'The carnival revels of Manchester's vagabonds': Young working-class women and monkey parades in the 1870s

Women's History Review

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 229-252

  Birchall, Jenny ^a,b  

^a Equal Opportunities Commission   (Hong Kong)

^b NONE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34347318020     PISSN: 09612025     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09612020500529630     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Oldham Street on a Sunday Night, Free Lance, 6 August 1870.
2. Phases of Life in Manchester, Comus, 14 February 1878, p. 6.
3. 'Oldham Street on a Sunday Night', Free Lance.
4. See C. Hosgood (1999) 'Doing the Shops' at Christmas: women, men and the department store in England, c. 1880-1914, in G. Crossick & S. Jarmain (Eds) Cathedrals of Consumption: the European department store 850-1939 (Aldershot: Ashgate).
5. See S. Gunn & R. J. Morris (Eds) (2001) Identities in Space: contested terrains in the western city since 1850 (Aldershot: Ashgate)
6. S. Gunn (2000) The Public Culture of the Victorian Middle Class: ritual and authority and the English industrial city 1840-1914 (Manchester: Manchester University Press)
7. also Gunn (1999) The Public Sphere, Modernity and Consumption: new perspectives in the history of the English middle class
8. and Gunn, The Middle Class, Modernity and the Provincial City: Manchester c.1840-80, both in A. Kidd & D. Nicholls (Eds) Gender, Civic Culture and Consumerism: middle-class identity in Britain 1800-1940 (Manchester: Manchester University Press).
9. A. Davies (1992) Leisure, Gender and Poverty: working-class culture in Salford and Manchester 1900-1939 (Buckingham: Open University Press)
10. also (1987) Saturday Night Markets in Manchester and Salford 1840-1939, in Manchester Region History Review, I, p. 3.
11. A. Davies (1999) 'These Viragoes are No Less Cruel Than the Lads': young women, gangs and violence in late Victorian Manchester and Salford, British Journal of Criminology, I, p. 72.
12. Also (1998) Youth Gangs, Masculinity and Violence in Late Victorian Manchester and Salford, Journal of Social History, 32, p. 349.
13. Gunn, The Public Culture of the Victorian Middle Class.
14. M. Beetham (1985) 'Healthy Reading': the periodical press in late Victorian Manchester, in A. J. Kidd & K. W. Roberts (Eds) City, Class and Culture: studies of cultural production and social policy in Victorian Manchester (Manchester: Manchester University Press)
15. A. Kidd & T. Wyke (1993) 'More Than an Example': Ancoats in historical perspective, Manchester Region History Review, Special issue, Ancoats: the first industrial suburb, VII, pp. 3-14.
16. T. Swindells (1906) Manchester Streets and Manchester Men, vol, I (Manchester: J. E. Cornish).
17. Slaters Directory (1869-1899).
18. Free Lance, 3 April 1869, p, 110.
19. F. Engels (1892) The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844 (London: George Allen & Unwin).
20. For example, see Davies, Leisure, Gender and Poverty, and Gunn, The Public Culture of the Victorian Middle Glass.
21. A Sunday Promenade, City Lantern (6 August 1875).
22. Shadow, 20 March 1869.
23. See Davies, Leisure, Gender and Poverty and Gunn, 'The Public Culture of the Victorian Middle Class.
24. also K. Hill (1999) 'Thoroughly Embued with the Spirit of Ancient Greece': symbolism and space in Victorian civic culture, in Kidd & Nicholls, Gender, Civic Culture and Consumerism.
25. See, for example, B. Lancaster (1995) The Department Store: a social history (Leicester: Leicester University Press)
26. M. Nava (1996) 'Modernity's Disavowal: women, the city and the department store in M. Nava & A. O'Shea (Eds) Modern Times: reflections on a century of English modernity (London: Routledge)
27. L. Nead (2000) Victorian Babylon: people and images in nineteenth-century London (London: Yale University Press)
28. J. Walkowitz (1992) City of Dreadful Delight: narratives of sexual danger in late-Victorian London (London: Virago).
29. See E. Abelson (1989) 'When Ladies Go A-Thieving': middle-class shoplifters in the Victorian department store (Oxford: Oxford University Press)
30. E. Rappaport (1996) 'The Halls of Temptation': gender, politics and the construction of the department store in late Victorian London, Journal of British Studies, 35, p. 58.
31. M. Nava, Modernity's Disavowal;
32. E. Wilson (1991) The Sphinx in the City: urban life, the control of disorder, and women (London: Virago).
33. See M. Domosh (2001) The 'Women of New York': a fashionable moral geography, Environment and Planning : Society and Space, 19, p. 573.
34. C. Hosgood (1999) Mrs Footer's Purchase: lower-middle class consumption and the sales, 1870-1914, in A. Kidd & D. Nicholls (Eds) Gender, Civic Culture and Consumerism: middle class identity in Britain 1800-1940 (Manchester: Manchester University Press)
35. 'Doing the Shops' at Christmas. See also E. Rappaport (1996) 'A Husband and His Wife's Dresses': consumer credit and debtor family in England 1864-1914, in V. De Grazia & E. Furlough (Eds) The Sex of Things: gender and consumption in historical perspective (London: University of California Press).
36. Rappaport, '"The Halls of Temptation'", p. 75.
37. See, for example, F. Barret-Ducrocq (1989) Love in the Time of Victoria: sexuality and desire among working-class men and women in nineteenth century London (London: Penguin)
38. L. Nead (1988) Myths of Sexuality: representations of women in Victorian Britain (Oxford: Blackwell)
39. J. Walkowitz, (1992) City of Dreadful Delight, (1982) Male Vice and Feminist Virtue: feminism and the politics of prostitution, History Workshop Journal, 13, p. 77
40. - (1980) Prostitution and Victorian Society: women, class and the state (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
41. and Wilson, The Sphinx in the City.
42. See Barret-Ducrocq, Love in the Time of Victoria
43. A. McClintock (1995) Imperial Leather: race, gender and sexuality in the colonial contest (London: Routledge).
44. 'The Ancoats Rough', Odds and Ends, Easter 1882, p. 342.
45. 'Out Ancoats Way', Free Lance (14 November 1873).
46. 'The Ancoats Belles', Spy (12 September 1891).
47. 'A Sunday Promenade', City Lantern.
48. Davies, 'Saturday Night Markets'.
49. 'Shop Gazing', Saturday Halfpenny (28 April 1888).
50. For example, see M. Penn's (1979) semi autobiographical novel Manchester Fourteen Miles (.Sussex: Caliban Books).
51. Nava, 'Modernity's Disavowal' p. 46.
52. Freelance (5 October 1867).
53. A. Briggs (1956) Friends of the People: the centenary history of Lewis's (London, B. T. Batsford).
54. Penn, Manchester Fourteen Miles, p. 228.
55. F. Mort (1987) Dangerous Sexualities: medico-moral politics in England since 1830 (London: Routledge).
56. Mort, Dangerous Sexualities, p. 74.
57. Also see Walkowitz, Prostitution and Victorian Society, for discussions on the Contagious Diseases Acts.
58. K. Hill (2001) 'Roughs of Both Sexes': the working class in Victorian museums and art galleries, in Gunn & Morris, Identities in Space.
59. For example, see N. Dreher (1997) The Virtuous and the Verminous: turn-of-the-century moral panics in London's public parks, Albion, 2, p. 246.
60. For a fascinating discussion on how discourses of 'race' came to be applied to a range of social groups, including prostitutes, beggars, criminals, the mentally ill and many more groups of social 'others', see McClintock, Imperial Leather.
61. Shadow (5 August 1870), p. 253.
62. N. Enstad (1999) Ladies of Labor, Girls of Adventure: working women, popular culture, and labor politics at the turn of the twentieth century (New York: Columbia University Press)
63. K. Peiss (1986) Cheap Amusements: working women and leisure in turn-of-the century New' York (Philadelphia: Temple University Press)
64. C. Stansell (1986) City of Women: sex and class in New York, 1789-1860 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf).
65. Peiss, Cheap Amusements, p. 58.
66. Enstad, Ladies of Labor, p. 78.
67. Stansell, City of Women, p. 93.
68. C. Russell (1905) Manchester Boys: sketches of Manchester lads at work and play (Manchester: Manchester University Press), p. 116.
69. Davies, Leisure, Gender and Poverty.
70. H. Mitchell (1977) The Hard Way Up (London: Virago), p. 83.
71. The Public Sphere, Modernity and Consumption
72. Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight.
73. For example, as Andrew Davies shows, scuttling and working-class gang culture was a major area of concern in the local press in the 1880s and 1890s; see 'Youth Gangs, Masculinity and Violence' and 'These Viragoes'.
74. Mary, quoted in A. Cox & P. Duffin (1985) Day In, Day Out, Memories of North Manchester from Women in Monsall Hospital (Manchester: Gate House), p. 34.
75. Mitchell, The Hard Way Up, p. 83.
76. Mrs Williams, Tape 84
77. See Cox & Duffin, Day In, Day Out
78. Russell, Manchester Boys.
79. The Ancoats Rough, in Odds and Ends (St Paul's Literary and Educational Society, 1882), vol. XXVIII.
80. 'Oldham Street on a Sunday Night', Freelance.