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Volumn 32, Issue 117, 2001, Pages 222-239

Rethinking the origins of terra nullius

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EID: 34347304060     PISSN: 1031461X     EISSN: 19405049     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10314610108596162     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (64)

References (113)
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    • March
    • See David Ritter, 'The "Rejection of Terra Nullius" in Mabo: A Critical Analysis', Sydney Law Review 18, no. 1 (March 1996): 5-33.
    • (1996) Sydney Law Review , vol.18 , Issue.1 , pp. 5-33
    • Ritter, D.1
  • 2
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    • Foreword
    • eds M.A. Stephenson and S. Ratnapala (St Lucia: University of Queensland Press
    • See also former Chief Justice H.Gibbs, 'Foreword', in Mabo: A Judicial Revolution, eds M.A. Stephenson and S. Ratnapala (St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1993), xiv. I am grateful to one of the anonymous readers of my article for drawing my attention to David Ritter's very interesting article.
    • (1993) Mabo: A Judicial Revolution
    • Gibbs, H.1
  • 3
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    • The Reception and Status of English Law in Australia
    • A.C. Castles, 'The Reception and Status of English Law in Australia', Adelaide Law Review 2 (1963-66): 2.
    • (1963) Adelaide Law Review , vol.2 , pp. 2
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  • 4
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    • Sydney: The Law Book Company
    • See also by the same author. An Introduction to Australian Legal History (Sydney: The Law Book Company, 1971), 14-15.
    • (1971) An Introduction to Australian Legal History , pp. 14-15
  • 5
    • 61149089758 scopus 로고
    • Taking Possession of Australia-The Doctrine of Terra Nullius (No-Man's Land)
    • Other examples of this position (more or less explicitly stated) include E. Scott, 'Taking Possession of Australia-The Doctrine of "Terra Nullius" (No-Man's Land)', Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Australian Historical Society 26 (1940): 1;
    • (1940) Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Australian Historical Society , vol.26 , pp. 1
    • Scott, E.1
  • 6
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    • The Foundation of New South Wales and the Inheritance of the Common Law
    • R. Else-Mitchell, 'The Foundation of New South Wales and the Inheritance of the Common Law', Journal and
    • Journal
    • Else-Mitchell, R.1
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    • 79956556137 scopus 로고
    • Milirrpum and others v. Nabalco Pty Ltd and the Commonwealth of Australia
    • Milirrpum and others v. Nabalco Pty Ltd and the Commonwealth of Australia, Federal Law Reports 17 (1971): 201;
    • (1971) Federal Law Reports , vol.17 , pp. 201
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    • 3843129279 scopus 로고
    • 179, 185, Melbourne: Melbourne University Press
    • Alan Frost, Botany Bay Mirages (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1995), 177-8, 179, 185;
    • (1995) Botany Bay Mirages , pp. 177-178
    • Frost, A.1
  • 12
    • 84925972599 scopus 로고
    • New South Wales as Terra Nullius: The British Denial of Aboriginal Land Rights
    • October
    • the chapter is based on the article 'New South Wales as Terra Nullius: The British Denial of Aboriginal Land Rights', Historical Studies 19, no. 77 (October 1981): 513-23.
    • (1981) Historical Studies , vol.19 , Issue.77 , pp. 513-523
  • 13
    • 84963160105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The First Plans for Governing New South Wales 1786-87
    • Frost's interpretation of the history of terra nullius has been very influential; it is referred to and accepted by, e.g., Alan Atkinson, 'The First Plans for Governing New South Wales 1786-87', Australian Historical Studies
    • Australian Historical Studies
    • Atkinson, A.1
  • 14
    • 84963165485 scopus 로고
    • Aborigines and Academic Historians
    • April
    • no. 94 (April 1990): 24; Bain Attwood, 'Aborigines and Academic Historians', Australian Historical Studies 24, no. 94 (April 1990): 130;
    • (1990) Australian Historical Studies , vol.24 , Issue.94 , pp. 130
    • Attwood, B.1
  • 15
    • 84917171485 scopus 로고
    • British Policy towards the Australian Aborigines 1830-1850
    • April
    • A.G.L. Shaw, 'British Policy towards the Australian Aborigines 1830-1850', Australian Historical Studies 25, no. 99 (April 1992): 266.
    • (1992) Australian Historical Studies , vol.25 , Issue.99 , pp. 266
    • Shaw, A.G.L.1
  • 17
    • 0039636472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Pacific: Exploration and Exploitation
    • ed. P.J. Marshall, The Oxford History of the British Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • Glyndwr Williams, 'The Pacific: Exploration and Exploitation' in The Eighteenth Century, ed. P.J. Marshall, The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol. II (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 560.
    • (1998) The Eighteenth Century , vol.2 , pp. 560
    • Williams, G.1
  • 19
    • 0004039385 scopus 로고
    • Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies chaps 7 and 8
    • Nancy Williams, The Yolngu and their Land: A System of Land Tenure and the Fight for its Recognition (Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, 1986), chaps 7 and 8, in which she says; '[fjrom at least the mid-eighteenth century, English law regularly assumed that hunters and gatherers had no concept of property', 110.
    • (1986) The Yolngu and their Land: A System of Land Tenure and the Fight for its Recognition
    • Williams, N.1
  • 20
    • 79956547518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This is not a new proposition; more than seventy years ago M.F. Lindley, Acquisition and Govemment, recognised that the doctrine of terra nullius was not applied to inhabited land until the nineteenth century.
    • Acquisition and Govemment
    • Lindley, M.F.1
  • 21
    • 11544300053 scopus 로고
    • Mabo, International Law, Terra Nullius, and the Stories of Settlement:an Unresolved Jurisprudence
    • see also Gerry Simpson, 'Mabo, International Law, Terra Nullius, and the Stories of Settlement:an Unresolved Jurisprudence', Melbourne University Law Review 19 (1993): 195-210.
    • (1993) Melbourne University Law Review , vol.19 , pp. 195-210
    • Simpson, G.1
  • 22
    • 0003474942 scopus 로고
    • (New Haven: Yale University Press
    • Pagden questions the significance of Coke's opinion by claiming that '[f]ew Englishmen were prepared to accept this [that the common law contained this doctrine of conquest]'; he does not, however, provide any references to support this claim so that it is difficult to test it against the use to which Coke's opinion was unquestionably put in the eighteenth century, see Anthony Pagden, Lords of All the World (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), 94 and also by the same author,
    • (1995) Lords of All the World , pp. 94
    • Pagden, A.1
  • 23
    • 79956540518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Struggle for Legitimacy and the Image of Empire in the Atlantic to c. 1700
    • The Oxford History of the British Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • 'The Struggle for Legitimacy and the Image of Empire in the Atlantic to c. 1700' in The Origins of Empire, ed. Nicholas Canny, vol. I, The Oxford History of the British Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).
    • (1998) The Origins of Empire , vol.1
    • Canny, N.1
  • 28
    • 67049134690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 11 nor Nancy Williams
    • Neither Castles, Australian Legal History, 11 nor Nancy Williams, 133 include the sentence referring to the American colonies when quoting this passage. They both argue that Blackstone saw indigenous land as falling within the category of settled colonies.
    • Australian Legal History , pp. 133
    • Castles, N.1
  • 29
    • 79956578997 scopus 로고
    • Aboriginal Property and Western Theory
    • The first quotation cited in James Tully, 'Aboriginal Property and Western Theory', Social Philosophy and Policy II (1994): 171
    • (1994) Social Philosophy and Policy , vol.2 , pp. 171
    • Tully, J.1
  • 34
    • 79956556224 scopus 로고
    • The Doctrine of Aboriginal Rights in Western Legal Tradition
    • eds Menno Boldt and J. Anthony Long Toronto: University of Toronto Press
    • Quoted in James Youngblood Henderson, 'The Doctrine of Aboriginal Rights in Western Legal Tradition', in The Quest for Justice, eds Menno Boldt and J. Anthony Long (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1985), 195.
    • (1985) The Quest for Justice , pp. 195
    • Henderson, J.Y.1
  • 37
    • 0001960522 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • J.C. Beaglehole, The Voyage of the Endeavour 1768-1771 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950), cclxxxii. As is well known. Cook did not obey his orders in this respect; he refrained from negotiating with the inhabitants and merely claimed New South Wales for Britain thróugh a series of symbolic acts.
    • (1950) The Voyage of the Endeavour 1768-1771
    • Beaglehole, J.C.1
  • 38
    • 80054349546 scopus 로고
    • English Territorial Claims in North America under Elizabeth and the Early Stuarts
    • In his journal Cook mentioned that the inhabitants did not seem to have any 'fix'd habitations' (396). On this basis he may have concluded that it was not necessary to negotiate. However, it may also be that Cook, in view of the-to him-alien nature of Aboriginal society and the difficulties of communication, simply limited himself to taking possession of the area as against other Western nations in the accepted formal fashion (see John Juricek, 'English Territorial Claims in North America under Elizabeth and the Early Stuarts', Terra Incognitae 7 (1976): 7-22).
    • (1976) Terra Incognitae , vol.7 , pp. 7-22
    • Juricek, J.1
  • 40
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    • Cambridge: Cambridge University, Press
    • John Locke, Two Treatises on Government (1690; Cambridge: Cambridge University, Press, 1970), 309. Emphasis in original text.
    • (1690) Two Treatises on Government , pp. 309
    • Locke, J.1
  • 41
    • 34547433052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Struggle for Legitimacy
    • See e.g., Pagden, 'The Struggle for Legitimacy'
    • Pagden1
  • 42
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    • Placing the "Two Treatises"
    • eds Nicholas Phillipson and Quentin Skinner (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • James Tully, 'Placing the "Two Treatises", in Political Discourse in Early Modern Britain, eds Nicholas Phillipson and Quentin Skinner (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993);
    • (1993) Political Discourse in Early Modern Britain
    • Tully, J.1
  • 43
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    • The New World and British Historical Thought
    • ed. K.O. Kupperman Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press
    • David Armitage, 'The New World and British Historical Thought' in America in European Consciousness, ed. K.O. Kupperman (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995).
    • (1995) America in European Consciousness
    • Armitage, D.1
  • 44
    • 79956539717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tully claims that Locke specifically says that vacant land means all uncultivated land ('Aboriginal Property', 162); however, Locke also says that 'there are still great Tracts of Ground to be found, which ⋯ lie waste, and are more than the People who dwell on it do, or can make use of, and so still lie in common' (317), which clearly seems to suggest that it is indeed this 'surplus' land which is considered 'vacant' and free for the taking.
    • Aboriginal Property , pp. 162
  • 47
    • 79956539664 scopus 로고
    • or John Winthrop in 'Reasons to Be Considered for Justifying the Undertakers of the Intended Plantation in New England and for Encouraging Such Whose Hearts God shall Move to Join with Them in It, in Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings 8 (1864-65): 420-5,
    • (1864) Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings , vol.8 , pp. 420-425
  • 49
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    • Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington 128
    • Fransisco de Vitoria, De Indis et de Jure Belli Relectiones (1557; Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1917): 139, 128;
    • (1557) De Indis et de Jure Belli Relectiones , pp. 139
    • De Vitoria, F.1
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    • 515-517, book 2, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 187, 550
    • Hugo Grotius, De Jure Belli ac Pads Libri Tres vol. 2, book 2 (1625; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1925), 187, 505-6, 515-17, 550;
    • (1625) De Jure Belli ac Pads Libri Tres , vol.2 , pp. 505-506
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    • Oxford: Clarendon Press 122
    • Alberico Gentili. De lure Belli Libri Tres (1598; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1933), 89, 122;
    • (1598) De lure Belli Libri Tres , pp. 89
    • Gentili, A.1
  • 52
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    • Oxford: Clarendon Press 370, 554. Nancy Williams, chap. 7
    • Samuel Pufendorf, De Jurae Naturae et Gentium Libri Octo (1672; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1934), 364-5, 370, 554. Nancy Williams, chap. 7 does not agree with this interpretation of Grotius's and Pufendorf's view of property.
    • (1672) De Jurae Naturae et Gentium Libri Octo , pp. 364-365
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  • 55
    • 79956539692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Africa, Convicts, Memorandum, undated, PRO HO 42/5, 412-13 (c. April 1779); Nepean to Sackville-Hamilton, 21 October 1786, PRO HO 100/18, 369-73. These two official documents are the only ones to refer to the indigenous population and in both cases mention is made of their anticipated small numbers. Reynolds also concludes that this was how the British saw the situation (Aboriginal Sovereignty, ix-x), whereas Frost strongly disagrees (Botany Bay Mirages, 189).
    • Botany Bay Mirages , pp. 189
  • 56
    • 79956568189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries official British attitudes to indigenous peoples were marked by a degree of indifference; the period was transitional from a recognition of indigenous rights to a fundamental aim of changing these peoples-Christianise them, 'civilise' them, assimilate them (see 'Conciliating their Affections').
    • Conciliating their Affections
  • 57
    • 0004289567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Reynolds, Aboriginal Sovereignty, 62-74 on the series of cases in the 1830s and 1840s which wrestled with the question of Aboriginal jurisdiction.
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    • Reynolds1
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    • The Extension of English Law to the Aborigines for Offences Committed Inter Se, 1829-1842
    • Quoted in B. Bridges, 'The Extension of English Law to the Aborigines for Offences Committed Inter Se, 1829-1842', Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society 59 (1973): 265.
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    • Nineteenth Century Notions of Aboriginal Title and their Influence on the Interpretation of the Treaty of Waitangi
    • ed. I.H. Kawharu Auckland: Oxford University Press
    • Cf. Frederika Hackshaw, 'Nineteenth Century Notions of Aboriginal Title and their Influence on the Interpretation of the Treaty of Waitangi', in Waitangi, Maori and Pakeha Perspectives on the Treaty of Waitangi, ed. I.H. Kawharu (Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1989), 100-1.
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  • 62
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    • Cf. Reynolds who has drawn attention to Colonial Office attempts to protect Aboriginal rights to land (e.g., in The Law of the Land,
    • The Law of the Land
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    • Native Title and Historical Tradition: Past and Present
    • and 'Native Title and Historical Tradition: Past and Present' in Attwood, In the Age of Mabo).
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    • Melbourne: Melbourne University Press
    • Lloyd Robson, A History of Tasmania, vol. 1 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1983), 423.
    • (1983) A History of Tasmania , vol.1 , pp. 423
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    • 18 February
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    • (1834) The Colonist
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    • The Quest for Tenure in the United States
    • W.R. Vance,'The Quest for Tenure in the United States', Yale Law Journal 33 (1923-24): 259.
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    • 11 June 26 November
    • Boyes Diary, 11 June 1846, 26 November 1849, Non State (hereafter NS) 1147/1, Archives Office of Tasmania (hereafter AOT).
    • (1846) Boyes Diary
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    • Sydney: Horwitz-Grahame
    • The rich strongly opposed taxation; see Henry Melville. The History of Van Diemen's Land (1835; Sydney: Horwitz-Grahame, 1965), 129-30.
    • (1835) The History of Van Diemen's Land , pp. 129-130
    • Melville, H.1
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    • The Quit-Rent System in the American Colonies
    • B.W. Bond, 'The Quit-Rent System in the American Colonies', American Historical Review 17 (1912), 496.
    • (1912) American Historical Review , vol.17 , pp. 496
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    • Southern Africa and the United States: A Comparison of Pastoral Frontiers
    • A.J. Christopher, 'Southern Africa and the United States: A Comparison of Pastoral Frontiers', Journal of the West 20 (1981): 52-9.
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    • Time and Property in the American Republican Legal Culture
    • This occurred in America, see G.S. Alexander, Time and Property in the American Republican Legal Culture', New York University Law Review 66 (1991): 311.
    • (1991) New York University Law Review , vol.66 , pp. 311
    • Alexander, G.S.1
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    • Oxford: Clarendon Press
    • Lieutenant-governors needed Colonial Office approval to issue regulations on the collection of quit rents and, because the Treasury minutely examined all financial matters, waited far too long for an answer when immediate action would have been in their interests. The Colonial Office was overworked and lacked a high quality staff, see W.P. Morrell, British Colonial Policy in the Age of Peel and Russell (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1930), 1-28;
    • (1930) British Colonial Policy in the Age of Peel and Russell , pp. 1-28
    • Morrell, W.P.1
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    • 18 February
    • HTG, 18 February 1832, 49-53.
    • (1832) HTG , pp. 49-53
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    • 13 July
    • The Colonist, 13 July 1832.
    • (1832) The Colonist
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    • 4 February
    • CT, 4 February 1834;
    • (1834) CT
  • 87
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    • 20 March
    • LA, 20 March 1834.
    • (1834) LA
  • 88
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    • 6 November
    • See also HTG, 6 November 1834, 825.
    • (1834) HTG , pp. 825
  • 89
    • 79956543908 scopus 로고
    • Promises of Land from the Crown: Some Questions of Equity in Colonial Australia
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    • (1994) University of Tasmania Law Review , vol.13 , pp. 33-38
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    • 25 August 8 August
    • TC, 25 August 1837, 8 August 1840.
    • (1837) TC
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    • 7 October
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    • (1836) HTG , pp. 1010-1011
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    • 13 October
    • LA, 13 October 1836.
    • (1836) LA
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    • 25 February
    • HTC, 25 February 1842.
    • (1842) HTC
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    • 3 May
    • CT, 3 May 1842
    • (1842) CT
  • 96
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    • Quit-rents in New Brunswick
    • Annual Report
    • for New Brunswick, see J.E. Howe, 'Quit-rents in New Brunswick', Canadian Historical Association, Annual Report (1928): 55-61.
    • (1928) Canadian Historical Association , pp. 55-61
    • Howe, J.E.1
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    • 15 July
    • HTA, 15 July 1842.
    • (1842) HTA
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    • 19 April
    • HTG, 19 April 1844, 458; Eardley-Wilmot to Stanley, 30 May 1844, CO 280/169, D124,283, AJCP. Stanley censured Eardley-Wilmot's action, but his successor Gladstone accepted Eardley-Wilmot's fuller explanation, warning him not to take important decisions until he presented his reasons to the Colonial Office; see Stanley to Eardley-Wilmot, 9 January 1845, GO 1/57, D369,9, AOT and, Gladstone to Eardley-Wilmot, 21 January 1846, GO 1/60, D24,179, AOT.
    • (1844) HTG , pp. 458
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    • 79956555781 scopus 로고
    • 19 April
    • HTC. 19 April 1844;
    • (1844) HTC
  • 100
    • 79956567868 scopus 로고
    • 23 April
    • HTA, 23 April 1844;
    • (1844) HTA
  • 101
    • 79956555735 scopus 로고
    • 26 April
    • TC, 26 April 1844;
    • (1844) TC
  • 102
    • 79956534832 scopus 로고
    • 27 April
    • Examiner, 27 April 1844.
    • (1844) Examiner
  • 103
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    • 20 July
    • HTG, 20 July 1847, 730-1;
    • (1847) HTG , pp. 730-731
  • 104
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    • Knocking Down the House: The Introduction of the Torrens System in Tasmania
    • Stefan Petrow, 'Knocking Down the House: The Introduction of the Torrens System in Tasmania', University of Tasmania Law Review 11 (1992): 167-81.
    • (1992) University of Tasmania Law Review , vol.11 , pp. 167-181
    • Petrow, S.1
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    • Tasmania, House of Assembly
    • and 1863, 9, paper 18
    • Quit Rents, Tasmania, House of Assembly, Journals, 1862, vol. 8, paper 84, and 1863, vol. 9, paper 18.
    • (1862) Journals , vol.8 , pp. 84
    • Rents, Q.1
  • 106
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    • 9 March
    • HTA, 9 March 1863.
    • (1863) HTA
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    • Towards a Peppercorn Rental? Ideas of Land and Property in New South Wales
    • Marion Diamond, 'Towards a Peppercorn Rental? Ideas of Land and Property in New South Wales', Push From the Bush 26 (1988): 27-44.
    • (1988) Push From the Bush , vol.26 , pp. 27-44
    • Diamond, M.1
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    • Gipps and the Graziers of New South Wales, 1841-6
    • K. Buckley, 'Gipps and the Graziers of New South Wales, 1841-6, Historical Studies 6 (1955): 400-03.
    • (1955) Historical Studies , vol.6 , pp. 400-403
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    • Carriages and Scab: Elite Contention Against the Law in Nineteenth Century Tasmania
    • Stefan Petrow, 'Carriages and Scab: Elite Contention Against the Law in Nineteenth Century Tasmania', Newcastle Law Review 2 (1997): 70-91;
    • (1997) Newcastle Law Review , vol.2 , pp. 70-91
    • Petrow, S.1
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    • Resisting the Law: Opposition to the Launceston and Western Railway Rate 1872-1874
    • Stefan Petrow, 'Resisting the Law: Opposition to the Launceston and Western Railway Rate 1872-1874', University of Tasmania Law Review 15 (1996): 77-104.
    • (1996) University of Tasmania Law Review , vol.15 , pp. 77-104
    • Petrow, S.1
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    • 20 August
    • CT, 20 August 1850.
    • (1850) CT


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