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Volumn 15, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 432-461

Authenticity and asceticism: Discourse and performance in nude culture and health reform in Belgium, 1920-1940

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EID: 34347273433     PISSN: 10434070     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/sex.2007.0020     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (12)

References (137)
  • 1
    • 34347250099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For an overview of the relation of nudism with contemporary discourse on racial degeneration see Michael Hau, The Cult of Health and Beauty in Germany: A Social History 1890-1930 Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003, 82-100, 150-75;
    • For an overview of the relation of nudism with contemporary discourse on racial degeneration see Michael Hau, The Cult of Health and Beauty in Germany: A Social History 1890-1930 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 82-100, 150-75;
  • 3
    • 34347223464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Het verlangen naar zuiverheid: Een essay over Duitsland
    • For an extensive discussion of cultural authenticity and nudity see, ed. Rob van der Laarse, Arnold Labrie, and Willem Melching Amsterdam: Spinhuis
    • For an extensive discussion of cultural authenticity and nudity see Arnold Labrie, "Het verlangen naar zuiverheid: Een essay over Duitsland," in De hang naar zuiverheid: De cultuur van het moderne Europa, ed. Rob van der Laarse, Arnold Labrie, and Willem Melching (Amsterdam: Spinhuis, 1998), 15-50;
    • (1998) De hang naar zuiverheid: De cultuur van het moderne Europa , pp. 15-50
    • Labrie, A.1
  • 5
    • 34347208159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Amsterdam: B. Bakker, 2001 ), 144-54. For a general characterization of German modernism and its preoccupation with authenticity see Modris Eksteins, Rites of Spring:: The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age (New York: Mariner, 1989).
    • (Amsterdam: B. Bakker, 2001 ), 144-54. For a general characterization of German modernism and its preoccupation with authenticity see Modris Eksteins, Rites of Spring:: The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age (New York: Mariner, 1989).
  • 6
    • 84918932123 scopus 로고
    • Performanz und historische Mimesis: Die Nachnahmung antiker Statuen in der deutschen Nacktkultur
    • About the mythical implications of nudism see, ed. Jürgen Martschukat and Steffen Patzold Cologne: Böhlau, 2003
    • About the mythical implications of nudism see Maren Möhring, "Performanz und historische Mimesis: Die Nachnahmung antiker Statuen in der deutschen Nacktkultur, 1890-1930," in Geschichtswissenschaft und "Performative Turn": Ritual, Inszenierung und Performanz vom MitteMter bis zur Neuzeit, ed. Jürgen Martschukat and Steffen Patzold (Cologne: Böhlau, 2003), 255-85.
    • (1890) Geschichtswissenschaft und "Performative Turn": Ritual, Inszenierung und Performanz vom MitteMter bis zur Neuzeit , pp. 255-285
    • Möhring, M.1
  • 8
    • 34347240241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In the study of Lebensreform in general this natural experience has similarly been neglected at the advance of a discursive perspective. This discursive approach has been marked deeply by a prolonged debate on the modern vs. antimodern nature of life reform ideology
    • In the study of Lebensreform in general this natural experience has similarly been neglected at the advance of a discursive perspective. This discursive approach has been marked deeply by a prolonged debate on the "modern" vs. "antimodern" nature of life reform ideology.
  • 9
    • 34347214299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimodern characterizations can be found in Janos Frecot, Johann Friedrich Geist, and Diethart Kerbs, Fidus, 1868-1948: Zur ästhetischen Praxis bürgerlicher Fluchtbewegungen (Munich: Rogner und Bernhard, 1972), 9-12, 15-24;
    • Antimodern characterizations can be found in Janos Frecot, Johann Friedrich Geist, and Diethart Kerbs, Fidus, 1868-1948: Zur ästhetischen Praxis bürgerlicher Fluchtbewegungen (Munich: Rogner und Bernhard, 1972), 9-12, 15-24;
  • 12
    • 34347249771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • More recent studies mostly do not cling to the antimodern thesis as much, though contributions such as Thomas Faltin, Heil und Heilung: Geschichte der Laienheilkundigen und Struktur antimodernistischer Weltanschauungen in Kaiserreich und Weimarer Republik am Beispiel von Eugen Wenz (1856-1945) (Stuttgart: Steiner, 2000),
    • More recent studies mostly do not cling to the antimodern thesis as much, though contributions such as Thomas Faltin, Heil und Heilung: Geschichte der Laienheilkundigen und Struktur antimodernistischer Weltanschauungen in Kaiserreich und Weimarer Republik am Beispiel von Eugen Wenz (1856-1945) (Stuttgart: Steiner, 2000),
  • 13
    • 34347237465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • especially 143-83 and 389-402, show that it has not faded completely. More open approaches, acknowledging the possible modernity of life reform though remaining within a predominantly discursive perspective, can be found in Eva Barlõsius, Naturgemãsse Lebensfũhrung: Zur Geschichte der Lebensreform um die Jahrhundertwende (Frankfurt: Campus, 1997);
    • especially 143-83 and 389-402, show that it has not faded completely. More open approaches, acknowledging the possible modernity of life reform though remaining within a predominantly discursive perspective, can be found in Eva Barlõsius, Naturgemãsse Lebensfũhrung: Zur Geschichte der Lebensreform um die Jahrhundertwende (Frankfurt: Campus, 1997);
  • 15
    • 34347228520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the political implications of German nude culture see Giselher Spitzer, Der deutsche Naturismus: Idee und Entwickelung einer volkserzieherischen Bewegung im Schnittfeld von Lebensreform, Sport und Politik (Ahrensburg: Ingrid Czwalina, 1983);
    • On the political implications of German nude culture see Giselher Spitzer, Der deutsche Naturismus: Idee und Entwickelung einer volkserzieherischen Bewegung im Schnittfeld von Lebensreform, Sport und Politik (Ahrensburg: Ingrid Czwalina, 1983);
  • 16
    • 34347244052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Marc Cluet, La 'libre culture: Le mouvement nudiste en Allemagne depuis ses origines au seuil du XXe siècle jusqu'à l'arrivée de Hitler au pouvoir (1905-1933): Présupposés, développements et enjeux idéologiques, Ph.D. diss., Université de Paris - Sorbonne - Paris IV, 2000. On German life reform in general see Handbuch der deutschen Reformbewegungen, 1880-1933, ed. Diethart Kerbs and Jürgen Reulecke (Wuppertal: Peter Hammer, 1998);
    • and Marc Cluet, "La 'libre culture: Le mouvement nudiste en Allemagne depuis ses origines au seuil du XXe siècle jusqu'à l'arrivée de Hitler au pouvoir (1905-1933): Présupposés, développements et enjeux idéologiques," Ph.D. diss., Université de Paris - Sorbonne - Paris IV, 2000. On German life reform in general see Handbuch der deutschen Reformbewegungen, 1880-1933, ed. Diethart Kerbs and Jürgen Reulecke (Wuppertal: Peter Hammer, 1998);
  • 17
    • 34347226544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Die Lebensreform: Entwũrfe zur Neugestaltung von Leben und Kunst um 1900, ed. Kai Buchholz, Rita Latocha, Hilke Peckmann, and Klaus Wolbert, 2 vols. (Darmstadt: Hausser, 2001).
    • and Die Lebensreform: Entwũrfe zur Neugestaltung von Leben und Kunst um 1900, ed. Kai Buchholz, Rita Latocha, Hilke Peckmann, and Klaus Wolbert, 2 vols. (Darmstadt: Hausser, 2001).
  • 18
    • 34347272114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Karl Dressen, Geschichte des Naturismus: Von der Nacktheit ũber die Nacktkultur zum Naturismus(Antwerp: Internationale Naturisten- Fõderation, 1996), 10-20;
    • Karl Dressen, Geschichte des Naturismus: Von der Nacktheit ũber die Nacktkultur zum Naturismus(Antwerp: Internationale Naturisten- Fõderation, 1996), 10-20;
  • 19
    • 34347228903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arnaud Baube rot, Histoire du naturisme: Le mythe du retour à la nature (Rennes, France: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2003);
    • Arnaud Baube rot, Histoire du naturisme: Le mythe du retour à la nature (Rennes, France: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2003);
  • 21
    • 34347235684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The predominance of performance over discourse within nude culture has been suggested powerfully by Karl Toepfer, Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910-1935 Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997, 32, 387-410
    • The predominance of performance over discourse within nude culture has been suggested powerfully by Karl Toepfer, Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910-1935 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 32, 387-410.
  • 22
    • 34347218789 scopus 로고
    • Nudity and Modernity in German Dance, 1910-1930
    • See also, particular 105-8
    • See also Karl Toepfer, "Nudity and Modernity in German Dance, 1910-1930," Journal of the History of Sexuality 3, no. 1 (1992): 58-108, in particular 105-8.
    • (1992) Journal of the History of Sexuality 3 , Issue.1 , pp. 58-108
    • Toepfer, K.1
  • 23
    • 34347232929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Diana Taylor, The Archive and the Repertoire: Performing Cultural Memory in the Americas(Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2003). A concise introduction into the notions of archive and repertoire within the historical discipline can be found in Herman Roodenburg,
    • See Diana Taylor, The Archive and the Repertoire: Performing Cultural Memory in the Americas(Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2003). A concise introduction into the notions of "archive" and "repertoire" within the historical discipline can be found in Herman Roodenburg,
  • 25
    • 34347262311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • especially 17-19. On these notions within theater and performance studies and on the performance turn in cultural studies see Richard Schechner, Performance Studies: An Introduction (London: Routledge, 2002);
    • especially 17-19. On these notions within theater and performance studies and on the "performance turn" in cultural studies see Richard Schechner, Performance Studies: An Introduction (London: Routledge, 2002);
  • 26
    • 0004182216 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • and Paul Connerton, How Societies Remember (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
    • (1989) How Societies Remember
    • Connerton, P.1
  • 27
    • 34347212704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some specificities of Belgian nudism have been discussed in Evert Peelers, Degeneratie en dressuur: Natuurgeneeswijze, vegetarisme en naturisme als ontwerpen voor een moderne samenleving, 1890-1950, Bijdragen en Mededelingen op hetgebied van de Geschiedenis der Niederlanden 119, no. 3 (2004): 329-57.
    • Some specificities of Belgian nudism have been discussed in Evert Peelers, "Degeneratie en dressuur: Natuurgeneeswijze, vegetarisme en naturisme als ontwerpen voor een moderne samenleving, 1890-1950," Bijdragen en Mededelingen op hetgebied van de Geschiedenis der Niederlanden 119, no. 3 (2004): 329-57.
  • 28
    • 34347223463 scopus 로고
    • Vrije jeugbeweging: Volksdansbeweging en jeugdherbergen in Viaanderen, 1918-1940,
    • On the radical free youth movements during the Belgian interwar period see, master's thesis, Universiteit Gent
    • On the radical free youth movements during the Belgian interwar period see Mieke Van Doorselaer, "Vrije jeugbeweging: Volksdansbeweging en jeugdherbergen in Viaanderen, 1918-1940," master's thesis, Universiteit Gent, 1980, 33-38;
    • (1980) , pp. 33-38
    • Van Doorselaer, M.1
  • 30
    • 34347251059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Labrie, 15-50; and Louis Vos, Bloei en ondergang van bet AKVS: Gescbiedenis van de katholieke Vluamse Studentenbeweging 1914-1935,2 vols. (Leuven: Davidsfonds, 1982), 1:207-27. On the origins of De Spar see Antwerp, Archive Athena, collection De Spar (hereafter AAADS), internal bulletin, 2 August 1931. For the membership number see the interview with M. Vreugde in Rob Caers, Naturisme in het interbellum: een verkenning, master's thesis, Universiteit Gent, 1996, 118.
    • Labrie, 15-50; and Louis Vos, Bloei en ondergang van bet AKVS: Gescbiedenis van de katholieke Vluamse Studentenbeweging 1914-1935,2 vols. (Leuven: Davidsfonds, 1982), 1:207-27. On the origins of De Spar see Antwerp, Archive Athena, collection "De Spar" (hereafter AAADS), internal bulletin, 2 August 1931. For the membership number see the interview with M. Vreugde in Rob Caers, "Naturisme in het interbellum: een verkenning," master's thesis, Universiteit Gent, 1996, 118.
  • 31
    • 34347265466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Un ordre du jour, Lumière et liberté: Organe officiel de Hélios, Ligue belge de propagande béliopbile 3, no. 19 (1934): 1. See also Caers, 31-34, 34-37, and 101 on the pseudonym of Paul-Jozef Swenne as Marc Lanval.
    • Un ordre du jour," Lumière et liberté: Organe officiel de Hélios, Ligue belge de propagande béliopbile 3, no. 19 (1934): 1. See also Caers, 31-34, 34-37, and 101 on the pseudonym of Paul-Jozef Swenne as Marc Lanval.
  • 32
    • 34347211615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. Simon, Belgische strafwetten: Strafwetboek, wetboek van strafvoràering en bijkomende wetten (Brussels: P. de Beus, 1938), 104-7.
    • J. Simon, Belgische strafwetten: Strafwetboek, wetboek van strafvoràering en bijkomende wetten (Brussels: P. de Beus, 1938), 104-7.
  • 34
    • 34347238802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lanval's study also appeared in a Dutch version as Het Naakte Leven: Lucht, licht- en zonnebaden, vrije lichaamscultuur, enz. Hoe ? Waarom ? Wanneer ? Geïllustreerde uitgave (Antwerp: Privately printed, 1931).
    • Lanval's study also appeared in a Dutch version as Het Naakte Leven: Lucht, licht- en zonnebaden, vrije lichaamscultuur, enz. Hoe ? Waarom ? Wanneer ? Geïllustreerde uitgave (Antwerp: Privately printed, 1931).
  • 35
    • 34347238432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AAADS, circular letter, April 1934.
    • AAADS, circular letter, April 1934.
  • 37
    • 34347241570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AAADS, announcement, 5 May, 30 May 1935; Berchem, Archive International Naturist Federation, Belgique 1956-1968, Biafra, Bolivie, Maurice Vreugde to H. and I. Dilissen, 19 August 1949, Maurice Vreugde to R. M. Walter, 19 August 1949; AAADS, Huig Hofman to G. Biart, 12 June 1933, Huig Hofman to R. Buxin, 7 July 1933.
    • AAADS, announcement, 5 May, 30 May 1935; Berchem, Archive International Naturist Federation, "Belgique 1956-1968, Biafra, Bolivie," Maurice Vreugde to H. and I. Dilissen, 19 August 1949, Maurice Vreugde to R. M. Walter, 19 August 1949; AAADS, Huig Hofman to G. Biart, 12 June 1933, Huig Hofman to R. Buxin, 7 July 1933.
  • 39
    • 34347246539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pourquoi nudisme intégral? Lumière et liberté 1, no. 1 (1932): 4.
    • Pourquoi nudisme intégral?" Lumière et liberté 1, no. 1 (1932): 4.
  • 40
    • 34347259761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lanval, Les peaux de bronze, 54, 57 19 Ibid., 70, 69, 73.
    • Lanval, Les peaux de bronze, 54, 57 19 Ibid., 70, 69, 73.
  • 42
    • 34347245108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On Zedenadel see Willem Arts, Historisch overzicht van de werking van zedenadel-levensadel (1933-1970) (N.p.: Zedenadel-Levensadel, 1970);
    • On Zedenadel see Willem Arts, Historisch overzicht van de werking van zedenadel-levensadel (1933-1970) (N.p.: Zedenadel-Levensadel, 1970);
  • 43
    • 34347230334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zedenadel in Viaanderen (1933-1939): Katholieke moraalridders en de strijd om de morele herbewapening van de samenleving,
    • master's thesis, Universiteit Leuven
    • and Yves Peeters, "Zedenadel in Viaanderen (1933-1939): Katholieke moraalridders en de strijd om de morele herbewapening van de samenleving," master's thesis, Universiteit Leuven, 1997.
    • (1997)
    • Peeters, Y.1
  • 44
    • 34347271168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A concise discussion of this Catholic réveil can be found in Marnix Beyen, Op wacht bij het erf. Jeugdbewegingen en historisch besef in Viaanderen, 1920-1965, Bijdrfigen tot de Eijjentijdse Geschiedenis/Cahiers d'histoire du temps présent 8 (2001): 31-65.
    • A concise discussion of this Catholic réveil can be found in Marnix Beyen, "Op wacht bij het erf. Jeugdbewegingen en historisch besef in Viaanderen, 1920-1965," Bijdrfigen tot de Eijjentijdse Geschiedenis/Cahiers d'histoire du temps présent 8 (2001): 31-65.
  • 45
    • 34347244421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maurice Vreugde, Overzicht der naaktcultuurbeweging in Viaanderen en Wallonië, Naar hasch en hei: Maandblad van de Vlaamsche Kampeergemeenschap 3, nos. 3-4 (1932):
    • "Maurice Vreugde, "Overzicht der naaktcultuurbeweging in Viaanderen en Wallonië," Naar hasch en hei: Maandblad van de Vlaamsche Kampeergemeenschap 3, nos. 3-4 (1932):
  • 46
    • 34347227650 scopus 로고
    • Wat is vrije lichaamscultuur
    • See also
    • See also Oswald-Johan de Schampelaere, "Wat is vrije lichaamscultuur," Naar bosch en hei 3, nos. 3-4 (1932): 6.
    • (1932) Naar bosch en hei , vol.3 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 6
    • Oswald-Johan de Schampelaere1
  • 48
    • 34347271169 scopus 로고
    • Nudisme en levenshervorming
    • Jozef Geerts, "Nudisme en levenshervorming," Naar hosch en hei 2, no. 6 (1931): 6.
    • (1931) Naar hosch en hei , vol.2 , Issue.6 , pp. 6
    • Geerts, J.1
  • 49
    • 34347273251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of multiple complaints filed by Zedenadel members relating to a single offense can be found in Wat kan ieder persoonlijk doen? ZeAenaAel: Driemiwndelijksch orgaan van den bond voor openban zedelijkheid l, no. 1 1933-34, 12
    • Evidence of multiple complaints filed by Zedenadel members relating to a single offense can be found in "Wat kan ieder persoonlijk doen?" ZeAenaAel: Driemiwndelijksch orgaan van den bond voor openban zedelijkheid l, no. 1 (1933-34): 12.
  • 50
    • 34347207039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also Wat onze leden kunnen, ZeAenadel 2, no. 4 (1934-35): 67. Most were dismissed, since those lodging the complaint were not witnesses to the offense.
    • See also "Wat onze leden kunnen," ZeAenadel 2, no. 4 (1934-35): 67. Most were dismissed, since those lodging the complaint were not witnesses to the offense.
  • 51
    • 34347244777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Le rouge et le noir: Tribune libre de Bruxelles, 12 July 1933, 5. See also Caers, 91-93.
    • Le rouge et le noir: Tribune libre de Bruxelles, 12 July 1933, 5. See also Caers, 91-93.
  • 52
    • 34347270019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caers, 93
    • Caers, 93.
  • 53
    • 34347226128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See AAADS, circular letter, April 1948.
    • See AAADS, circular letter, April 1948.
  • 54
    • 34347267850 scopus 로고
    • La cure de soleil
    • Charles De Smeth, "La cure de soleil," Lumière et liberté 1, no. 1 (1932): 2;
    • (1932) Lumière et liberté , vol.1 , Issue.1 , pp. 2
    • Smeth, C.D.1
  • 56
    • 34347231119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frans-Jozef Van den Broeck, Het levensproblema: De natuurlijke behandeling der zieken (Brecht: Braeckmans, 1904).
    • Frans-Jozef Van den Broeck, Het levensproblema: De natuurlijke behandeling der zieken (Brecht: Braeckmans, 1904).
  • 57
    • 34347266381 scopus 로고
    • French version of the same brochure was also later published as Frans-Jozef Van den Broeck
    • A, Brecht: Braeckmans
    • A French version of the same brochure was also later published as Frans-Jozef Van den Broeck, Le problème de la vie et le traitement hygiénique des malades (Brecht: Braeckmans, 1907).
    • (1907) Le problème de la vie et le traitement hygiénique des malades
  • 58
    • 34347241172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A biographical survey of Van den Broeck can be found in a series of essays written without attribution by Alois van Son and all entitled Beknopte levensschets van F. J. Van den Broeck: see Maandschrift van bet Hygienisch Gesticht Van den Broeck: Natuurgeneeskunaig tijdschrift: Fides-Caritas-Ratio 1, no. 10 (1923-24): 149-59; 1, no. 11 (1923-24): 165-70; 1, no. 12 (1923-24): 191-94;
    • A biographical survey of Van den Broeck can be found in a series of essays written without attribution by Alois van Son and all entitled "Beknopte levensschets van F. J. Van den Broeck": see Maandschrift van bet Hygienisch Gesticht Van den Broeck: Natuurgeneeskunaig tijdschrift: Fides-Caritas-Ratio 1, no. 10 (1923-24): 149-59; 1, no. 11 (1923-24): 165-70; 1, no. 12 (1923-24): 191-94;
  • 59
    • 34347256944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Terug ter Orde: Fides-Caritas-Ratio: Natuurgeneeskundig Tijdschrift van het Hygienisch Gesticht Van den Broeck 2, no. 1 ( 1924-25 ): 207-11; 2, no. 2 (1924-25): 219-22; 2, no. 5 (1924-25): 265-70.
    • and Terug ter Orde: Fides-Caritas-Ratio: Natuurgeneeskundig Tijdschrift van het Hygienisch Gesticht Van den Broeck 2, no. 1 ( 1924-25 ): 207-11; 2, no. 2 (1924-25): 219-22; 2, no. 5 (1924-25): 265-70.
  • 60
    • 34347235335 scopus 로고
    • Sebastiaan Kneipp bij Paus Leo XIII
    • On Van den Broeck's admiration for Rikli en Priessnitz see
    • On Van den Broeck's admiration for Rikli en Priessnitz see [Alois van Son], "Sebastiaan Kneipp bij Paus Leo XIII," Terug ter Orde 5, no. 1 (1928): 877-91.
    • (1928) Terug ter Orde , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 877-891
    • Alois van Son1
  • 61
    • 34347221402 scopus 로고
    • For biographical details about van Son see, Brussels and The Hague: Manteau
    • For biographical details about van Son see Marnix Gijsen, De leerjaren van Jan-Albert Goris (Brussels and The Hague: Manteau, 1975), 65-69;
    • (1975) De leerjaren van Jan-Albert Goris , pp. 65-69
    • Gijsen, M.1
  • 65
    • 34347211246 scopus 로고
    • Aloïs van Son
    • [Aloïs van Son], "Het Zonbad," Terug ter Orde 3, nos. 5-6 (1925-26): 493;
    • (1925) Terug ter Orde , vol.3 , Issue.5-6 , pp. 493
    • Zonbad, H.1
  • 67
    • 34347260511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On these Kneipp Institutes see Evert Peeters, Een tweede natuur: Naturisten, vegetariën en natuurgenezen in Eelgië, 1890-1950 (Second Nature: Nudists, Vegetarians, and Natural Therapists in Belgium, 1890-1950), forthcoming.
    • On these Kneipp Institutes see Evert Peeters, Een tweede natuur: Naturisten, vegetariën en natuurgenezen in Eelgië, 1890-1950 (Second Nature: Nudists, Vegetarians, and Natural Therapists in Belgium, 1890-1950), forthcoming.
  • 68
    • 34347250287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the development of life reform practices in Belgium from the 1890s see Kaat Wils et al., Europäische und amerikanische Ausprägungen der Lebensreform, in Buchholz et al., Die Lebensreform, 1:523-24; and Ingrid Vanden Berk, Uit de docken gedaan: Rond reformkleding in België en in haar buurlanden, master's thesis, Universiteit Leuven, 2002. On the similar and closely interrelated development of life reform in the Netherlands see Frank Huisman en Henk Te Velde, Op zoek naar nieuwe vormen in wetenschap en politick: De 'medische' kleine geloven, De Negentiende Eeuw25, no. 3 (2001): 129-36;
    • On the development of life reform practices in Belgium from the 1890s see Kaat Wils et al., "Europäische und amerikanische Ausprägungen der Lebensreform," in Buchholz et al., Die Lebensreform, 1:523-24; and Ingrid Vanden Berk, "Uit de docken gedaan: Rond reformkleding in België en in haar buurlanden," master's thesis, Universiteit Leuven, 2002. On the similar and closely interrelated development of life reform in the Netherlands see Frank Huisman en Henk Te Velde, "Op zoek naar nieuwe vormen in wetenschap en politick: De 'medische' kleine geloven," De Negentiende Eeuw25, no. 3 (2001): 129-36;
  • 72
    • 34347262511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AAADS, Huig Hofrnan to P. E. Spiering, 24 February 1933.
    • AAADS, Huig Hofrnan to P. E. Spiering, 24 February 1933.
  • 73
    • 34347272496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On Bussens see
    • On Bussens see Caers, 104.
    • , vol.104
    • Caers1
  • 76
    • 34347220331 scopus 로고
    • Ein Einblick in das Leben und Wirken von Pfarrer Nicolas Neuens
    • On the career of Nicolas Neuens see, ed. Eloi Welter Luxembourg: Saint-Paul
    • On the career of Nicolas Neuens see Eloi Welter, "Ein Einblick in das Leben und Wirken von Pfarrer Nicolas Neuens," in Abbé Nicolas Neuens, sein Leben, sein Lebenswerk: Gründer des integralen Naturismus, 1845-2925, ed. Eloi Welter (Luxembourg: Saint-Paul, 1967), 21-28.
    • (1967) Abbé Nicolas Neuens, sein Leben, sein Lebenswerk: Gründer des integralen Naturismus, 1845-2925 , pp. 21-28
    • Welter, E.1
  • 78
    • 34347216922 scopus 로고
    • Naturheilkunde
    • On the logical coherence of naturopathic practice see, ed. Diethart Kerbs and Jürgen Reulecke Wuppertal: Hammer
    • On the logical coherence of naturopathic practice see Wolfgang R. Krabbe, "Naturheilkunde," in Handbuch der deutschen Reformbewegungen, 1880-1933, ed. Diethart Kerbs and Jürgen Reulecke (Wuppertal: Hammer, 1988), 80.
    • (1988) Handbuch der deutschen Reformbewegungen, 1880-1933 , pp. 80
    • Krabbe, W.R.1
  • 79
    • 46149147355 scopus 로고
    • Brussels: Librairie de culture humaine
    • Paul Nyssens, L'énergie procréatrice (Brussels: Librairie de culture humaine, 1928), 9-15, 52-55, 102-1.
    • (1928) L'énergie procréatrice
    • Nyssens, P.1
  • 81
    • 34347261936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For more about psychoanalysis and German Lebensreform see Stefana Sabin, Eine neue Seele: Die Psychoanalyse als reformatorisches Projekt, in Buchholz et al., Die Lebensreform, 117-20.
    • For more about psychoanalysis and German Lebensreform see Stefana Sabin, "Eine neue Seele: Die Psychoanalyse als reformatorisches Projekt," in Buchholz et al., Die Lebensreform, 117-20.
  • 82
    • 34347260135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For an example of Neuens's idiosyncratic combination of Catholic and naturist thought see
    • For an example of Neuens's idiosyncratic combination of Catholic and naturist thought see Neuens, 6.
    • , vol.6
    • Neuens1
  • 83
  • 84
    • 33846038992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Enduring Appeal of Physiognomy: Physical Appearance as a Sign of Temperament, Character, and Intelligence
    • On the history of phrenology see
    • On the history of phrenology see Alan F. Colins, "The Enduring Appeal of Physiognomy: Physical Appearance as a Sign of Temperament, Character, and Intelligence," History of Psychology 2, no. 4 (1999): 251-76;
    • (1999) History of Psychology , vol.2 , Issue.4 , pp. 251-276
    • Colins, A.F.1
  • 85
    • 85045828010 scopus 로고
    • Personality and Psychopathology: A Historical Perspective
    • and Brendan A. Maher and Winifred B. Maher, "Personality and Psychopathology: A Historical Perspective," Journal of Abnormal Psychology 103, no. 1 (1994): 72-77.
    • (1994) Journal of Abnormal Psychology , vol.103 , Issue.1 , pp. 72-77
    • Maher, B.A.1    Maher, W.B.2
  • 86
    • 34347224604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the reception of phrenology in the nineteenth century and its (short-lived) popularity in Belgium see Gommaar Van der Wee, De faam van Gall: Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828) in de negentiende eeuw, master's thesis, Universiteit Leuven, 2001;
    • On the reception of phrenology in the nineteenth century and its (short-lived) popularity in Belgium see Gommaar Van der Wee, "De faam van Gall: Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828) in de negentiende eeuw," master's thesis, Universiteit Leuven, 2001;
  • 87
    • 84975513885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frenologie in België en Nederland in de negentiende eeuw,
    • master's thesis, Universiteit Leuven
    • and Evi Loncke, "Frenologie in België en Nederland in de negentiende eeuw," master's thesis, Universiteit Leuven, 2001.
    • (2001)
    • Loncke, E.1
  • 88
    • 34347270787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On phrenology in German Lebensreform see Hau, 33-44.
    • On phrenology in German Lebensreform see Hau, 33-44.
  • 89
    • 34347209263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 50Société végétarienne de Belgique, La réforme alimentaire: Organe des Sociétés végétariennes de France et de Belgique II, no. 11 (1907): 276.
    • 50"Société végétarienne de Belgique," La réforme alimentaire: Organe des Sociétés végétariennes de France et de Belgique II, no. 11 (1907): 276.
  • 90
    • 34347251422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 51Paul Nyssens, Pensée féconde: Entraînement intensif àl'auto-suggestion (Brussels: Librairie de culture humaine, 1930), 11, 31, 50.
    • 51Paul Nyssens, Pensée féconde: Entraînement intensif àl'auto-suggestion (Brussels: Librairie de culture humaine, 1930), 11, 31, 50.
  • 91
    • 34347267486 scopus 로고
    • Il y végétarisme et végétarisme
    • Editorial board
    • [Editorial board], "Il y végétarisme et végétarisme," La réforme alimentaire 19, no. 3 (1924): 6.
    • (1924) La réforme alimentaire , vol.19 , Issue.3 , pp. 6
  • 92
  • 95
    • 34347265085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the emergence of self-suggestion within the Franco-Belgian vegetarian movement see
    • On the emergence of self-suggestion within the Franco-Belgian vegetarian movement see Baubérot, 152-57.
    • , vol.152 -57
    • Baubérot1
  • 96
    • 34347215686 scopus 로고
    • Moral et maladie
    • Victor Pascault, "Moral et maladie," Laéforme alimentaire 12, no. 1 (1908): 5-7.
    • (1908) Laéforme alimentaire , vol.12 , Issue.1 , pp. 5-7
    • Pascault, V.1
  • 97
    • 34347235331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some biographical remarks on Léon Neuens can be found in Jan Magnus, Ter nagedachtenis, Het voorlichtingsblad: Gezondheid en hygiene voor Men 1, no. 6 (1936-37): 81-82.
    • Some biographical remarks on Léon Neuens can be found in Jan Magnus, "Ter nagedachtenis," Het voorlichtingsblad: Gezondheid en hygiene voor Men 1, no. 6 (1936-37): 81-82.
  • 99
    • 34347264703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Of Horses, Planks and Window Sleepers: Stage Hypnotism meets Reform, 1836-1920
    • On Herbert Parkyn and the Chicago School of Psychology see
    • On Herbert Parkyn and the Chicago School of Psychology see F. Navis, "Of Horses, Planks and Window Sleepers: Stage Hypnotism meets Reform, 1836-1920," Journal of Medical Humanities 22, no. 3 (2001): 223-45.
    • (2001) Journal of Medical Humanities , vol.22 , Issue.3 , pp. 223-245
    • Navis, F.1
  • 100
    • 34347219969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Herbert A. Parkyn, Auto-suggestion: Ce que c'est et comment on peut s'en servir pour atteindre santé, bonheur et success, trans. Paul Nyssens (Brussels: Librairie de culture humaine, 1923), 5, 7.
    • Herbert A. Parkyn, Auto-suggestion: Ce que c'est et comment on peut s'en servir pour atteindre santé, bonheur et success, trans. Paul Nyssens (Brussels: Librairie de culture humaine, 1923), 5, 7.
  • 101
    • 34347239887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., 32, 35, 38.
    • , vol.32 , Issue.35 , pp. 38
    • Navis, F.1
  • 106
    • 34347232554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., 10-11, 28.
    • , vol.10-11 , pp. 28
    • Nyssens1
  • 108
    • 34347236748 scopus 로고
    • Vruchten en groenten als voedsel en geneesmiddel
    • [Aloï's van Son], "Vruchten en groenten als voedsel en geneesmiddel," Terug ter Orde 10, nos. 4-5 (1934-35): 61.
    • (1934) Terug ter Orde , vol.10 , Issue.4-5 , pp. 61
    • Aloï's van Son1
  • 109
    • 34347255568 scopus 로고
    • Le nudisme intégral: Ses bienfaits, physiques et moraux
    • Ligue gymnique de la Côte d'Azur de Nice
    • [Ligue gymnique de la Côte d'Azur de Nice], "Le nudisme intégral: Ses bienfaits, physiques et moraux," Lumière et liberté 3, no. 19 (1934): 3.
    • (1934) Lumière et liberté , vol.3 , Issue.19 , pp. 3
  • 110
    • 34347214978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.
  • 111
    • 34347253760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AAADS, Huig Hofman to A. de Deckère, 8 August 1934.
    • AAADS, Huig Hofman to A. de Deckère, 8 August 1934.
  • 112
    • 34347256943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geerts, 6-7
    • Geerts, 6-7.
  • 115
    • 34347255945 scopus 로고
    • Het Sprookje van Waan en Wezen
    • Yge Foppema, "Het Sprookje van Waan en Wezen," Terug ter Orde 3, nos. 5-6 ( 1925-26): 469-71.
    • (1925) Terug ter Orde , vol.3 , Issue.5-6 , pp. 469-471
    • Foppema, Y.1
  • 116
    • 34347261226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geerts, 6
    • Geerts, 6.
  • 117
    • 85030615317 scopus 로고
    • On the tendencies toward individual anarchism see, 2 vols, Paris: Gallimard
    • On the tendencies toward individual anarchism see Jean Maitron, Le mouvement anarchiste en prance, 2 vols. (Paris: Gallimard, 1983);
    • (1983) Le mouvement anarchiste en prance
    • Maitron, J.1
  • 120
    • 34347260134 scopus 로고
    • Appel aux végétariens et aux associés sympathiques
    • On the colonies of vegetarian anarchists see
    • On the colonies of vegetarian anarchists see Karel Uyttenhoven, "Appel aux végétariens et aux associés sympathiques," La réforme alimentaire 6, no. 7 (1902): 137-38.
    • (1902) La réforme alimentaire , vol.6 , Issue.7 , pp. 137-138
    • Uyttenhoven, K.1
  • 121
    • 34347223104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From the private archive of Jan Vroman of Mortsel, Belgium, Uittreksel van de bijlage van het staatsblad van 12 december 1931 n° 1385 [Extract of the Appendix of the Belgian Bulletin of Acts, Orders, and Decrees, 12 December 1931, no. 1385], Standregelen De Spar [Standing Orders De Spar].
    • From the private archive of Jan Vroman of Mortsel, Belgium, "Uittreksel van de bijlage van het staatsblad van 12 december 1931 n° 1385 [Extract of the Appendix of the Belgian Bulletin of Acts, Orders, and Decrees, 12 December 1931, no. 1385], Standregelen De Spar [Standing Orders De Spar]."
  • 123
    • 34347205854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AAADS, Huig Hofman to H. de Ryck, 10 July 1934.
    • AAADS, Huig Hofman to H. de Ryck, 10 July 1934.
  • 124
    • 34347216561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AAADS, memo by Huig Hofman, 23 July 1933.
    • AAADS, memo by Huig Hofman, 23 July 1933.
  • 125
    • 34347250286 scopus 로고
    • AAADS, Janssens, 2 November
    • AAADS, Huig Hofman to A. Janssens, 2 November 1934.
    • (1934) Huig Hofman to A
  • 126
    • 34347235334 scopus 로고
    • Om streden démocratie
    • On the impulse toward totalitarianism in interwar Belgium see, ed. Ronny Gobyn and Winston Spriet Brussels: ASLK
    • On the impulse toward totalitarianism in interwar Belgium see Emmanuel Gerard, "Om streden démocratie," in De jaren Aertig in België: De massa in verleiding, ed. Ronny Gobyn and Winston Spriet (Brussels: ASLK, 1994), 74-123.
    • (1994) De jaren Aertig in België: De massa in verleiding , pp. 74-123
    • Gerard, E.1
  • 127
    • 34347273248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AAADS, Internal communication, n.d.
    • AAADS, "Internal communication," n.d.
  • 129
    • 34347249417 scopus 로고
    • Levenshervorming
    • Bert Van Hoorick, "Levenshervorming," Noodhoorn 3,no. 1 (1932-33): 25,
    • (1932) Noodhoorn 3 , Issue.1 , pp. 25
    • Van Hoorick, B.1
  • 130
    • 34347222743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • also quoted in Kris Humbeeck, Dat donkere ding, de massa: Omtrent Louis Paul Boon en de jonge generatie in de jaren dertig, in Boontjes 1966, ed. Julien Weverbergh (Antwerp: Houtekiek, 2001), 361;
    • also quoted in Kris Humbeeck, "Dat donkere ding, de massa: Omtrent Louis Paul Boon en de jonge generatie in de jaren dertig," in Boontjes 1966, ed. Julien Weverbergh (Antwerp: Houtekiek, 2001), 361;
  • 131
    • 34347238070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Verslag van de bestuursvergadering van A.V.S. op 18-2-33, Opkomsto, no. 3 (1932-33): 100, also quoted in Humbeeck, 370. On Van Hoorick's vegetarianism see Hemmerijckx, Bert van Hoorick, 110;
    • "Verslag van de bestuursvergadering van A.V.S. op 18-2-33," Opkomsto, no. 3 (1932-33): 100, also quoted in Humbeeck, 370. On Van Hoorick's vegetarianism see Hemmerijckx, "Bert van Hoorick," 110;
  • 133
    • 34347258336 scopus 로고
    • L'Allemagne actuelle
    • For one Nazi sympathizer's comments see
    • For one Nazi sympathizer's comments see Ena Nillsen, "L'Allemagne actuelle," Lumière et liberté 3, no. 22(1934): 3.
    • (1934) Lumière et liberté , vol.3 , Issue.22 , pp. 3
    • Nillsen, E.1
  • 134
    • 34347229612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the connections between Lebensreform and Nazi ideology in Germany see, for example, the role of Hans Suren, in Giselher Spitzer, Gymnastik oder Parademarsch? Die Rolle Hans Suréns für die Einführung der Leibesübungen in des Nationalsozialistischen Arbeitsdienstes, in Sport zwischen Eigenständigkeit und Fremdbestimmung, ed. Giselher Spitzer and Dieter Schmidt (Bonn: D. Kurz, 1986), 193-212.
    • On the connections between Lebensreform and Nazi ideology in Germany see, for example, the role of Hans Suren, in Giselher Spitzer, "Gymnastik oder Parademarsch? Die Rolle Hans Suréns für die Einführung der Leibesübungen in des Nationalsozialistischen Arbeitsdienstes," in Sport zwischen Eigenständigkeit und Fremdbestimmung, ed. Giselher Spitzer and Dieter Schmidt (Bonn: D. Kurz, 1986), 193-212.
  • 135
    • 34347253403 scopus 로고
    • Le phénoméne hitlérien devant la sexologie
    • Marc Lanval, "Le phénoméne hitlérien devant la sexologie," Lumière et liberté 5, no. 43 (1936): 1,4.
    • (1936) Lumière et liberté , vol.5 , Issue.43 , pp. 1-4
    • Lanval, M.1
  • 136
    • 34347225407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AAADS, Huig Hofman to A. Donk, 11 January 1941.
    • AAADS, Huig Hofman to A. Donk, 11 January 1941.
  • 137
    • 34347246914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AAADS, Huig Hofman to A. Donk, January 1940, 11 January 1941.
    • AAADS, Huig Hofman to A. Donk, January 1940, 11 January 1941.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.