The biologic effects and the therapeutic mechanism of action of electric and electromagnetic field stimulation on bone and cartilage: New findings and a review of earlier work

Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine

Volumn 13, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 485-490

  Haddad, Jack B ^a   Obolensky, Alexis G ^b   Shinnick, Phillip ^c  

^a San Jose Medical Group   (United States)

^b Natural Energy Institute Inc   (United States)

^c Research Institute of Global Physiology Behavior and Treatment Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GROWTH FACTOR; MESSENGER RNA; MORPHOGEN; SOMATOMEDIN; STRUCTURAL PROTEIN; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA;

BLOOD; BONE; BONE DISEASE; CARTILAGE; CELL STIMULATION; CHONDROPATHY; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD; ELECTROSTIMULATION; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; LIGAMENT; MAGNETIC STIMULATION; MUSCLE CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STEM CELL;

BONE AND BONES; BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS; CARTILAGE; ELECTRIC STIMULATION; ELECTRIC STIMULATION THERAPY; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS; HUMANS; INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR I; OSTEOGENESIS; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA;

EID: 34347332262     PISSN: 10755535     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/acm.2007.5270     Document Type: Review

References (54)

1. Burr HS, Taffel M, Harvey SC. An electrometric study of the healing wound in man. Yale J Bio Med 12, 483-485, 1940.
2. Fukada E, Yasuda I. On the piezoelectric effect of bone. J Physiol Soc Jpn 12, 1957;1158-1162.
3. Becker RO. The biolelectric factors in amphibian limb regeneration. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1961;43:643-656.
4. Barker AT, Jaffee LF, Vanable JW, Jr. The glabrous epidermis of cavies contains a powerful battery. Am J Physiol 1982;242:R358-R366.
5. Akai M, Hayashi K. Effect of electrical stimulation on musculoskeletal systems; a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Bioelectromagnetics 2002;23:132-143.
6. Luden RA, Cain CD, Chen MC-Y, et al. Effects of electromagnetic stimuli on bone and bone cells in vivo: Inhibition of responses to parathyroid hormone by low- energy, low-frequency fields. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982;79:4180-4184.
7. Cain CD, Adey WR, Luben RA. Evidence that pulsed electromagnetic fields inhibit coupling of adenylate cyclase by parathyroid hormone in bone cells. J Bone Miner Res 1987; 2:437-441.
8. Brighton CT, McCluskey W. Response of cultured bone cells to a capacitively coupled electric field: Inhibition of cAMP response to parathyroid hormone. J Orthop Res 1988;6:567-571.
9. Cho MR, Thatte HS, Lee RC, et al. Induced redistribution of cell surface receptors by alternating current electric fields. FASEB J 1994;8:771-776.
10. Varani K, Gessi S, Merighi S, et al. Effect of low frequency electromagnetic fields on A2A adenosine receptors in human neutrophils. Br J Pharmacol 2002;136:57-66.
11. Brighton CT. Treatment of nonunion of the tibia with constant direct current. J Trauma 1981;21:3-11.
12. Goodman R, Shirley-Henderson A. A transcription and translation in cells exposed to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields. Bioelectrochem Bioenerget 1991;25:335-355.
13. Grande D, Magee F, Weinstein A. The effect of low energy combined AC and DC magnetic fields on articular cartilage metabolism. Ann NY Acad Sci 1983;31:18-22.
14. Fukuda E, Yasuda I. On the piezoelectric affect of bone. J Physiol Soc Jpn 1957;12:1158-1164.
15. Anglen J. The clinical use of bone stimulators. J South Orthop Assoc 2003;12:46-54.
16. Abeed RI, Naseer M, Abel EW. Capacitively coupled electrical stimulation treatment: Results from patients with failed long bone fracture unions. J Orthop Trauma 1998;12:510-513.
17. Zamora-Navas P, Borras VA, Antelo LR, et al. Electrical stimulation of bone nonunion with the presence of a gap. Acta Orthop Belg 1995;61:169-176.
18. Kleczynski S. Electrical stimulation to promote the union of fractures. Int Orthop 1988;12:83-87.
19. Ahl T, Anderson G, Herberts P, Kalen R. Electrical treatment of nonunited fractures. Acta Orthop Scand 1984;55:585-588.
20. Rettig AC, Shelboume KD, McCarroll JR. The natural history and treatment of delayed union stress fractures of the anterior cortex of the tibia. Am J Sports Med 1988;16:250-255.
21. Breighton CT. Fracture healing in the rabbit fibula when subjected to various capacitively coupled electrical fields. J Orthop Res 1985;3:331-340.
22. Masureik C, Ericksson C. Preliminary clinical evaluation of the effect of small electrical currents on the healing of jaw fractures. Clin Orthop 1977;84-91.
23. Dejardin LM, Kahanovitz N, Arnocyzky SP, Simon BJ. The effect of varied electrical current densities on lumbar spinal fusions in dogs. Spine J 2001;1:341-347.
24. Akai M, Kawashima N, Kimura T, Hayashi K. Electrical stimulation as an adjunct to spinal fusion: A meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Bioelectromagnetics 2002;23:496-504.
25. Toth JM, Seim HB 3rd, Schwardt JD, et al. Direct current electrical stimulation increases the fusion rate of spinal fusion cages. Spine 2000;25:2580-2587.
26. Haupt HA. Electrical stimulation of osteogenesis. South Med 1984;77:56-64.
27. Schubert T, Kleditzsch J, Wolf E. Results of fluorescense microscopy studies of bone healing by direct stimulation with bipolar impulse currents and with the interference current procedure in the animal experiment. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 1986;124:6-12.
28. Reger SI, Hyodo A, Negami S, Kambic HE, Sahgal V. Experimental wound healing with electrical stimulation. Artif Organs 1999;23:460-462.
29. Naegele RJ, Lipari J, Chakkalakal D, et al. Electric field stimulation of human osteosarcoma-derived cells: A dose-response study. Cancer Biochem Biophys 1991;12:95-101.
30. Goodman R, Shirley-Henderson A. A transcription and translation in cells exposed to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields. Bioelectrochem Bioenerget 1991;25:335-355.
31. Zhuang H, Wang W, Seldes R, et al. Electrical stimulation induces the level of TGF-beta1 mRNA in osteoblastic cells by a mechanism involving calcium/camodulin pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997;237:225-229.
32. Guerkov HH, Lohmann CH, Liu Y, et al. Pulsed electromagnetic fields increase growth factor release by nonunion cells. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2001;384:265-279.
33. Aaron RK, Ciombor DM, Keeping HS. Power frequency fields promote cell differentiation coincident with an increase in transforming TGF-β1 expression. Biolelectromagnetics 1999; 10:453-458.
34. Aoran RK, Wang S, Ciombor DM. Upregulation of basal TGF-β1 levels by EMF coincident with chondrogenesis: Implications for skeletal repair and tissue engineering. J Orthop Res 2002;20:233-240.
35. Bodamyali T, Bhatt B, Highes FJ, et al. Pulsed electromagnetic fields simultaneously induce osteogenesis and upregulate transcription of bone morphogenetic proteins 2 ad 4 in rat osteoblasts in vitro. Biophys Biochem Res Commun 1998;250:458-461.
36. Aaron RK, Boyan BD, Ciombor DM, et al. Stimulation of growth factor synthesis by electric and electromagnetic fields. Clin Orthop 2004;419:30-37.
37. Aaron RK, Ciombor D, Jones AR. Bone induction by decalcified bone matrix and mRNA of TGFB and IGF-1 are increased by ELF field stimulation. Trans Orthop Res Soc 1997;22:548-564.
38. Zhuang H, Wang W, Seldes R, et al. Electrical stimulation induces the level of TGF-beta1 mRNA in osteoblastic cells by a mechanism involving calcium/camodulin pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997;237:225-229.
39. Guerkov HH, Lohmann CH, Liu Y, et al. Pulsed electromagnetic fields increase growth factor release by nonunion cells. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2001;384:265-279.
40. Fitzsimmons R, Farley J, Adey W, Bay link D. Embryonic bone matrix formation is increased after exposure to a low amplitude capacitively coupled electric field in vitro. Biochem Biophys Acta 1986;882:51-56.
41. Aaron RK, Ciombor D. Stimulation of chondrogenesis in experimental endochondral ossification by pulsing electromagnetic fields. Trans Bioelectric Repair Growth Soc 1987;737A.
42. Zhuang H, Wang W, Seldes RM, et al. Electrical stimulation induces the level of TGF-β1 MRNA in osteoblastic cells by a mechanism involving calcium calmodulin pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997;237:225-229.
43. lohmann CH, Schwartz Z, Hummert TW, et al. Pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation of MG36 osteoblast-like cells affects differentiation and local factor production. J Orthop Res 2000.
44. Falanga V, Bourguignon GJ, Bourguignon LWY. Electrical stimulation increases the expression of fibroblasts receptors for transforming growth factor-beta. J Invest Dermatol 1987;88:488-491.
45. Guerkov HH, Lohmann CH, Liu Y, et al. Pulsed electromagnetic fields increase growth factor release by nonunion cells. Clin Orthop Rel Res 2001;84:265-279.
46. Hang H, Wang W, Selves RM, et al. Electrical stimulation induces the level of TGF-β1 MRNA in osteoblastic cells by a mechanism involving calcium calmodulin pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997;237:225-229.
47. Lohmann CH, Schwartz Z, Hummert TW, et al. Pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation of MG36 osteoblast-like cells affects differentiation and local factor production. J Orthop Res 2000;56A:237-243.
48. Guerkov HH, Lohmann CH, Liu Y, et al. Pulsed electromagnetic fields increase growth factor release by nonunion cells. Clin Orthop Rel Res 2001;384:265-279.
49. Bourguignon GJ, Bourguignon LYW. Electric stimulation of human fibroblasts causes an increase in Ca influx and the exposure of additional insulin receptors. J Cell Physiol 1989;140: 379-385.
50. Lippiello L, Chakkalakal D, Connolly J. Pulsing direct current-induced repair of articular cartilage in rabbit osteochondral defects. J Orthop Res 1990;8:266-275.
51. Guerkov HH, Lohmann CH, Liu Y, et al. Pulsed electromagnetic fields increase growth factor release by nonunion cells. Clin Orthop Rel Res 2001;384:265-279.
52. Norton LA, Rovetti LA. Calcium incorporation culltured chondroblasts perturbed by an electromagnetic field. J Orthop Res 1988;6:559-566.
53. Trock DH, Bollet AJ, Markoll R. The effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee and cervical spine. J Rheumatol 1994;21:1903-1911.
54. Perrot S, Marty M, Kahan A, et al. Efficacy of pulsed electromagnetic therapy in painful knee osteoarthritis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the American College of Rheumatology, San Diego, 1998:5357.