메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 111, Issue 22, 2006, Pages

Temporal and spatial changes of permafrost in Canada since the end of the Little Ice Age

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; CLIMATE CHANGE; COMPUTER SIMULATION; ECOLOGY; HYDROLOGY; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; PERMAFROST;

EID: 34347339903     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2006JD007284     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (56)

References (85)
  • 1
    • 0004034257 scopus 로고
    • Agriculture Canada Expert Committee on Soil Survey , 2nd ed, 164 pp, Agric. Can, Ottawa, Ont, Canada
    • Agriculture Canada Expert Committee on Soil Survey (1987). The Canadian System of Soil Classification, Publ. 1646, 2nd ed., 164 pp., Agric. Can., Ottawa, Ont., Canada.
    • (1987) The Canadian System of Soil Classification, Publ. 1646
  • 2
    • 0029527069 scopus 로고
    • Recent cooling along the southern shore of Hudson strait, Quebec, Canada, documented from permafrost temperature measurements
    • Allard, M., B. Wang, and J. A. Pilion (1995), Recent cooling along the southern shore of Hudson strait, Quebec, Canada, documented from permafrost temperature measurements, Arct. Alp. Res., 27, 157-166.
    • (1995) Arct. Alp. Res , vol.27 , pp. 157-166
    • Allard, M.1    Wang, B.2    Pilion, J.A.3
  • 3
    • 0024901830 scopus 로고
    • Changing climate and permafrost distribution in the Soviet Arctic
    • Anisimov, O. A. (1989), Changing climate and permafrost distribution in the Soviet Arctic, Phys. Geogr., 10, 285-293.
    • (1989) Phys. Geogr , vol.10 , pp. 285-293
    • Anisimov, O.A.1
  • 4
    • 0030201278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Permafrost distribution in the Northern Hemisphere under scenarios of climatic change
    • Anisimov, O. A., and F. E. Nelson (1996), Permafrost distribution in the Northern Hemisphere under scenarios of climatic change, Global Planet. Change, 14, 59-72.
    • (1996) Global Planet. Change , vol.14 , pp. 59-72
    • Anisimov, O.A.1    Nelson, F.E.2
  • 5
    • 0030656321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global warming and active-layer thickness: Results from transient general circulation models
    • Anisimov, O. A., N. I. Shiklomanov, and F. E. Nelson (1997), Global warming and active-layer thickness: Results from transient general circulation models, Global Planet. Change, 15, 61-77.
    • (1997) Global Planet. Change , vol.15 , pp. 61-77
    • Anisimov, O.A.1    Shiklomanov, N.I.2    Nelson, F.E.3
  • 8
    • 0042786174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ground surface temperature in Canada: Spatial and temporal variability
    • doi:10.1029/2003GL017144
    • Beltrami, H., C. Gosselin, and J. C. Mareschal (2003), Ground surface temperature in Canada: Spatial and temporal variability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(10), 1499, doi:10.1029/2003GL017144.
    • (2003) Geophys. Res. Lett , vol.30 , Issue.10 , pp. 1499
    • Beltrami, H.1    Gosselin, C.2    Mareschal, J.C.3
  • 9
    • 0000093042 scopus 로고
    • The effects of Pleistocene climatic variations upon geothermal gradients
    • Birch, F. (1948), The effects of Pleistocene climatic variations upon geothermal gradients, Am. J. Sci., 246, 729-760.
    • (1948) Am. J. Sci , vol.246 , pp. 729-760
    • Birch, F.1
  • 10
    • 0034581568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Circumpolar Active-layer Monitoring (CALM) program: Research designs and initial results
    • Brown, J., K. M. Hinkel, and F. E. Nelson (2000), The Circumpolar Active-layer Monitoring (CALM) program: Research designs and initial results, Polar Geogr., 24, 166-252.
    • (2000) Polar Geogr , vol.24 , pp. 166-252
    • Brown, J.1    Hinkel, K.M.2    Nelson, F.E.3
  • 11
    • 0031707130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The response (1958-1997) of permafrost and near-surface ground temperature to forest fire, Takhini River Valley, southern Yukon Territory
    • Burn, C. R. (1998), The response (1958-1997) of permafrost and near-surface ground temperature to forest fire, Takhini River Valley, southern Yukon Territory, Can. J. Earth Sci., 35, 184-199.
    • (1998) Can. J. Earth Sci , vol.35 , pp. 184-199
    • Burn, C.R.1
  • 12
    • 34547159752 scopus 로고
    • Underground temperature and inferred climatic temperature of the past millennium
    • Cermak, V. (1971), Underground temperature and inferred climatic temperature of the past millennium, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 10, 1-19.
    • (1971) Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol , vol.10 , pp. 1-19
    • Cermak, V.1
  • 13
    • 0004087813 scopus 로고
    • Chapin, F. S, III, R. L. Jefferies, J. F. Reynolds, G. R. Shaver, J. Svoboda, and E. W. Chu Eds, 455 pp, Elsevier, New York
    • Chapin, F. S., III, R. L. Jefferies, J. F. Reynolds, G. R. Shaver, J. Svoboda, and E. W. Chu (Eds.) (1992), Arctic Ecosystems in a Changing Climate: An Ecophysiological Perspective, 455 pp., Elsevier, New York.
    • (1992) Arctic Ecosystems in a Changing Climate: An Ecophysiological Perspective
  • 14
    • 0036214130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of Canada-wide leaf area index maps using ground measurements and high and moderate resolution satellite imagery
    • Chen, J. M., et al. (2002), Validation of Canada-wide leaf area index maps using ground measurements and high and moderate resolution satellite imagery, Remote Sens. Environ., 80, 165-184.
    • (2002) Remote Sens. Environ , vol.80 , pp. 165-184
    • Chen, J.M.1
  • 15
    • 1442337228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in soil temperature and active-layer thickness during the twentieth century in a region in western Canada
    • doi:10.1029/2002JD003355
    • Chen, W., Y. Zhang, J. Cihlar, S. L. Smith, and D. W. Riseborough (2003), Changes in soil temperature and active-layer thickness during the twentieth century in a region in western Canada, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D22), 4696, doi:10.1029/2002JD003355.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res , vol.108 , Issue.D22 , pp. 4696
    • Chen, W.1    Zhang, Y.2    Cihlar, J.3    Smith, S.L.4    Riseborough, D.W.5
  • 16
    • 0023565245 scopus 로고
    • Soil heat and water flow with partial surface mulch
    • Chung, S., and R. Horton (1987), Soil heat and water flow with partial surface mulch, Water Resour. Res., 23, 2175-2186.
    • (1987) Water Resour. Res , vol.23 , pp. 2175-2186
    • Chung, S.1    Horton, R.2
  • 17
    • 84905358813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cihlar, J, J. Beaubien, R. Latifovic, and G. Simard 1999, Land cover of Canada 1995, version 1.1, digital dataset documentation, Nat. Resour. Can, Ottawa, Ont, Canada
    • Cihlar, J., J. Beaubien, R. Latifovic, and G. Simard (1999), Land cover of Canada 1995, version 1.1, digital dataset documentation, Nat. Resour. Can., Ottawa, Ont., Canada.
  • 18
    • 0003921060 scopus 로고
    • Surficial material map of Canada
    • Ottawa, Ont, Canada
    • Fulton, R. J. (1995), Surficial material map of Canada, Nat. Resour. Can., Ottawa, Ont., Canada.
    • (1995) Nat. Resour. Can
    • Fulton, R.J.1
  • 19
    • 0020331022 scopus 로고
    • The influence of snow cover on the ground thermal regime
    • Goodrich, L. E. (1982), The influence of snow cover on the ground thermal regime, Can. Geotech. J., 19, 421-432.
    • (1982) Can. Geotech. J , vol.19 , pp. 421-432
    • Goodrich, L.E.1
  • 20
    • 6844251585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of boreal forest carbon balance to soil thaw
    • Goulden, M. L., et al. (1998), Sensitivity of boreal forest carbon balance to soil thaw, Science, 279, 214-217.
    • (1998) Science , vol.279 , pp. 214-217
    • Goulden, M.L.1
  • 21
    • 0028994112 scopus 로고
    • Disequilibrium response of permafrost in boreal continental western Canada to climate change
    • Halsey, L. A., D. Vitt, and S. C. Zoltai (1995), Disequilibrium response of permafrost in boreal continental western Canada to climate change, Clim. Change, 30, 57-73.
    • (1995) Clim. Change , vol.30 , pp. 57-73
    • Halsey, L.A.1    Vitt, D.2    Zoltai, S.C.3
  • 23
    • 84905347223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heginbottom, J. A., M. A. Dubreuil, and P. A. Harker (1995), Canada permafrost, in National Atlas of Canada, 5th ed., Nat. Resour. Can., Ottawa, Ont., Canada.
    • Heginbottom, J. A., M. A. Dubreuil, and P. A. Harker (1995), Canada permafrost, in National Atlas of Canada, 5th ed., Nat. Resour. Can., Ottawa, Ont., Canada.
  • 24
    • 0035657072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A model-based map of ground temperatures for permafrost regions of Canada
    • Henry, K., and M. Smith (2001), A model-based map of ground temperatures for permafrost regions of Canada, Permafrost Periglacial Processes, 12, 389-398.
    • (2001) Permafrost Periglacial Processes , vol.12 , pp. 389-398
    • Henry, K.1    Smith, M.2
  • 25
    • 0042642087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial and temporal patterns of active-layer thickness at Circumpolar Active-layer Monitoring (CALM) sites in northern Alaska, 1995-2000
    • doi:10.1029/2001JD000927
    • Hinkel, K. M., and F. E. Nelson (2003), Spatial and temporal patterns of active-layer thickness at Circumpolar Active-layer Monitoring (CALM) sites in northern Alaska, 1995-2000, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D2), 8168, doi:10.1029/2001JD000927.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res , vol.108 , Issue.D2 , pp. 8168
    • Hinkel, K.M.1    Nelson, F.E.2
  • 27
    • 0043272180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and its relation to climate and vegetation
    • Jobbagy, E. G., and R. B. Jackson (2000), The vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and its relation to climate and vegetation, Ecol. Appl., 10, 423-436.
    • (2000) Ecol. Appl , vol.10 , pp. 423-436
    • Jobbagy, E.G.1    Jackson, R.B.2
  • 28
    • 0035115079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Permafrost degradation and ecological changes associated with a warming climate in central Alaska
    • Jorgenson, M. T., C. H. Racine, J. C. Walters, and T. E. Osterkamp (2001), Permafrost degradation and ecological changes associated with a warming climate in central Alaska, Clim. Change, 48, 551-579.
    • (2001) Clim. Change , vol.48 , pp. 551-579
    • Jorgenson, M.T.1    Racine, C.H.2    Walters, J.C.3    Osterkamp, T.E.4
  • 29
    • 0002522892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicted permafrost distribution in Canada under a climate warming scenario
    • Kettles, I. M., C. Tarnocai, and S. D. Bauke (1997), Predicted permafrost distribution in Canada under a climate warming scenario, Curr. Res. Geol. Surv. Can., 1997-E, 109-115.
    • (1997) Curr. Res. Geol. Surv. Can , vol.1997-E , pp. 109-115
    • Kettles, I.M.1    Tarnocai, C.2    Bauke, S.D.3
  • 30
    • 0029472975 scopus 로고
    • Long-term monitoring of permafrost change in a palsa peatland in northern Quebec, Canada: 1983-1993
    • Laberge, M. J., and S. Payette (1995), Long-term monitoring of permafrost change in a palsa peatland in northern Quebec, Canada: 1983-1993, Arct. Alp. Res., 27, 167-171.
    • (1995) Arct. Alp. Res , vol.27 , pp. 167-171
    • Laberge, M.J.1    Payette, S.2
  • 31
    • 0022923616 scopus 로고
    • Changing climate: Geothermal evidence from permafrost in the Alaskan Arctic
    • Lachenbruch, A. H., and B. V. Marshall (1986), Changing climate: Geothermal evidence from permafrost in the Alaskan Arctic, Science, 234, 689-696.
    • (1986) Science , vol.234 , pp. 689-696
    • Lachenbruch, A.H.1    Marshall, B.V.2
  • 32
    • 0041814508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of permafrost degradation on woody vegetation at Arctic treeline on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska
    • Lloyd, A. H., K. Yoshikawa, C. L. Fastie, L. Hinzman, and M. Fraver (2003), Effects of permafrost degradation on woody vegetation at Arctic treeline on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska, Permafrost Periglacial Processes, 14, 93-101.
    • (2003) Permafrost Periglacial Processes , vol.14 , pp. 93-101
    • Lloyd, A.H.1    Yoshikawa, K.2    Fastie, C.L.3    Hinzman, L.4    Fraver, M.5
  • 33
    • 2342428435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large ground warming in the Canadian Arctic inferred from inversions of temperature logs
    • Majorowicz, J. A., W. R. Skinner, and J. Šafanda (2004), Large ground warming in the Canadian Arctic inferred from inversions of temperature logs, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 221, 15-25.
    • (2004) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett , vol.221 , pp. 15-25
    • Majorowicz, J.A.1    Skinner, W.R.2    Šafanda, J.3
  • 36
    • 0030301580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon storage and distribution in tundra soils of Arctic Alaska, U.S.A
    • Michaelson, G. J., C. L. Ping, and J. M. Kimbe (1996), Carbon storage and distribution in tundra soils of Arctic Alaska, U.S.A., Arct. Alp. Res., 28, 414-424.
    • (1996) Arct. Alp. Res , vol.28 , pp. 414-424
    • Michaelson, G.J.1    Ping, C.L.2    Kimbe, J.M.3
  • 37
    • 84905345378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitchell, T. D., T. R. Carter, P. D. Jones, M. Hulme, and M. New (2004), A comprehensive set of high-resolution grids of monthly climate for Europe and the globe: The observed record (1901-2000) and 16 scenarios (2001-2100), Working Pap. 55, 33 pp., Tyndall Cent. for Clim. Change Res., Univ. of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
    • Mitchell, T. D., T. R. Carter, P. D. Jones, M. Hulme, and M. New (2004), A comprehensive set of high-resolution grids of monthly climate for Europe and the globe: The observed record (1901-2000) and 16 scenarios (2001-2100), Working Pap. 55, 33 pp., Tyndall Cent. for Clim. Change Res., Univ. of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
  • 38
    • 0022876516 scopus 로고
    • Permafrost distribution in central Canada: Applications of a climate-based predictive model
    • Nelson, F. E. (1986), Permafrost distribution in central Canada: Applications of a climate-based predictive model, Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr., 76, 550-669.
    • (1986) Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr , vol.76 , pp. 550-669
    • Nelson, F.E.1
  • 39
    • 0037436547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Un)frozen in time
    • Nelson, F. E. (2003), (Un)frozen in time, Science, 299, 1673-1675.
    • (2003) Science , vol.299 , pp. 1673-1675
    • Nelson, F.E.1
  • 40
    • 0035912205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subsidence risk from thawing permafrost
    • Nelson, F. E., O. A. Anisimov, and N. I. Shiklomanov (2001), Subsidence risk from thawing permafrost, Nature, 410, 889-890.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.410 , pp. 889-890
    • Nelson, F.E.1    Anisimov, O.A.2    Shiklomanov, N.I.3
  • 41
    • 0034233140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Representing twentieth century space-time climate variability. Part II: Development of 1901-1996 monthly terrestrial climate fields
    • New, M. G., M. Hulme, and P. D. Jones (2000), Representing twentieth century space-time climate variability. Part II: Development of 1901-1996 monthly terrestrial climate fields, J. Clim., 13, 2217-2238.
    • (2000) J. Clim , vol.13 , pp. 2217-2238
    • New, M.G.1    Hulme, M.2    Jones, P.D.3
  • 42
    • 3242717477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term active-layer monitoring: Mackenzie Valley, northwest Canada
    • edited by M. Philips, S. M. Springman, and L. U. Arenson, pp, A. A, Balkema, Brookfield, Vt
    • Nixon, M., C. Tarnocai, and L. Kutny (2003), Long-term active-layer monitoring: Mackenzie Valley, northwest Canada, in Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Permafrost, vol. 2, edited by M. Philips, S. M. Springman, and L. U. Arenson, pp. 821-826, A. A.. Balkema, Brookfield, Vt.
    • (2003) Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Permafrost , vol.2 , pp. 821-826
    • Nixon, M.1    Tarnocai, C.2    Kutny, L.3
  • 43
    • 0027387539 scopus 로고
    • Recent change of Arctic tundra ecosystems from a net carbon dioxide sink to a source
    • Oechel, W. C., S. J. Hastings, G. Vourlitis, M. Jenkins, G. Riechers, and N. Grulke (1993), Recent change of Arctic tundra ecosystems from a net carbon dioxide sink to a source, Nature, 361, 520-523.
    • (1993) Nature , vol.361 , pp. 520-523
    • Oechel, W.C.1    Hastings, S.J.2    Vourlitis, G.3    Jenkins, M.4    Riechers, G.5    Grulke, N.6
  • 44
    • 1642463475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional-scale modeling of soil freeze/thaw over Arctic drainage basin
    • doi:10.1029/2002JD002722
    • Oelke, C., T. Zhang, M. C. Serreze, and R. L. Armstrong (2003), Regional-scale modeling of soil freeze/thaw over Arctic drainage basin, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D10), 4314, doi:10.1029/2002JD002722.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res , vol.108 , Issue.D10 , pp. 4314
    • Oelke, C.1    Zhang, T.2    Serreze, M.C.3    Armstrong, R.L.4
  • 45
    • 0346394719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Establishing long-term permafrost observatories for active-layer and permafrost investigations in Alaska: 1977-2002
    • Osterkamp, T. E. (2003), Establishing long-term permafrost observatories for active-layer and permafrost investigations in Alaska: 1977-2002, Permafrost Periglacial Processes, 14, 331-342.
    • (2003) Permafrost Periglacial Processes , vol.14 , pp. 331-342
    • Osterkamp, T.E.1
  • 46
    • 0033024725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for warming and thawing of discontinuous permafrost in Alaska
    • Osterkamp, T. E., and V. E. Romanovsky (1999), Evidence for warming and thawing of discontinuous permafrost in Alaska, Permafrost Periglacial Processes, 10, 17-37.
    • (1999) Permafrost Periglacial Processes , vol.10 , pp. 17-37
    • Osterkamp, T.E.1    Romanovsky, V.E.2
  • 47
    • 14444287752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arctic environmental changes of the last four centuries
    • Overpeck, J., et al. (1997), Arctic environmental changes of the last four centuries, Science, 278, 1251-1256.
    • (1997) Science , vol.278 , pp. 1251-1256
    • Overpeck, J.1
  • 48
    • 84957790817 scopus 로고
    • Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass
    • Penman, H. L. (1948), Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 193, 120-146.
    • (1948) Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A , vol.193 , pp. 120-146
    • Penman, H.L.1
  • 49
    • 0027883230 scopus 로고
    • Heat flow from the Earth's interior: Analysis of the global data set
    • Pollack, H. N., S. J. Hurter, and J. R. Johnson (1993), Heat flow from the Earth's interior: Analysis of the global data set, Rev. Geophys., 31, 267-280.
    • (1993) Rev. Geophys , vol.31 , pp. 267-280
    • Pollack, H.N.1    Hurter, S.J.2    Johnson, J.R.3
  • 50
    • 0019353887 scopus 로고
    • Stochastic simulation of daily precipitation, temperature, and solar radiation
    • Richardson, C. W. (1981), Stochastic simulation of daily precipitation, temperature, and solar radiation, Water Resour. Res., 17, 182-190.
    • (1981) Water Resour. Res , vol.17 , pp. 182-190
    • Richardson, C.W.1
  • 53
    • 2642547433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Permafrost dynamics in the 20th and 21st centuries along the East Siberian transect
    • doi:10.1029/2003JD003680
    • Sazonova, T. S., V. E. Romanovsky, J. E. Walsh, and D. O. Sergueev (2004), Permafrost dynamics in the 20th and 21st centuries along the East Siberian transect, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D01108, doi:10.1029/2003JD003680.
    • (2004) J. Geophys. Res , vol.109
    • Sazonova, T.S.1    Romanovsky, V.E.2    Walsh, J.E.3    Sergueev, D.O.4
  • 57
    • 0001690724 scopus 로고
    • Microclimatic influences on ground temperatures and permafrost distribution, Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories
    • Smith, M. W. (1975), Microclimatic influences on ground temperatures and permafrost distribution, Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories, Can. J. Earth Sci., 12, 1421-1438.
    • (1975) Can. J. Earth Sci , vol.12 , pp. 1421-1438
    • Smith, M.W.1
  • 60
    • 0000022607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mapping the sensitivity of Canadian permafrost to climate warming
    • Smith, S. L., and M. M. Burgess (1998), Mapping the sensitivity of Canadian permafrost to climate warming, Curr. Res. Geol. Surv. Can., 1998-E, 163-191.
    • (1998) Curr. Res. Geol. Surv. Can , vol.1998-E , pp. 163-191
    • Smith, S.L.1    Burgess, M.M.2
  • 61
    • 0012292422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ground temperature database for northern Canada
    • 57 pp, Geol. Surv. of Can, Ottawa, Ont, Canada
    • Smith, S. L., and M. M. Burgess (2000), Ground temperature database for northern Canada, Open File 3954, 57 pp., Geol. Surv. of Can., Ottawa, Ont., Canada.
    • (2000) Open File 3954
    • Smith, S.L.1    Burgess, M.M.2
  • 62
    • 11344290275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A digital database of permafrost thickness in Canada
    • 38 pp, Geol. Surv. of Can, Ottawa, Ont, Canada
    • Smith, S. L., and M. M. Burgess (2002), A digital database of permafrost thickness in Canada, Open File 4173, 38 pp., Geol. Surv. of Can., Ottawa, Ont., Canada.
    • (2002) Open File 4173
    • Smith, S.L.1    Burgess, M.M.2
  • 65
    • 0033384438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of climate warming on the carbon balance of cryosols in Canada
    • Tarnocai, C. (1999), The effect of climate warming on the carbon balance of cryosols in Canada, Permafrost Periglacial Processes, 10, 251-263.
    • (1999) Permafrost Periglacial Processes , vol.10 , pp. 251-263
    • Tarnocai, C.1
  • 68
    • 0000041242 scopus 로고
    • Distribution and thawing of permafrost in the southern part of the discontinuous permafrost zone in Manitoba
    • Thie, J. (1974), Distribution and thawing of permafrost in the southern part of the discontinuous permafrost zone in Manitoba, Arctic, 27, 189-200.
    • (1974) Arctic , vol.27 , pp. 189-200
    • Thie, J.1
  • 69
    • 84905357178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Arctic Research Commission Permafrost Task Force (2003), Climate change, permafrost, and impacts on civil infrastructure, Spec. Rep. 01-03, 62 pp., U.S. Arct. Res. Comm., Arlington, Va.
    • U.S. Arctic Research Commission Permafrost Task Force (2003), Climate change, permafrost, and impacts on civil infrastructure, Spec. Rep. 01-03, 62 pp., U.S. Arct. Res. Comm., Arlington, Va.
  • 70
    • 84895349485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multi-language glossary of permafrost and related ground-ice terms
    • van Everdingen, R, Ed, Boulder, Colo
    • van Everdingen, R., (Ed.) (1998), Multi-language glossary of permafrost and related ground-ice terms, Natl. Snow and Ice Data Cent./World Data Cent. for Glaciol., Boulder, Colo.
    • (1998) Natl. Snow and Ice Data Cent./World Data Cent. for Glaciol
  • 71
    • 34548553118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thaw depth variation with plant succession after anthropogenic disturbances, central Yakutia
    • edited by M. Philips, S. M. Springman, and L. U. Arenson, pp, A. A. Balkema, Brookfield, Vt
    • Vasiliev, I. S., and A. N. Fedorov (2003), Thaw depth variation with plant succession after anthropogenic disturbances, central Yakutia, in Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Permafrost, vol. 2, edited by M. Philips, S. M. Springman, and L. U. Arenson, pp. 1179-1182, A. A. Balkema, Brookfield, Vt.
    • (2003) Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Permafrost , vol.2 , pp. 1179-1182
    • Vasiliev, I.S.1    Fedorov, A.N.2
  • 72
    • 0034103677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The changing landscape of Canada's western boreal forest: The current dynamics of permafrost
    • Vitt, D. H., L. A. Halsey, and S. C. Zoltai (2000), The changing landscape of Canada's western boreal forest: the current dynamics of permafrost, Can. J. For. Res., 30, 283-287.
    • (2000) Can. J. For. Res , vol.30 , pp. 283-287
    • Vitt, D.H.1    Halsey, L.A.2    Zoltai, S.C.3
  • 73
    • 0041814505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vegetation-soil-thaw-depth relationships along a low-arctic bioclimate gradient, Alaska: Synthesis of information from the ATLASS studies
    • Walker, D. A., et al. (2003), Vegetation-soil-thaw-depth relationships along a low-arctic bioclimate gradient, Alaska: Synthesis of information from the ATLASS studies, Permafrost Periglacial Processes, 14, 103-123.
    • (2003) Permafrost Periglacial Processes , vol.14 , pp. 103-123
    • Walker, D.A.1
  • 74
    • 0029479137 scopus 로고
    • Recent climatic trend and thermal response of permafrost in Salluit, northern Quebec, Canada
    • Wang, B., and M. Allard (1995), Recent climatic trend and thermal response of permafrost in Salluit, northern Quebec, Canada, Permafrost Periglacial Processes, 6, 221-233.
    • (1995) Permafrost Periglacial Processes , vol.6 , pp. 221-233
    • Wang, B.1    Allard, M.2
  • 75
    • 0000088578 scopus 로고
    • A model for diurnal variation in soil and air temperature
    • William, J. P., and J. A. Logan (1981), A model for diurnal variation in soil and air temperature, Agric. Meteorol., 23, 205-216.
    • (1981) Agric. Meteorol , vol.23 , pp. 205-216
    • William, J.P.1    Logan, J.A.2
  • 77
    • 0027101420 scopus 로고
    • Response of the Canadian permafrost environment to climatic change
    • Woo, M., A. G. Lewkowicz, and W. R. Rouse (1992), Response of the Canadian permafrost environment to climatic change, Phys. Geogr., 13, 287-317.
    • (1992) Phys. Geogr , vol.13 , pp. 287-317
    • Woo, M.1    Lewkowicz, A.G.2    Rouse, W.R.3
  • 78
    • 0347269065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impacts of wildfire on the permafrost in the boreal forests of Interior Alaska
    • doi:10.1029/2001JD000438
    • Yoshikawa, K., W. R. Bolton, V. E. Romanovsky, M. Fukuda, and L. D. Hinzman (2002), Impacts of wildfire on the permafrost in the boreal forests of Interior Alaska, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D1), 8148, doi:10.1029/2001JD000438.
    • (2002) J. Geophys. Res , vol.108 , Issue.D1 , pp. 8148
    • Yoshikawa, K.1    Bolton, W.R.2    Romanovsky, V.E.3    Fukuda, M.4    Hinzman, L.D.5
  • 79
    • 0033364417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistics and characteristic of permafrost and ground-ice distribution in the Northern Hemisphere
    • Zhang, T., R. G. Barry, K. Knowles, J. A. Heginbottom, and J. Brown (1999), Statistics and characteristic of permafrost and ground-ice distribution in the Northern Hemisphere, Polar Geogr., 23, 132-154.
    • (1999) Polar Geogr , vol.23 , pp. 132-154
    • Zhang, T.1    Barry, R.G.2    Knowles, K.3    Heginbottom, J.A.4    Brown, J.5
  • 80
    • 0035029565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An amplified signal of climatic change in soil temperatures during the last century at Irkutsk, Russia
    • Zhang, T., R. G. Barry, D. Gilichinsky, S. S. Bykhovets, V. A. Sorokovikov, and J. Ye (2001), An amplified signal of climatic change in soil temperatures during the last century at Irkutsk, Russia, Clim. Change, 49, 41-76.
    • (2001) Clim. Change , vol.49 , pp. 41-76
    • Zhang, T.1    Barry, R.G.2    Gilichinsky, D.3    Bykhovets, S.S.4    Sorokovikov, V.A.5    Ye, J.6
  • 81
    • 1442288184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A process-based model for quantifying the impact of climate change on permafrost thermal regimes
    • doi:10.1029/2002JD003354
    • Zhang, Y., W. Chen, and J. Cihlar (2003), A process-based model for quantifying the impact of climate change on permafrost thermal regimes, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D22), 4695, doi:10.1029/2002JD003354.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res , vol.108 , Issue.D22 , pp. 4695
    • Zhang, Y.1    Chen, W.2    Cihlar, J.3
  • 82
    • 17344364995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil temperature in Canada during the twentieth century: Complex responses to atmospheric climate change
    • doi:10.1029/2004JD004910
    • Zhang, Y., W. Chen, S. L. Smith, D. W. Riseborough, and J. Cihlar (2005), Soil temperature in Canada during the twentieth century: Complex responses to atmospheric climate change, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D03112, doi:10.1029/2004JD004910.
    • (2005) J. Geophys. Res , vol.110
    • Zhang, Y.1    Chen, W.2    Smith, S.L.3    Riseborough, D.W.4    Cihlar, J.5
  • 83
    • 0035726846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incorporation of a permafrost model into a large-scale ecosystem model: Evaluation of temporal and spatial scaling issues in simulating soil thermal dynamics
    • Zhuang, Q., V. E. Romanovsky, and A. D. McGuire (2001), Incorporation of a permafrost model into a large-scale ecosystem model: Evaluation of temporal and spatial scaling issues in simulating soil thermal dynamics, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 33,649-33,670.
    • (2001) J. Geophys. Res , vol.106
    • Zhuang, Q.1    Romanovsky, V.E.2    McGuire, A.D.3
  • 84
    • 0042346378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon cycling in extratropical terrestrial ecosystems of the Northern Hemisphere during the 20th century: A modeling analysis of the influences of soil thermal dynamics
    • Zhuang, Q., et al. (2003), Carbon cycling in extratropical terrestrial ecosystems of the Northern Hemisphere during the 20th century: A modeling analysis of the influences of soil thermal dynamics, Tellus, Ser. B, 55, 751-776.
    • (2003) Tellus, Ser. B , vol.55 , pp. 751-776
    • Zhuang, Q.1
  • 85
    • 0001417845 scopus 로고
    • Southern limit of permafrost features in peat landforms, Manitoba and Saskatchewan
    • Zoltai, S. C. (1971), Southern limit of permafrost features in peat landforms, Manitoba and Saskatchewan, Geol. Assoc. Can. Spec. Pap., 9, 305-310.
    • (1971) Geol. Assoc. Can. Spec. Pap , vol.9 , pp. 305-310
    • Zoltai, S.C.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.