An irrigation decree from Roman Spain: The lex rivi Hiberiensis

Journal of Roman Studies

Volumn 96, Issue , 2006, Pages 147-197

  Lloris, Francisco Beltrán ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ZARAGOZA   (Spain)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 34347288251     PISSN: 00754358     EISSN: 1753528X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3815/000000006784016242     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. The text is first mentioned in F. Beltrán, 'Inscripciones sobre bronce: ¿un rasgo característico de la cultura epigráfica de las ciudades hispanas?', XI Congresso Internationale di Epigrafia Greca e Latina (Rome, 18-24 September 1997), Atti II (1999), 21-37, particularly 31-3
2. The finding of the inscription is reported in AE 1993, 1043 = HEp 5 (1995), 911
3. 2.2951a (see n. 3)
4. M. Beltrán and J. Viladés, 'Aquae Romanae. Arqueología de la presa de Almonacid de la Cuba', Boletín del Museo de Zaragoza 13 (1994), 126-293
5. J. Richardson, 'The Tabula Contrebiensis: Roman law in Spain in the early first century B.C.', JRS 73 (1983), 33-42
6. P. Birks, A. Rodger and J. Richardson, 'Further aspects of the Tabula Contrebiensis', JRS 74 (1984), 45-74
7. I. Aguilera and M. Beltrán, 'Excavaciones arqueológicas en torno al "Bronce de Agón": Las Contiendas (Agón- Zaragoza)', Arqueología Aragonesa 1993 (1997), 61-5
8. The archaeological context, although chronologically later, is fairly similar, for example, to that of the lex Irnitana, whose tablets were also discovered cut into fragments in a 'domestic' space, identified by the archaeologists as the workshop of a bronzesmith or a scrap store; F. Fernández and M. del Amo, La lex Irnitana y su contexto arqueológico (1990), 21-2
9. Unlike the case of, for example, the Celtiberian bronze known as Botorrita 3: F. Beltrán, J. de Hoz and J. Untermann, El tercer bronce de Botorrita (Contrebia Belaisca) (1996). The fragments are currently awaiting new radiographic tests
10. 'Sextus Aninius held games in the pagus of the Galli and Segardinenses'. Edited by M. Beltrán, 'Una celebración de ludi en el territorio de Gallur', in XIV Congreso Nacional de Arqueología (1977), 1061-70
11. for the interpretation of ludus, I. Rodá, 'Bronces romanos de la Hispania Citerior', in Los Bronces romanos en España (1990), 71-90, at 178, No. 30 (= Hispania Epigraphica 4 (1994), 950), who understands it as as a cognomen, Ludus, not attested elsewhere
12. and F. Beltrán, 'Epigrafía romana', Caesaraugusta 72 (1997), 275-333, at 306, who, like the first editor, takes ludus for ludos
13. On Caesaraugusta in the imperial period, the latest study is by M. Beltrán and G. Fatás, César Augusta, ciudad romana. Historia de Zaragoza 2 (1998)
14. in addition, F. Beltrán, 'Caesar Augusta, ciudad de Augusto', Caesaraugusta 69 (1992), 31-43
15. and forthcoming F. Beltrán (ed.), Zaragoza. Colonia Caesar Augusta. Ciudades romanas de Hispania 5
16. E. Ariño, Catastros romanos en el convento jurídico caesaraugustano. La región aragonesa (1990), 43-91
17. On the boundary stone of Fuentes de Ebro, 25 km cast of Zaragoza, which has been considered to be the eastern limit of Salduie, the Iberian forerunner of Caesaraugusta, F. Beltrán, 'El terminus republicano de Fuentes de Ebro (Zaragoza)', in G. Paci (ed.), Epigrafai. Miscellanea epigrafica in onore di Lidio Gasperini (2000), 71-82
18. For the Convento of Mallén site, with important layers from the first century B.C.E. to the third century C.E., J. I. Royo, 'El Convento, Mallén', Arqueología 92 (1992), 242-4
19. Plin., NH 3.24; coins were struck with the legend Municip. Cascantum at the time of Tiberius: A. Burnett, M. Amandry and P. P. Ripollés, Roman Provincial Coinage I (1992), 133-4
20. L. Curchin, 'Vici and pagi in Roman Spain', REA 87 (1985), 327-43, at 338-9
21. M. L. Cortijo, 'El pagus en la administración territorial romana. Los pagi de la Bética', Florentia Iliberritana 2 (1991), 99-116, at 112-13), but it could also be a district of Corduba so named because of its proximity to the city of Carbula, as argued by A. U. Stylow, 'Epigrafía romana y paleocristiana de Palma del Río. Córdoba', Ariadna 5 (1988), 113-59, at 116-17
22. E. Melchor, 'El territorio', in X. Dupré (ed.), Córdoba. Colonia Patricia. Ciudades romana de Hispania 1 (2004), 105-17, at 107
23. G. Alföldy, Fasti Hispanienses (1969), 212-15, 237-40: until the time of Trajan, legati iuridici were known simply as legatus (Augusti) Hispaniae Citerioris, but from then on the term iuridicus (legatus Augusti iuridicus Hispaniae citerioris) was added; from the time of Antoninus Pius their field of activity was limited to the north-west of the province (per Asturiam et Callaeciam, Asturiae et Gallaeciae, etc.). With regard to the titles of governors, it is very rare not to see the reference pro praetore, although there are exceptions (CIL VIII.24094; II.4121; etc.)
24. CIL II.2959; A. D'Ors, Epigrafía jurídica de la España romana (1953), 353-5; F. Camacho-Evangelista, 'La "epistula" de Claudio Quartino y el proceso en contumacia en las provincias (provincia Terraconense)', Revue internationales des droits de l'Antiquité 11 (1964), 299-319
25. A. Degrassi, I fasti consulari dell'impero romano dal 30 avanti Christo al 613 dopo Cristo (1952), 127
26. R. Syme, review of Degrassi, JRS 43 (1953), 148-61, at 159
27. Alföldy, op. cit. (n. 31), 26-8
28. W. Eck, 'Jahres- und Provinzialfasten der senatorischen Statthalter von 69/70 bis 138/139', Chiron 13 (1983), 147-237, at 197
29. see also G. Alföldy, Consul und Senatorenstand unter den Antoninen (1977), especially 11ff
30. 2 M 612); on the latter, who might be mentioned in III.32-3, see n. 188
31. 2 C 805
32. 2 B 103
33. H.-G. Pflaum, 'Augustanius Alpinus Bellicius Sollers membres de la gens Cassia', AEspA 39 (1966), 3-23. The inscription is fragmentary after 'Alpinu[s]', and so the onomastic formula of the latter may be incomplete
34. 2 P 651; W. C. McDermott, 'Stemmata quid faciunt. The descendants of Frontinus', Ancient Society 7 (1976), 229-61. The complete name is to be found in CIL XIV.3609
35. 2 B 103: the adoption took place after he had obtained military decorations in Domitian's Germanic War. The governorship of Hispania Tarraconensis was not usually taken before the age of approximately forty, Alföldy, op. cit. (n. 31), 211. On the consular fasti for 118-126 C.E., W. Eck and P. Weiss, 'Hadrianische Konsuln. Neue Zeugnisse aus Militä rdiplomen', Chiron 32 (2002), 450-89, at 480-4
36. 2 M 612
37. 7 = FIRA), 282
38. For the notion of lex: G. Tibiletti, 'Sulle "leges" romane', Studi in onore di Pietro di Francisci 4 (1956), 593-645, at 596ff.
39. D'Ors, op. cit. (n. 34), 71
40. Diz. Epigr. Di Ruggiero, s.u. arbiter (1886), 613-3; Epigraphische Datenbank Heidelberg, s.u. conuentio. Other terms are also used, such as consensus (CIL VIII.4845)
41. AE 1969/70, 635 (c. Cnossus, Crete; reign of Domitian) through a procurator Caesaris
42. For irrigation in the Roman world, the best summaries are those by A. T. Hodge, Roman Aqueducts and Water Supply (1992), 246-53
43. and P. Horden and N. Purcell, The Corrupting Sea. A Study of Mediterranean History (2000), 237-57 and 585-8 (with annotated bibliography)
44. CIL VIII.18587 = 4440; F. G. de Pachtère, 'Le règlement d'irrigation de Lamasba', MEFRA 28 (1908), 373-400
45. B. D. Shaw, 'Lamasba: an irrigation community', Ant. Afr. 18 (1982), 61-103
46. 'Water and society in the ancient Maghrib: technology, property and development', Ant. Afr. 20 (1984), 121-73
47. C. Meuret, 'Le reglement de Lamasba: des tables de conversion appliquées à l'irrigation', Ant. Afr. 32 (1996), 87-112
48. CIL VI.1261; XIV.3676; in this respect, Hodge, op. cit. (n. 62), 249-50; R. Thomas and A. Wilson, 'Water supply for Roman farms in Latium and South Etruria', PBSR 62 (1994), 139-96
49. A. Wilson, 'Villas, horticulture and irrigation infrastructure in the Tiber valley', in F. Coarelli and H. Patterson (eds), Mercator Placidissimus: The Tiber Valley in Antiquity. New Research in the Upper and Middle River Valley (forthcoming)
50. See n. 63 and H. Pavis d'Escurac, 'Irrigation et la vie paysanne dans l'Afrique du Nord antique', Ktéma 5 (1980), 177-91
51. A. Wilson, Water Management and Usage in Roman North Africa. A Social and Technological Study, Ph.D. thesis, Oxford (1997)
52. for particular irrigation systems in oases, P. Trousset, 'Les oasis présahariennes dans l'Antiquité: partage de l'eau et division du temps', Ant. Afr. 22 (1986), 163-93
53. Compiled by E. F. Ware, Roman Water Law (1985), 83-100
54. M. A. Mezquíriz, 'El acueducto de Alcanadre-Lodosa', Trabajos de Arqueología Navarra 1 (1979), 139-47
55. and P. Pascual, 'El abastecimiento de agua a Calagurris', Arqueología de Calahorra (1991), 55-104, at 85-5
56. its identification as an irrigation canal, suggested by N. Dupré, 'Eau, ville et campagne dans l'Hispanie romaine. À propos des aqueducs du bassin de l'Ebre', Caesarodunum 31 (1997), 715-43, seems to be confirmed by the great width of the conduit, which ranged between 1.8 and 2.5 m (Mezquíriz, 144). The name of Arabic origin, Alcanadre (〈 al-Qanatir, 'aqueduct'), is undoubtedly an allusion to the Roman conduit
57. For Calagurris, U. Espinosa, Calagurris Iulia (1984)
58. Dupré, op. cit. (n. 70), 730, thinks that its function was to irrigate the land between Lodosa and Alfaro. For Gracchurris, J. A. Hernández Vera, E. Ariño, J. Núñez and J. M. Martínez, Graccurris. Conjuntos monumentales en la periferia urbana: puentes, presas y ninfeos (1995): the city had perhaps a centuriation system and two dams on the River Alhama - the Burgo and the Sotillo dams - interpreted as flow regulation works to irrigate the lower lands of the municipality; the width of the conduits was no greater than 0.59 m
59. A. D'Ors, F. Hernández-Tejero, P. Fuenteseca, M. García-Garrido and J. Burillo, El Digesto de Justiniano (1968), ad loc. Later on, in the time of Diocletian and Maximian (294 C.E.), it also depended on the type of crop - a circumstance explicitly excluded from modern local Ordenanzas § 32 - or the use given to the water, Cod. Iust. 3.34.12
60. In this respect, E. Costa, Le acque nel diritto romano (1919), 37
61. A. D'Ors and J. D'Ors, Lex Irnitana (1988)), the aediles were empowered to impose fines of up to 5,000 sestertii (1,250 denarii) (§ 19)
62. For prices and salaries in the Western Roman world, S. Mrozek, Prix et rémunération dans l'occident romain (1975)
63. R. Duncan-Jones, The Economy of the Roman Empire (1974: 2nd edn 1982). It is not clear whether the communal funds were administered by the irrigators or the pagus
64. and E. Zerbinati in 'Este', Misurare la terra: centuriazioni e coloni nel mondo romano. Il caso veneto (1984), 144-8, at 147, figs 113 and 114), such as roadworks (R. Duncan-Jones, 'An epigraphic survey of costs in Roman Italy', PBSR 33 (1965), 189-306, at 236)
65. From an authority to an individual, or vice versa, or between individuals, A. Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law (1953), 431
66. As with the procedure edere formulam, see L. Murga, Derecho romano clásico. II. El proceso (1980), 249-52, 255
67. Plin., NH 3.22. C. Aguarod and R. Erice, 'El puerto de Caesaraugusta', in Puertos fluviales antiguos: ciudad, desarrollo e infraestructuras. Actas de las IV Jornadas de arqueología subacuática (2003), 143-55
68. A. Barceló and A. Serrano, Afanes cotidianos. Estampas de oficios y trabajos en el Bajo Aragón (1999), 14-15
69. E. Kornemann, 'pagus', RE 18 (1942), cols 2318-39, at 2324
70. CIL V.4148 (Cremona-Brescia); CIL VI.2219, 2220; CIL IX.3521 (Furfo); AE (1914), 270 (Secinaro); CIL X.721 (Larinum), 853 (Pompeii), 3772 (Capua)
71. M. Tarpin, 'Les msgistrats des uici et des pagi et les élites sociales des cités', in M. Cébeillac-Gervasoni and L. Lamoine (eds), Les élites et leurs facettes. Les élites locales dans le monde hellénistique et romain (2003), 257-68, at 262-4
72. G. Vaccai, Le feste di Roma antica (1902), 127ff., 258ff
73. See Th.l.L. III, 367 and E. Forcellini, Lexicon totius Latinitatis (1940) I, 296-7, s.u. aquatio (on its exact meaning in a disputed passage by Cicero: W. H. Alexander, 'Hic aquatio. Cicero, De officiis III 14, 59', The Classical Journal 36 (1941), 290-3
74. J. P. Turley, 'Hic aquatio. Cicero, De officiis III 14, 59', The Classical Journal 37 (1942), 485-9)
75. On Palladius, see R. Martin, Palladius. Traité d'agriculture. I (livres I et II) (1976), viiff
76. J. M. Marín et al., 'El marco natural aragonés', in L. M. Frutos (ed.), Enciclopedia temática de Aragón. 5. Geografía (1987), 27-146, at 116. In addition, modern irrigation Ordenanzas for the area set not one, but two ordinary cleaning operations and as many extraordinary operations as deemed necessary (§ 25), some with fixed dates and some without: for example, in May and June (Bisimbre-Agón) or March and September (Fréscano), both pertaining to irrigation from the Lodosa Canal
77. This view regarding the tributum is suggested by P. A. Brunt in his seminal work 'Publicans in the Principate', Roman Imperial Themes (1990), 354-432, especially 354, 389
78. Particularly since the work by M. R. Cimma, Ricerche suite società de publicani (1981), 99-162, in answer to the views held since the beginning of the twentieth century by Rostovtzeff and rectifying various aspects of the theories of Hirschfeld, Cagnat and De Laet among others, and the previously-mentioned contribution by Brunt, op. cit. (n. 147), 354-432
79. Gaius, Inst. 4.29, almost certainly because they were accompanied by the pronouncement of certain ceremonial words
80. For one view of this issue, see F. De Martino, 'La storia dei publicani e gli scritti dei giuristi', Labeo 1 (1955), 5-41, at 8ff., who is inclined to consider that it was abolished like the legis actiones by one of the leges luliae
81. see F. Casavola, Studi suite azioni populari. Le "actiones populares" (1958)
82. A. D'Ors, 'Nuevos datos de la ley Irnitana sobre jurisdicción municipal', SDHI 49 (1983), 18-50, at 28
83. J. G. Camiñas, 'Presupuestos textuales para una aproximación al concepto de calumnia en el derecho privado romano', Seminarios Complutenses 3 (1991), 27ff
84. D. A. Centola, Il crimen calumniae. Contributo allo studio del processo criminale romano (1999)
85. Centola, op. cit. (n. 180), 1
86. On the uadimonium, G. Camodeca, L'archivio puteolano dei Sulpicii (1992), I, 42-6, who makes a distinction between this promise to appear made before the magistrate or judge, from the so-called extrajudicial uadimonium, before the ius uocatio established between the parties, which would have been reflected, for example, in the tablets of the Sulpicii from Puteoli; but see the dissenting view of E. Metzger, 'The current view of the extra-judicial vadimonium', ZSS (2000), 133-78
87. in addition, J. Platscheck, 'Vadimonium factum Numerio Negidio', ZPE 137 (2001), 281-91
88. T. Jiménez-Candela, 'Notas en torno al vadimonium', SDHI 48 (1982), 126-66
89. E. Metzger, A New Outline of the Roman Civil Trial (1997), 21, 25, 87-8, 97-9
90. Kaser, op. cit. (n. 175). 167-70
91. Wenger, op. cit. (n. 178), 98-9
92. Murga, op. cit. (n. 91), 264
93. Glick, op. cit. (n. 68), 55
94. Shaw, op. cit. (n. 63, 1982), 68
95. M. Euzennat, 'Grande et petite hydraulique dans l'Afrique romaine', in G. Argoud, L. Marangou, V. Panayatopoulos and Ch. Villain-Gandossi (eds), L'eau et les hommes en Méditerranée et en Mer Noire dans l'Antiquité (1992), 75-94
96. Wilson, op. cit. (n. 65)
97. M. De Vos (ed.), Rus Africum. Terra acqua olio nell'Africa settentrionale. Scavo e ricognizione nei dintorni di Dougga (Alto Tell tunisino) (2000)
98. L. Caballero and F. J. Sânchez-Palencia, 'Presas romanas y datos sobre poblamiento romano y medieval en la provincia de Toledo', NoticiarioArqueológicoHispánico 14 (1983), 379-425, at 409ff., which compiles the information available for Spain, and P. Sillières, 'La péninsule Ibérique', in Ph. Leveau, P. Sillières and J.-P. Vallat, Campagnes de la Méditerranée romaine (1993), 201-49, especially 208-13
99. to which may be added P. J. Lacort, 'Infraestructura hidráulics rural de época romana en la Campiña de Córdoba', Memorias de Historia Antigua 9 (1988), 51-82
100. For Lusitania, A. de Carvalho Quintela, J. L. Cardoso and J. M. Mascarenhas, Aproveitamientos hidráulicos romanos a sut do Tejo (1987)
101. J.-G. Gorges, 'La place de l'eau dans les villas luso-romaines: de l'hydraulique domestique à l'hydraulique rurale', in J.-G. Gorges and M. Salinas (eds), Les campagnes de Lusitanie romaine (1994), 253-72
102. A. Carvalho Quintela, J. M. Mascarenhas and J. L. Cardoso, 'Barrages romains au sud du Tage (Portugal)', 197-226
103. and J.-G. Gorges and F. G. Rodríguez, 'Un exemple de grande hydraulique rurale dans l'Espagne du Bas-Empire. La villa romaine de Correio Mor (Elvas, Portugal)', 227-40)
104. Th. Glick, 'Irrigation and hydraulic technology', in Mediaeval Spain and its Legacy (1984), 1-17, at 13: 'The nature of post-conquest Christian institutions has direct bearing on its Islamic predecessor because of the ultrastable nature of this kind of institution. Post-conquest evidence can therefore be used as if it were an archaeological artifact'
105. P. Crone, Roman, Provincial and Islamic Law: the Origins of the Islamic Patronale (1987), 1, 15, etc
106. 3), 1092; in similar terms, H. Galsterer, 'Pagus', Der Neue Pauly 9 (2000), 146-7
107. J. Gascou, 'Les pagi carthaginois', in Villes et campagnes dans l'empire romain (1982), 139-75, at 139
108. Th. Mommsen, Le droit public romain 6 (1896), 130
109. U. Laffi, 'Problemi dell'organizzazione paganico-vicanica nelle aree abruzzesi e molisane', Athenaeum 52 (1974), 336-9
110. 2.682 = X.3772; cf. M. Pobjoy, 'The decree of the Pagus Herculaneus and the Romanization of Oscan Capua', Arctos 22 (1998), 175-95; here, even Frederiksen, op. cit. (n. 234), 351, was forced to admit, reluctantly, that this type of pagus was a Roman contribution
111. For the various types of African pagi, Gascou, op. cit. (n. 232), 139-56; L. Maurin, 'Pagus Mercurtialis veteranorum Medelitanorum. Implantations vétéranes dans la vallée de Oued Miliane. Le dossier épigraphique', MEFRA 107 (1995), 97-135
112. M. Tarpin, 'Inscriptions des vici et des pagi dans les Trois Gaules et les Germanies: remarques et problèmes', in Calbi, Donati and Poma, op. cit. (n. 240), 217-36
113. Y. Burnand, 'Remarques sur quelques problèmes instutionnels du pagus et du vicus en Narbonnaise et dans les trois Gaules', Latomus 53 (1994), 733-47
114. Tarpin, op. cit. (n. 86), especially 23-49