San Francisco, CA.
24. Harper CR, Kidera GJ. Flight deck vision and the aging eye. Aerospace Med 1968; 39:1119-22.
25. st Session, March 4, 2003. Retrieved April 2003, from: http:// thomas.loc.gov/.
26. Hyland DT, Kay EJ, Deimler JD. Age 60 rule research, Part IV: Experimental evaluation of pilot performance. Washington, DC: Federal Aviation Administration, Office of Aviation Medicine; 1994. Report No.: DOT/FAA/AM-94/23.
27. Hyland DT, Kay EJ, Deimler JD, et al. Age 60 rule research, Part II: Airline pilot age and performance. A review of the scientific literature. Washington, DC: Federal Aviation Administration, Office of Aviation Medicine; 1994. Report No.: DOT/FAA/ AM-94/21.
28. Institute of Medicine. Airline pilot age, health, and performance: Scientific and medical considerations. Washington DC: National Academy Press; 1981.
29. th ed. supplement (June 2000).
30. James M, Green R. Airline pilot incapacitation survey. Aviat Space Environ Med 1991; 62:1068-72.
31. Joint Aviation Authorities. General organization, membership and structure. Retrieved June 24, 2003 from http://www.jaa.nl/whatisthejaa/jaainfo. html#2.1.
32. Joint Aviation Requirements JAR-FCL 3.060 (a), (b), JAR-FCL 3 Subpart A. Flight crew licensing (medical). Cheltenham, England: Joint Aviation Authorities; 1997.
33. Kay GG. CogScreen aeromedical edition professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.; 1995.
34. Kay GG. Effects of aging on aviation-related cognitive function in commercial airline pilots [abstract]. Aviat Space Environ Med 2001; 72:241.
35. Kay EJ, Hillman DJ, Hyland DT, Voros RS, Harris RM, Deimler JD. Age 60 rule research: Consolidated database experiments final report. Washington, DC: Federal Aviation Administration, Office of Aviation Medicine, 1994; DOT/FAA/AM-94/22.
36. Landy FJ. Alternatives to chronological age in determining standards of suitability for public safety jobs. Vol 1: Technical report. University Park, PA: Center for Applied Behavioral Sciences; 1992.
37. Larcher JG, Veronneau SJH, DeJohn CA. In-flight medical incapacitation research [abstract]. Aviat Space Environ Med 2001; 72:306.
38. Lassiter DL, Morrow DG, Hinson GE, et al. Expertise and age effects on pilot mental workload in a simulated aviation task. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 40th Annual Meeting; Santa Monica, CA: HFES; 1996: 133-7.
39. Leirer VO, Yesavage JA, Morrow DG. Marijuana, aging, and task difficulty effects on pilot performance. Aviat Space Environ Med 1989; 60:1145-52.
40. Li G, Baker SP. Prior crash and violation records of pilots in commuter and air taxi crashes: A case-control study. Aviat Space Environ Med 1994; 65:979-85.
41. Li G, Baker SP, Grabowski JG, et al. Age, flight experience, and risk of crash involvement in a cohort of professional pilots. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 157:874-80.
42. Li G, Baker SP, Lamb MW, et al. Human factors in aviation crashes involving older pilots. Aviat Space Environ Med 2002; 73:134-8.
43. Lubner ME, Markowitz JS, Isherwood DA. Rates and risk factors for accidents and incidents versus violations for U.S. airmen. Int J Aviat Psychol 1991; 1:231-43.
44. Martin-Saint-Laurent A, Lavernhe J, Casano G, et al. Clinical aspects of in-flight incapacitations in commercial aviation. Aviat Space Environ Med 1990; 61:256-60.
45. McFadden KL. Predicting pilot-error incidents of U.S. airline pilots using logistic regression. Appl Ergon 1997; 28:209-12.
46. Miura Y, Shoji M, Fukumotu M, et al. Three-year evaluation of elderly flight crew over 60 to 63 years old in Japan. Aviat Space Environ Med 2000; 71:312-4.
47. Mohler SR. The aging pilot question: History and technology status [abstract]. Aviat Space Environ Med 1992; 63:427.
48. Morrow D, Leirer V, eds. Aging, pilot performance, and expertise. In: Fisk AD, Rogers WA, eds. Handbook of human factors and the older adult. San Diego: Academic Press; 1997.
49. Morrow D, Leirer V, Altieri P. Aging, expertise, and narrative processing. Psychol Aging 1992; 7:376-88.
50. Morrow D, Leirer V, Altieri P, Fitzsimmons C. When expertise reduces age differences in performance. Psychol Aging 1994; 9:134-48.
51. Morrow D, Leirer V, Yesavage JA. The influence of alcohol and aging on radio communication during flight. Aviat Space Environ Med 1990; 61:12-20.
52. rd Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society; 1999a; Houston, TX. Santa Monica, CA: HFES: 1999:113-7.
53. Morrow D, Menard WE, Stine-Morrow EAL. The influence of aging and expertise on pilot communication. Paper presented at the 10th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology; 1999b; Columbus, OH: Ohio State University; 1999:1337-42.
54. Morrow D, Yesavage J, Leirer V, et al. The time-course of alcohol impairment of general aviation pilot performance in a Frasca 141 simulator. Aviat Space Environ Med 1993; 64:697-705.
55. Morrow D, Yesavage J, Leirer V, Tinklenberg J. Influence of aging and practice on piloting tasks. Exp Aging Res 1993; 19:53-70.
56. Nakagawara VB, Wood KJ, Montgomery RW. Vision impairment and corrective considerations of civil airmen. Washington, DC: Federal Aviation Administration, Office of Aviation Medicine; 1993. Report No.: DOT/FAA/AM-93/21.
57. Notice of FAA decisions on Age-60 Rule. The age 60 rule, Docket No. 27264 14 CFR Part 121. Washington, DC: Federal Aviation Administration, Department of Transportation; December 11, 1995. Retrieved May 2003, from: http://www.avweb.com/other/age60rul.txt.
58. Odenheimer G. Function, flying, and the age-60 rule [editorial]. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999; 47:910-11.
59. Office of Technology Assessment. Medical risk assessment and the age 60 rule for airline pilots. Washington, DC: Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight, Committee on Public Works and Transportation, U.S. House of Representatives; 1990.
60. Orlady HW. The case against compulsory retirement. The Airline Pilot 1959 Aug; 28:4-14.
61. Parasuraman R, Mouloua M, Molloy R. Monitoring automation failures in human-machine systems. In: Mouloua M, Parasuraman R, eds. Human performance in automated systems: Current research and trends. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1994.
62. Pelegrib C, Maho V, Amalberti R. Pilot age and training performance. In: Aviation psychology: Training and selection. Proceedings of the 21st Conference of the European Association for Aviation Psychology; 1995; Brookfield, VT. Aldershot, UK: Avebury Aviation; 1995:354-63.
63. Rebok GW, Grabowski JG, Baker SP, et al. Pilot age and performance as factors in aviation crashes. Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association; 1999; Boston, MA.
64. Salive ME. Evaluation of aging pilots: Evidence, policy, and future directions. Mil Med 1994; 159:83-6.
65. st Session (2003). Congressional Record-Senate: S5607. Retrieved May 2003 from: http://thomas.loc.gov/.
66. Salthouse TA. A theory of cognitive aging. New York: North-Holland; 1985.
67. Salthouse TA. Influence of experience on age differences in cognitive functioning. Hum Factors 1990; 32:551-69.
68. Salthouse TA. Age-related differences in basic cognitive processes: Implications for work. Exp Aging Res 1994; 20:249-55.
69. Simmons M, Valk PJL, Krol JR, et al. Consequences of raising the maximum age limit for airline pilots. Proceedings of the Third ICAO Global Flight Safety and Human Factors Symposium; 1996; Auckland. Human Factors Digest No. 13; CIRC 266-AN/158:248-55.
70. Stoklosa JH. Review of performance, medical and operational data on pilot aging issues [abstract]. Aviat Space Environ Med 1992; 63:428.
71. Stuck AE, van Gorp WG, Josephson KR, et al. Multidimensional risk assessment versus age as a criterion for retirement of airline pilots. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992; 40:526-32.
72. Taylor JL, Dolhert N, Morrow D, et al. Acute and 8-hour effects of alcohol (0.08% BAC) on younger and older pilots' simulator performance. Aviat Space Environ Med 1994; 65:718-25.
73. Taylor JL, O'Hara R, Mumenthaler MS, et al. Relationship of CogScreen-AE to flight simulator performance and pilot age. Aviat Space Environ Med 2000; 71:373-80.
74. Tsang PS. A reappraisal of aging and pilot performance. Int J Aviat Psych 1992; 2:193-212.
75. Tsang PS. Age and pilot performance, In: Telfer R, Moore PJ, eds. Aviation training: Learners, instruction and organization. Brookfield, VT: Avebury; 1997:21-40.
76. Tsang PS, ed. A microanalysis of age and pilot time-sharing performance. In: Harris D, Tsang PS, eds. Engineering psychology and cognitive ergonomics. Vol. One: Transportation systems. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate; 1997a:245-51.
77. Tsang PS. Retention and transfer to time-sharing skill as a function of age and flight experience. Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology; 1999 May; Columbus, OH: Ohio State University; 1999:833-7.
78. th annual meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society; Santa Monica, CA: HFES; 1995:124.
79. Tsang PS, Shaner TL. Age, attention, expertise, and time-sharing performance. Psychol Aging 1998; 13:323-47.
80. Tsang PS, Voss DT. Boundaries of cognitive performance as a function of age and flight experience. Int J Aviat Psychol 1996; 6:359-77.
81. Vincenzi DA, Mouloua M. Monitoring automation failures: Effects of age on performance and subjective workload. In: Scerbo MW, Mouloua M, eds. Automation technology and human performance: Current research and trends. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1999.
82. Watson D, Navathe P, Callaghan K, et al. Sometimes it's illegal to discriminate using age: A New Zealand regulatory perspective on pilot upper age limits [abstract]. Aviat Space Environ Med 2002; 73:309.
83. Wilkening R. The age 60 rule: Age discrimination in commercial aviation [abstract]. Aviat Space Environ Med 2002; 73:194.
84. Williams JD, Williams JA. Commercial pilots and mandatory retirement. In: Dietz SR, Thomas WE, eds. Pilots, personality, and performance. New York: Quorum Books; 1991:125-43.
85. nd Congress, First Session.
86. Yakimovich NV, Strongin GL, Govorushenko VV, et al. CogScreen as a predictor of flight performance in Russian pilots [abstract], Aviat Space Environ Med 1994; 65:443.
87. Yesavage JA, Taylor JL, Mumenthaler MS, et al. Relationship of age and simulated flight performance. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999; 47:819-23.
88. Yetman B. Our petition. PPF Newsletter 2003 Apr;13(4):1-3. Retrieved April 2003 from: http://www.ppf.org.