Ecology and control of ticks as disease vectors in wildlife of the Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania

African Journal of Wildlife Research

Volumn 37, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 79-90

  Fyumagwa, Robert D ^a   Runyoro, Victor ^b   Horak, Ivan G ^c   Hoare, Richard ^a  

^a TANZANIA WILDLIFE RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Tanzania)

^b Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority   (Tanzania)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Buffalo; Climate variation; Fire; Tick density; Wildlife diseases

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CYCLE; CLIMATE VARIATION; COMMUNITY COMPOSITION; DISEASE CONTROL; DISEASE RESISTANCE; ECOLOGY; HERBIVORE; MAMMAL; NATURE CONSERVATION; PRESCRIBED BURNING; SURVIVAL; TICK;

AFRICA; ARUSHA [TANZANIA]; EAST AFRICA; NGORONGORO CRATER; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; TANZANIA;

ANIMALIA; IXODIDA; MAMMALIA; SYNCERUS CAFFER;

EID: 34347358386     PISSN: 03794369     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3957/0379-4369-37.1.79     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. BESTER, P. 2002. Disease prevention and management on game ranches. In: B.L. Penzhorn (Ed.), Game ranch planning and management. Proceedings of a symposium on game ranch planning and management (pp. 54-59). 1-2 November 2002, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
2. BIGALKE, R. D. 1994. The important role of wildlife in the occurrence of livestock diseases in southern Africa. In: J.A.W. Coetzer, G.R. Thomson & R.C. Tustin (Eds), Infectious diseases of livestock with special reference to southern Africa, Vol. 1 (pp. 152-163). Oxford University Press, Cape Town.
3. ESTES, R.D. & SMALL, R. 1981. The large herbivore populations of the Ngorongoro crater. Afr. J. Ecol. 19: 175-185.
4. ESTES, R. D., ATTWOOD J.L., & ESTES, A.B. 2006. Downward trends in Ngorongoro Crater ungulate populations: conservation concerns and the need for ecological research. Biol. Consenv. 106: 106-120
5. FAO 1984. Ecological principles in tick control; Biological data on ticks, In: Ticks and tick-borne disease control. A practical field manual, Vol. 1 (pp. 188-199). Tick control. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
6. FOWLER, J., COHEN, L. & JARVIS, P. 1998, The normal distribution and regression analysis. Practical statistics for field biology, 2nd edn (pp. 74-82; 142-163). John Wiley and Sons, New York.
7. FYUMAGWA, R.D., MKUMBO, S. S. & MORKEL, P. B. 2004. Remote treatment of black rhinos against babesiosis in Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania. Pachy. 37: 80-83.
8. GALLIVAN, G.J. & HORAK, I.G. 1997. Body size and habitat as determinants of tick infestations of wild ungulates in South Africa. S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 27: 63-70.
9. GROOTENHUIS, J.G. 2000. Wildlife, livestock and animal disease reservoirs. In: H.H.T. Prins, J.G. Grootenhuis & T.T. Dolan (Eds), Wildlife conservation by sustainable use (pp. 81-113). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands.
10. GULLAND, F.M.D. 1995. Impact of infectious diseases on wild animal populations: a review. In: B.T. Grenfell & A.P. Dobson (Eds), Ecology of infectious diseases in natural populations (pp. 20-51). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
11. HORAK, I.G. 1998. The relationship between ticks, hosts and the environment in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. In: Proceedings and abstracts of the second international conference on tick-borne pathogeris at the host-vector interface: a global perspective (pp. 413-426). 28 August - 1 September 1995, Kruger National Park.
12. HORAK, I.G., DE VOS, V. & BROWN-MOIRA, R. 1983a. Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XVI. Helminth and arthropod parasites of blue and black wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus and Connochaetes gnou). Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 50: 243-255.
13. HORAK, I.G., POTGIETER, F.T., WALKER, J.B., DE VOS, V. & BOOMKER, J. 1983b. The ixodid tick burdens of various large ruminant species in South African nature reserves. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 50: 221-228.
14. HORAK, I.G., DE VOS, V. & BRAACK, L.E.O. 1995. Arthropod burdens of impalas in the Skukuza region during two droughts in the Kruger National Park. Koedoe 38: 65-71.
15. KISSUI, B.M. & PACKER, C. 2004 Top-down regulation of a top predator: lions in the Ngorongom Crater. Proc. Roy. Soci. Lond. B 271: 1867-1874.
16. LATIF, A.A., HOVE, T., KANHAI, G.K. & MASAKA, S. 2002. Buffalo-associated Theileria parva: the risk to cattle of buffalo translocation into the Highveld of Zimbabwe. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 969: 275-279.
17. LIGHTFOOT, C.J. & NORVAL, R.A.I. 1981. Tick problems in wildlife in Zimbabwe. I. The effects of tick parasitism on wild ungulates. S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 11: 41-45.
18. MINSHULL, J.I. & NORVAL, R.A.I. 1982. Factors influencing the spatial distribution of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus in the Kyle Recreational Park, Zimbabwe. S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 12: 118-123.
19. NIJHOF, A. M., PENZHORN, B. L., LYNEN, G., MOLLEL, J. O., MORKEL, R, BEKKER, C. R J. & JONGEJAN, F. 2003. Babesia bicornis sp. nov., and Theileria bicornis sp. nov.: tick-borne parasites associated with mortality in the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis). J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 2249-2254.
20. NORVAL, R.A.I., SUTHERST, R.W., KURKI, J., GIBSON, J. D. & KERR, J. D. 1988. The effect of the brown ear-tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus on the growth of Sanga and European breed cattle. Vet. Parasitol. 30: 149-164.
21. NORVAL, R.A.I., SUTHERST, R.W., JORGENSON, O.G., GIBSON, J. D. & KERR, J. D. 1989. The effect of the bont tick (Amblyomma hebraeum) on the weight gain of Africander steers. Vet. Parasitol. 33: 329-341.
22. NORVAL, R.A.I. & HORAK, I.G. 1994. Vectors: Ticks, In: J.A.W. Coetzer & R.C. Tustin (Eds), Infectious diseases of livestock Vol. 1 (pp. 3-42). Oxford University Press, Cape Town.
23. PRATT, D.J. 1967. A note on the vegetation of burnt grassland by wildfire. E. Afr. Wildl. J. 5: 178-179.
24. RUNYORO, V.A., HOFER, H., CHAUSI, E.B. & MOEHLMAN, P.D. 1995. Long-term trends in the herbivore populations of the Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania. In: A.R.E. Sinclair & P. Arcese (Eds), Serengeti II, Dynamics, management and conservation of an ecosystem (pp. 146-168). University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
25. SHORT, N.J. & NORVAL, R.A.I. 1981. The seasonal activity of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neum. 1901 (Acarina: Ixodidae) in the highveld of Zimbabwe Rhodesia. J. Parasitol. 67: 77-84.
26. SPICKETT, A.M., HORAK, I.G., VAN NIEKERK, A. & BRAACK, L.E.O. 1992. The effect of veld-burning on the seasonal abundance of free-living ixodid ticks as determined by drag-sampling. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 59: 285-292.
27. SPICKETT, A.M., HORAK, I.G., HEYNE, H. & BRAACK, L.E.O. 1995. The effect of severe drought on the abundance of ticks on vegetation and on scrub hares in the Kruger National Park. Koedoe 38: 59-64.
28. THOMAS, A.D. & NEITZ, W.O. 1958. Rhipicephaline toxicosis in cattle: its possible aggravating effects on certain diseases. J. S. Afr. Vet. Med. Assoc. 29: 39-50.
29. TROLLOPE, W.S.W. & POTGIETER, A.L.F. 1986. Estimating grass fuel loads with a disc pasture meter in Kruger National Park. J. Grassl. Soc. S. Afr. 3: 148-152.
30. VESEY-FITZGERALD, D.F. 1965. The utilization of natural pastures by wild animais in the Rukwa valley, Tanganyika. E. Afr. Wildl. J. 3: 38-48.
31. WALKER, A.R., BOUATTOUR, A., CAMICAS, J-L., ESTRADA-PENA, A., HORAK, I.G., LATIF, A.A., PEGRAM, R.G. & PRESTON, P.M. 2003. Ticks of domestic animals in Africa: a guide to identification of species (pp. 1-221 ). Bioscience Reports, Edinburgh, Scotland, U.K.
32. WILSEY, B.J. 1996. Variation in use of green flushes following burns among African ungulate species: the importance of body size. Afr. J. Ecol. 34: 32-38.
33. ZIEGER, U., HORAK, I.G., CAULDWELL, A.E. 1998. Dynamics of free-living ixodid ticks on a game ranch in the Central Province, Zambia. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 65: 49-59.