The evolving cost of HIV in South Africa: Changes in health care cost with duration on antiretroviral therapy for public sector patients

Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes

Volumn 45, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 348-354

  Harling, Guy ^a   Wood, Robin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Cost; Health care; Highly active antiretroviral therapy; Hospitalization; South Africa

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; DIDANOSINE; EFAVIRENZ; LAMIVUDINE; LOPINAVIR PLUS RITONAVIR; NEVIRAPINE; STAVUDINE; ZIDOVUDINE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG COST; DRUG SUBSTITUTION; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HOSPITAL CARE; HOSPITAL COST; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; OBSERVATION; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOUTH AFRICA; TREATMENT DURATION;

ADULT; ANTI-HIV AGENTS; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES; COSTS AND COST ANALYSIS; HEALTH CARE COSTS; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV-1; HUMANS; LENGTH OF STAY; MALE; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; PUBLIC SECTOR; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 34347335670     PISSN: 15254135     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3180691115     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Arthur G, Bhatt SM, Muhindi D, et al. The changing impact of HIV/AIDS on Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi from 1988/89 through 1992 to 1997. AIDS. 2000;14:1625-1631.
2. Colvin M, Dawood S, Kleinschmidt I, et al. Prevalence of HIV and HIV-related diseases in the adult medical wards of a tertiary hospital in Durban, South Africa. Int J STD AIDS. 2001;12:386-389.
3. Krentz HB, Auld MC, Gill MJ. The changing direct costs of medical care for patients with HIV/AIDS, 1995-2001. Can Med Assoc J. 2003;169:106-110.
4. Beck EJ, Mandalia S. The cost of HIV treatment and care in England since HAART - part 1. Br J Soc Med. 2003;27:19-23.
5. Yazdanpanah Y. Costs associated with combination antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004;53:558-561.
6. Levy AR, James D, Johnston KM, et al. The direct costs of HIV/AIDS care. Lancet Infect Dis. 2006;6:171-177.
7. Lowy A, Page J, Jaccard R. Costs of treatment of Swiss patients with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in hospital-based and general practice-based care: a prospective cohort study. AIDS Care. 2005;17:698-710.
8. Hellinger FJ. Economic models of antiretroviral therapy: searching for the optimal strategy. Pharmacoeconomics. 2006;24:631-642.
9. Chen RY, Accortt NA, Westfall AO, et al. Distribution of health care expenditures for HIV-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:1003-1010.
10. Aracena B, Gutiérrez JP, Bertozzi SM, et al. Cost of AIDS care in Mexico: what are its main individual predictors. Arch Med Res. 2005;36:560-566.
11. Rosen S, Long L. How much does it cost to provide antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS in Africa? Center for International Health and Development discussion paper no. 9. Boston, MA: Boston University; 2006.
12. Deghaye N, Pawinski RA, Desmond C. Financial and economic costs of scaling up the provision of HAART to HIV-infected health care workers in KwaZulu-Natal. S Afr Med J. 2006;96:140-143.
13. Badri M, Maartens G, Mandalia S, et al. Cost-effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy in South Africa. PLoS Med. 2006;3:e4-e37.
14. Badri M, Cleary S, Maartens G, et al. When to initiate highly active antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa? A South African cost-effectiveness study. Antivir Ther. 2006;11:63-72.
15. Cleary SM, McIntyre D, Boulle AM. The cost-effectiveness of antiretroviral treatment in Khayelitsha, South Africa - a primary data analysis. Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2006;4:20.
16. Cleary S, Okorafor O, Chita W, et al. Financing antiretroviral treatment and primary health care services. In: South African Health Review 2005. Durban, South Africa: Health Systems Trust; 2005:58-73.
17. Bekker LG, Myer L, Orrell C, et al. Rapid scale-up of a community-based HIV treatment service: programme performance over 3 consecutive years in Guguletu, South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2006;96:315-320.
18. Provincial Administration of the Western Cape, South Africa. Antiretroviral treatment protocol, version 2. April 2004. Available at: http://www.web.uct.ac.za/depts/epi/artrollout/. Accessed May 1, 2007.
19. Harling G, Orrell C, Wood R. Healthcare utilization by a cohort of late-stage HIV-positive patients commencing antiretroviral medication in South Africa [abstract WePe0085]. Presented at: XVI International AIDS Conference; 2006; Toronto.
20. Department of Health, Republic of South Africa. User Guide - UPFS (with revised 2004 tariffs): Uniform Patient Fee Schedule for Patients Attending Public Hospitals. Pretoria, South Africa: Department of Health, Republic of South Africa; 2004.
21. Harling G, Bekker LG, Wood R. The economics of antiretroviral provision: the evolving cost of running a dedicated ART clinic. S Afr Med J. (In press).
22. Provincial Administration of the Western Cape. Department of Health Budget Review 2004/2005. Cape Town, South Africa; 2006.
23. Sinanovic E, Floyd K, Dudley L, et al. Cost and cost-effectiveness of community-based care for tuberculosis in Cape Town, South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2003;7(Suppl):S56-S62.
24. Statistics South Africa. CPIX history: metropolitan and other urban areas. 2006. Available at: http://www.statssa.gov.za/keyindicators/CPI/CPIX.pdf. Accessed May 1, 2007.
25. Bank of Canada, Financial Markets Department. Year average of exchange rates 2004. Available at: http://www.bankofcanada.ca/pdf/nraa04.pdf. Accessed May 1, 2007.
26. Diehr P, Yanez D, Ash A, et al. Methods for analyzing health care utilization and costs. Annu Rev Public Health. 1999;20:125-144.
27. Dodd S, Bassi A, Bodger K, et al. A comparison of multivariate regression models to analyse cost data. J Eval Clin Pract. 2006;12:76-86.
28. McCullagh P, Nelder JA. Generalized Linear Models. London: Chapman and Hall; 1989.
29. Laurent C, Gueye NF, Ndour CT, et al. Long-term benefits of highly active antiretroviral therapy in Senegalese HIV-1-infected adults. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;38:14-17.
30. Coetzee D, Hildebrand K, Boulle A, et al. Outcomes after two years of providing antiretroviral therapy in Khayelitsha, South Africa. AIDS. 2004;18:887-895.
31. Djomand G, Roels T, Ellerbrock T, et al. Virologic and immunologic outcomes and programmatic challenges of an antiretroviral treatment pilot project in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. AIDS. 2003;17(Suppl 3):S5-S15.
32. Govender V, McIntyre D, Grimwood A, et al. The Costs and Perceived Quality of Care for People Living with HIV/AIDS in the Western Cape Province in South Africa. Partnerships for Health Reform Small Applied Research no. 14. Bethesda, MD: Abt Associates; 2000.
33. Churchyard G. Light for Life Workplace Treatment and Care Programme: the Anglo American experience. Presented at: UCLA Business and AIDS Meeting; 2006; Zimbali.
34. Cowlin RG, Regensberg LD, Hislop MS. Counting the Cost of Care: Do HIV/AIDS Disease Management Programmes Deliver? Claremont, South Africa: Aid for AIDS; 2003. Available at: http://www.aidforaids.co.za/publications/ afa_publications/AIDS_Management_Report_2003_1(3)_20-23.pdf. Accessed May 1, 2007.
35. Martinson S, Bakos D, Mohapi L, et al. Outpatient Provider Costs of Treating Adults with ARVs in Soweto [abstract 502]. Presented at: PEPFAR HIV/AIDS Implementers Meeting; 2006; Durban.
36. Pienaar D, Myer L, Cleary S, et al. Models of Care for Antiretroviral Service Delivery. Cape Town: University of Cape Town; 2006.
37. Van Sighem AI, Van de Wiel MA, Ghanic AC, et al. Mortality and progression to AIDS after starting highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2003;17:2227-2236.
38. Lawn SD, Myer L, Harling G, et al. Determinants of mortality and nondeath losses from an antiretroviral treatment service in South Africa: implications for program evaluation. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:770-776.