The dopaminergic system and addictions;Sistema dopaminérgico y adicciones

Revista de Neurologia

Volumn 44, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 23-31

  Corominas Roso, Margarida ^a   Roncero, C ^a   Bruguera, E ^a   Casas, M ^a  

^a HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARI VALL D HEBRON   (Spain)

Author keywords

Addiction; Conditioning; Dopamine; Drugs of abuse; Neuroadaptation; Prefrontal cortex; Relapse; Striatum

Indexed keywords

DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE 1 RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR;

ADDICTION; AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; CHRONIC DRUG ADMINISTRATION; CONDITIONING; CORTICO STRIATICO CORTICAL CIRCUIT; DEPOLARIZATION; DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; HUMAN; LIMBIC CORTEX; LONG TERM POTENTIATION; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NEUROBIOLOGY; NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; REVIEW; SENSORIMOTOR CORTEX; STIMULUS RESPONSE; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; HABIT; PHYSIOLOGY;

DOPAMINE; HABITS; HUMANS; RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS;

EID: 34347211065     PISSN: 02100010     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.33588/rn.4401.2006222     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Pierce RC, Kalivas PW. Repeated cocaine modifies the mechanism by which amphetamine releases dopamine. J Neurosci 1997; 17: 3254-61.
2. Ericson M, Molander A, Lof E, Engel JA, Soderpalm B. Ethanol elevates accumbal dopamine levels via indirect activation of ventral tegmental nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 467: 85-93.
3. Imperato A, Di Chiara G. Preferential stimulation of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats by ethanol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1986; 239: 219-28.
4. Honkanen A, Ahtee L, Korpi ER. Voluntary alcohol drinking selectively accelerates dopamine release in the ventral striatum as reflected by 3-methoxytyramine levels. Brain Res 1997; 774: 207-10.
5. Mereu G, Fadda F, Gessa GL. Ethanol stimulates the firing rate of nigral dopaminergic neurons in unanesthetized rats. Brain Res 1984; 292: 63-9.
6. Boileau I, Assaad JM, Pihl RO, Benkelfat C, Leyton M, Diksic M, et al. Alcohol promotes dopamine release in the human nucleus accumbens. Synapse 2003; 49: 226-31.
7. Di Chiara G, Imperato A. Preferential stimulation of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens by opiates, alcohol, and barbiturates: studies with transcerebral dialysis in freely moving rats. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1986; 473: 367-81.
8. Rouge-Pont F, Usiello A, Benoit-Marand M, Gonon F, Piazza PV, Borrelli E. Changes in extracellular dopamine induced by morphine and cocaine: crucial control by D2 receptors. J Neurosci 2002; 22: 3293-301.
9. Nestler EJ, Aghajanian GK. Molecular and cellular basis of addiction. Science 1997; 278: 58-63.
10. Nestler EJ. Neurobiology. Total recall-the memory of addiction. Science 2001; 292: 2266-7.
11. Schultz W, Dayan P, Montague PR. A neural substrate of prediction and reward. Science 1997; 275: 1593-9.
12. Schultz W. Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. J Neurophysiol 1998; 80: 1-27.
13. Cadoni C, Solinas M, Di Chiara G. Psychostimulant sensitization: differential changes in accumbal shell and core dopamine. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 388: 69-76.
14. Pierce RC, Kalivas PW. A circuitry model of the expression of behavioral sensitization to amphetamine-like psychostimulants. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 1997; 25: 192-216.
15. Beninger RJ, Miller R. Dopamine D1-like receptors and reward-related incentive learning. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1998; 22: 335-45.
16. Sutton MA, Beninger RJ. Psychopharmacology of conditioned reward: evidence for a rewarding signal at D1-like dopamine receptors. Psychopharmacology 1999; 144: 95-110.
17. Ackerman JM, White FJ. Decreased activity of rat A10 dopamine neurons following withdrawal from repeated cocaine. Eur J Pharmacol 1992; 218: 171-3.
18. Imperato A, Mele A, Scrocco MG, Puglisi-Allegra S. Chronic cocaine alters limbic extracellular dopamine. Neurochemical basis for addiction. Eur J Pharmacol 1992; 212: 299-300.
19. Parsons LH, Smith AD, Justice JB Jr. Basal extracellular dopamine is decreased in the rat nucleus accumbens during abstinence from chronic cocaine. Synapse 1991; 9: 60-5.
20. Robertson MW, Leslie CA, Bennett JP. Apparent synaptic dopamine deficiency induced by withdrawal from chronic cocaine treatment. Brain Res 1991; 538: 337-9.
21. Weiss F, Markou A, Lorang MT, Koob GF. Basal extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens are decreased during cocaine withdrawal after unlimited-access self-administration. Brain Res 1992; 593: 314-8.
22. Wu JC, Bell K, Najafi A, Widmark C, Keator D, Tang C, et al. Decreasing striatal 6-FDOPA uptake with increasing duration of cocaine withdrawal. Neuropsychopharmacology 1997; 17: 402-9.
23. Pothos E, Rada P, Mark GP, Hoebel BG. Dopamine microdialysis in the nucleus accumbens during acute and chronic morphine, naloxone-precipitated withdrawal and clonidine treatment. Brain Res 1991; 566: 348-50.
24. Acquas E, Di Chiara. Depression of mesolimbic dopamine transmission and sensitization to morphine during opiate abstinence. J Neurochem 1992; 58: 1620-5.
25. Diana M, Pistis M, Carboni S, Gessa GL, Rossetti ZL. Profound decrement of mesolimbic dopaminergic neuronal activity during ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats: electrophysiological and biochemical evidence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90: 7966-9.
26. Rossetti ZL, Melis F, Carboni S, Gessa GL. Marked decrease of extraneuronal dopamine after alcohol withdrawal in rats: reversal by MK-801. Eur J Pharmacol 1991; 200: 371-2.
27. Rossetti ZL, Melis F, Carboni S, Diana M, Gessa GL. Alcohol withdrawal in rats is associated with a marked fall in extraneuronal dopamine. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1992; 16: 529-32.
28. Hildebrand BE, Nomikos GG, Hertel P, Schilstrom B, Svensson TH. Reduced dopamine output in the nucleus accumbens but not in the medial prefrontal cortex in rats displaying a mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine withdrawal syndrome. Brain Res 1998; 779: 214-25.
29. Martínez D, Slifstein M, Broft A, Mawlawi O, Hwang DR, Huang Y, et al. Imaging human mesolimbic dopamine transmission with positron emission tomography. Part II: amphetamine-induced dopamine release in the functional subdivisions of the striatum. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2003; 23: 285-300.
30. Martínez D, Gil R, Slifstein M, Hwang DR, Huang Y, Pérez A, et al. Alcohol dependence is associated with blunted dopamine transmission in the ventral striatum. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 58: 779-86.
31. Heinz A, Siessmeier T, Wrase J, Buchholz HG, Grunder G, Kumakura Y, et al. Correlation of alcohol craving with striatal dopamine synthesis capacity and D2/3 receptor availability: a combined [18F]DOPA and [18F]DMFP PET study in detoxified alcoholic patients. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162: 1515-20.
32. Nestler EJ. Historical review: molecular and cellular mechanisms of opiate and cocaine addiction. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2004; 25: 210-8.
33. Robinson TE, Berridge KC. The neural basis of drug craving: an incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 1993; 18: 247-91.
34. Fernández-Espejo E. Bases neurobiológicas de la drogoadicción. Rev Neurol 2002; 34: 659-64.
35. Alburges ME, Narang N, Wamsley JK. Alterations in the dopaminergic receptor system after chronic administration of cocaine. Synapse 1993; 14: 314-23.
36. Unterwald EM, Ho A, Rubenfeld JM, Kreek MJ. Time course of the development of behavioral sensitization and dopamine receptor upregulation during binge cocaine administration. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994; 270: 1387-96.
37. Unterwald EM, Kreek MJ, Cuntapay M. The frequency of cocaine administration impacts cocaine-induced receptor alterations. Brain Res 2001; 900: 103-9.
38. Djouma E, Lawrence AJ. The effect of chronic ethanol consumption and withdrawal on mu-opioid and dopamine D(1) and D(2) receptor density in Fawn-Hooded rat brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 302: 551-9.
39. Lograno DE, Matteo F, Trabucchi M, Govoni S, Cagiano R, Lacomba C, et al. Effects of chronic ethanol intake at a low dose on the rat brain dopaminergic system. Alcohol 1993; 10: 45-9.
40. May T, Juilfs F, Wolffgramm J. Long-lasting effects of chronic mu-opioid intake on the signal transmission via dopamine D1 receptors in the limbic forebrain of drug deprived rats. Neuropharmacology 1998; 37: 997-1006.
41. Nader MA, Daunais JB, Moore T, Nader SH, Moore RJ, Smith HR, et al. Effects of cocaine self-administration on striatal dopamine systems in rhesus monkeys: initial and chronic exposure. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002; 27: 35-46.
42. Henry DJ, White FJ. The persistence of behavioral sensitization to cocaine parallels enhanced inhibition of nucleus accumbens neurons. J Neurosci 1995; 15: 6287-99.
43. Henry DJ, Hu XT, White FJ. Adaptations in the mesoaccumbens dopamine system resulting from repeated administration of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor-selective agonists: relevance to cocaine sensitization. Psychopharmacology 1998; 140: 233-42.
44. Peris J, Boyson SJ, Cass WA, Curella P, Dwoskin LP, Larson G, et al. Persistence of neurochemical changes in dopamine systems after repeated cocaine administration. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1990; 253: 38-44.
45. Sousa FC, Gomes PB, Macedo DS, Marinho MM, Viana GS. Early withdrawal from repeated cocaine administration upregulates muscarinic and dopaminergic D2-like receptors in rat neostriatum. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1999; 62: 15-20.
46. Wallace DR, Mactutus CF, Booze RM. Repeated intravenous cocaine administration: locomotor activity and dopamine D2/D3 receptors. Synapse 1996; 23: 152-63.
47. Rommelspacher H, Raeder C, Kaulen P, Bruning G. Adaptive changes of dopamine-D2 receptors in rat brain following ethanol withdrawal: a quantitative autoradiographic investigation. Alcohol 1992; 9: 355-62.
48. Souza-Formigoni ML, De Lucca EM, Hipolide DC, Enns SC, Oliveira MG, Nobrega JN. Sensitization to ethanol's stimulant effect is associated with region-specific increases in brain D2 receptor binding. Psychopharmacology 1999; 146: 262-7.
49. Izenwasser S, Thompson-Montgomery D, Deben SE, Chowdhury IN, Werling LL. Modulation of amphetamine-stimulated (transporter mediated) dopamine release in vitro by sigma2 receptor agonists and antagonists. Eur J Pharmacol 1998; 346: 189-96.
50. Chen JC, Su HJ, Huang LI, Hsieh MM. Reductions in binding and functions of D2 dopamine receptors in the rat ventral striatum during amphetamine sensitization. Life Sci 1999; 64: 343-54.
51. Farfel GM, Kleven MS, Woolverton WL, Seiden LS, Perry BD. Effects of repeated injections of cocaine on catecholamine receptor binding sites, dopamine transporter binding sites and behavior in rhesus monkey. Brain Res 1992; 578: 235-43.
52. Neisewander JL, Lucki I, McGonigle P. Time-dependent changes in sensitivity to apomorphine and monoamine receptors following withdrawal from continuous cocaine administration in rats. Synapse 1994; 16: 1-10.
53. Vasconcelos SM, Macedo DS, Lima LO, Sousa FC, Fonteles MM, Viana GS. Effect of one-week ethanol treatment on monoamine levels and dopaminergic receptors in rat striatum. Braz J Med Biol Res 2003; 36: 503-9.
54. Bordet R, Ridray S, Carboni S, Díaz J, Sokoloff P, Schwartz JC. Induction of dopamine D3 receptor expression as a mechanism of behavioral sensitization to levodopa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94: 3363-7.
55. Guillin O, Díaz J, Carroll P, Griffon N, Schwartz JC, Sokoloff P. BDNF controls dopamine D3 receptor expression and triggers behavioural sensitization. Nature 2001; 411: 86-9.
56. Sokoloff P, Guillin O, Díaz J, Carroll P, Griffon N. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor controls dopamine D3 receptor expression: implications for neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. Neurotox Res 2002; 4: 671-8.
57. Volkow ND, Chang L, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Ding YS, Sedler M, et al. Low level of brain dopamine D2 receptors in methamphetamine abusers: association with metabolism in the orbitofrontal cortex. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 2015-21.
58. Martínez D, Broft A, Foltin RW, Slifstein M, Hwang DR, Huang Y, et al. Cocaine dependence and d2 receptor availability in the functional subdivisions of the striatum: relationship with cocaine-seeking behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004; 29: 1190-202.
59. Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Logan J, Abumrad NN, Hitzemann RJ, et al. Dopamine D2 receptor availability in opiate-dependent subjects before and after naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. Neuropsychopharmacology 1997; 16: 174-82.
60. Heinz A, Siessmeier T, Wrase J, Hermann D, Klein S, Grusser SM, et al. Correlation between dopamine D(2) receptors in the ventral striatum and central processing of alcohol cues and craving. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161: 1783-9.
61. Guardia J, Catafau AM, Batlle F, Martín JC, Segura L, Gonzalvo B, et al. Striatal dopaminergic D(2) receptor density measured by [(123)I] iodobenzamide SPECT in the prediction of treatment outcome of alcohol-dependent patients. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157: 127-9.
62. Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Wang GJ, Hitzemann R, Logan J, Schlyer DJ, et al. Decreased dopamine D2 receptor availability is associated with reduced frontal metabolism in cocaine abusers. Synapse 1993; 14: 169-77.
63. Morgan D, Grant KA, Gage HD, Mach RH, Kaplan JR, Prioleau O, et al. Social dominance in monkeys: dopamine D2 receptors and cocaine self-administration. Nat Neurosci 2002; 5: 169-74.
64. Noble EP. Addiction and its reward process through polymorphisms of the D2 dopamine receptor gene: a review. Eur Psychiatry 2000; 15: 79-89.
65. Comings DE, Rosenthal RJ, Lesieur HR, Rugle LJ, Muhleman D, Chiu C, et al. A study of the dopamine D2 receptor gene in pathological gambling. Pharmacogenetics 1996; 6: 223-34.
66. Comings DE, Blum K. Reward deficiency syndrome: genetic aspects of behavioral disorders. Prog Brain Res 2000; 126: 325-41.
67. Khantzian EJ. The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: focus on heroin and cocaine dependence. Am J Psychiatry 1985; 142: 1259-64.
68. Everitt BJ, Wolf ME. Psychomotor stimulant addiction: a neural systems perspective. J Neurosci 2002; 22: 3312-20.
69. Vanderschuren LJ, Kalivas PW. Alterations in dopaminergic and glutamatergic transmission in the induction and expression of behavioral sensitization: a critical review of preclinical studies. Psychopharmacology 2000; 151: 99-120.
70. Goldstein RZ, Volkow ND, Chang L, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Depue RA, et al. The orbitofrontal cortex in methamphetamine addiction: involvement in fear. Neuroreport 2002; 13: 2253-7.
71. Tremblay L, Schultz W. Relative reward preference in primate orbitofrontal cortex. Nature 1999; 398: 704-8.
72. Volkow ND, Fowler JS. Addiction, a disease of compulsion and drive: involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 2000; 10: 318-25.
73. Lidow MS, Goldman-Rakic PS, Rakic P, Innis RB. Dopamine D2 receptors in the cerebral cortex: distribution and pharmacological characterization with [3H]raclopride. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86: 6412-6.
74. Lewis BL, O'Donnell P. Ventral tegmental area afferents to the prefrontal cortex maintain membrane potential 'up' states in pyramidal neurons via D(1) dopamine receptors. Cereb Cortex 2000; 10: 1168-75.
75. Bowers MS, McFarland K, Lake RW, Peterson YK, Lapish CC, Gregory ML, et al. Activator of G protein signalling 3: a gatekeeper of cocaine sensitization and drug seeking. Neuron 2004; 42: 269-81.
76. Kalivas PW, Volkow N, Seamans J. Unmanageable motivation in addiction: a pathology in prefrontal-accumbens glutamate transmission. Neuron 2005; 45: 647-50.
77. Porrino LJ, Lyons D, Miller MD, Smith HR, Friedman DP, Daunais JB, et al. Metabolic mapping of the effects of cocaine during the initial phases of self-administration in the nonhuman primate. J Neurosci 2002; 22: 7687-94.
78. Castner SA, Vosler PS, Goldman-Rakic PS. Amphetamine sensitization impairs cognition and reduces dopamine turnover in primate prefrontal cortex. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 57: 743-51.
79. Fletcher PJ, Tenn CC, Rizos Z, Lovic V, Kapur S. Sensitization to amphetamine, but not PCP, impairs attentional set shifting: reversal by a D1 receptor agonist injected into the medial prefrontal cortex. Psychopharmacology 2005; 183: 190-200.
80. Capriles N, Rodaros D, Sorge RE, Stewart J. A role for the prefrontal cortex in stress- and cocaine-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl); 2003; 168: 66-74.
81. McFarland K, Davidge SB, Lapish CC, Kalivas PW. Limbic and motor circuitry underlying footshock-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior. J Neurosci 2004; 24: 1551-60.
82. Badiani A, Browman KE, Robinson TE. Influence of novel versus home environments on sensitization to the psychomotor stimulant effects of cocaine and amphetamine. Brain Res 1995; 674: 291-8.
83. Anagnostaras SG, Robinson TE. Sensitization to the psychomotor stimulant effects of amphetamine: modulation by associative learning. Behav Neurosci 1996; 110: 1397-414.
84. Childress AR, Mozley PD, McElgin W, Fitzgerald J, Reivich M, O'Brien CP. Limbic activation during cue-induced cocaine craving. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 11-8.
85. Garavan H, Pankiewicz J, Bloom A, Cho JK, Sperry L, Ross TJ, et al. Cue-induced cocaine craving: neuroanatomical specificity for drug users and drug stimuli. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157: 1789-98.
86. Grusser SM, Wrase J, Klein S, Hermann D, Smolka MN, Ruf M, et al. Cue-induced activation of the striatum and medial prefrontal cortex is associated with subsequent relapse in abstinent alcoholics. Psychopharmacology 2004; 175: 296-302.
87. Gratton A, Wise RA. Drug- and behavior-associated changes in dopamine-related electrochemical signals during intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats. J Neurosci 1994; 14: 4130-46.
88. Di Ciano P, Blaha CD, Phillips AG. Conditioned changes in dopamine oxidation currents in the nucleus accumbens of rats by stimuli paired with self-administration or yoked-administration of D-amphetamine. Eur J Neurosci 1998; 10: 1121-7.
89. Ito R, Dalley JW, Howes SR, Robbins TW, Everitt BJ. Dissociation in conditioned dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens core and shell in response to cocaine cues and during cocaine-seeking behavior in rats. J Neurosci 2000; 20: 7489-95.
90. David DJ, Zahniser NR, Hoffer BJ, Gerhardt GA. In vivo electrochemical studies of dopamine clearance in subregions of rat nucleus accumbens: differential properties of the core and shell. Exp Neurol 1998; 153: 277-86.
91. Bassareo V, Di Chiara G. Differential responsiveness of dopamine transmission to food-stimuli in nucleus accumbens shell/core compartments. Neuroscience 1999; 89: 637-41.
92. Carlezon WA Jr, Wise RA. Rewarding actions of phencyclidine and related drugs in nucleus accumbens shell and frontal cortex. J Neurosci 1996; 16: 3112-22.
93. Cardinal RN, Parkinson JA, Hall J, Everitt BJ. Emotion and motivation: the role of the amygdala, ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortex. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2002; 26: 321-52.
94. Parkinson JA, Olmstead MC, Burns LH, Robbins TW, Everitt BJ. Dissociation in effects of lesions of the nucleus accumbens core and shell on appetitive Pavlovian approach behavior and the potentiation of conditioned reinforcement and locomotor activity by D-amphetamine. J Neurosci 1999; 19: 2401-11.
95. Hall J, Parkinson JA, Connor TM, Dickinson A, Everitt BJ. Involvement of the central nucleus of the amygdala and nucleus accumbens core in mediating Pavlovian influences on instrumental behaviour. Eur J Neurosci 2001; 13: 1984-92.
96. Everitt BJ, Parkinson JA, Olmstead MC, Arroyo M, Robledo P, Robbins TW. Associative processes in addiction and reward. The role of amygdala-ventral striatal subsystems. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999; 877: 412-38.
97. Tran-Nguyen LT, Fuchs RA, Coffey GP, Baker DA, O'Dell LE, Neisewander JL. Time-dependent changes in cocaine-seeking behavior and extracellular dopamine levels in the amygdala during cocaine withdrawal. Neuropsychopharmacology 1998; 19: 48-59.
98. Ledford CC, Fuchs RA, See RE. Potentiated reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior following D-amphetamine infusion into the basolateral amygdala. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 28: 1721-9.
99. Ciccocioppo R, Sanna PP, Weiss F. Cocaine-predictive stimulus induces drug-seeking behavior and neural activation in limbic brain regions after multiple months of abstinence: reversal by D(1) antagonists. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98: 1976-81.
100. Berglind WJ, Case JM, Parker MP, Fuchs RA, See RE. Dopamine D1 or D2 receptor antagonism within the basolateral amygdala differentially alters the acquisition of cocaine-cue associations necessary for cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking. Neuroscience 2006; 137: 699-706.
101. Staley JK, Mash DC. Adaptive increase in D3 dopamine receptors in the brain reward circuits of human cocaine fatalities. J Neurosci 1996; 16: 6100-6.
102. Di Ciano P, Underwood RJ, Hagan JJ, Everitt BJ. Attenuation of cue-controlled cocaine-seeking by a selective D3 dopamine receptor antagonist SB-277011-A. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 28: 329-38.
103. Le Foll B, Frances H, Díaz J, Schwartz JC, Sokoloff P. Role of the dopamine D3 receptor in reactivity to cocaine-associated cues in mice. Eur J Neurosci 2002; 15: 2016-26.
104. Vorel SR, Ashby CR Jr, Paul M, Liu X, Hayes R, Hagan JJ, et al. Dopamine D3 receptor antagonism inhibits cocaine-seeking and cocaine-enhanced brain reward in rats. J Neurosci 2002; 22: 9595-603.
105. Cervo L, Carnovali F, Stark JA, Mennini T. Cocaine-seeking behavior in response to drug-associated stimuli in rats: involvement of D3 and D2 dopamine receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 28: 1150-9.
106. Pilla M, Perachon S, Sautel F, Garrido F, Mann A, Wermuth CG, et al. Selective inhibition of cocaine-seeking behaviour by a partial dopamine D3 receptor agonist. Nature 1999; 400: 371-5.
107. Robbins TW, Everitt BJ. Drug addiction: bad habits add up. Nature 1999; 398: 567-70.
108. Ito R, Dalley JW, Robbins TW, Everitt BJ. Dopamine release in the dorsal striatum during cocaine-seeking behavior under the control of a drug-associated cue. J Neurosci 2002; 22: 6247-53.
109. Bradberry CW, Barrett-Larimore RL, Jatlow P, Rubino SR. Impact of self-administered cocaine and cocaine cues on extracellular dopamine in mesolimbic and sensorimotor striatum in rhesus monkeys. J Neurosci 2000; 20: 3874-83.
110. Cragg SJ, Hille CJ, Greenfield SA. Functional domains in dorsal striatum of the nonhuman primate are defined by the dynamic behavior of dopamine. J Neurosci 2000; 22: 5705-12.
111. Porrino LJ, Daunais JB, Smith HR, Nader MA. The expanding effects of cocaine: studies in a nonhuman primate model of cocaine self-administration. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2004; 27: 813-20.
112. Letchworth SR, Nader MA, Smith HR, Friedman DP, Porrino LJ. Progression of changes in dopamine transporter binding site density as a result of cocaine self-administration in rhesus monkeys. J Neurosci 2001; 21: 2799-807.
113. Graybiel AM, Moratalla R, Robertson HA. Amphetamine and cocaine induce drug-specific activation of the c-fos gene in striosome-matrix compartments and limbic subdivisions of the striatum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87: 6912-6.
114. Vanderschuren LJ, Schoffelmeer AN, Van Leeuwen SD, Hof L, Jonker AJ, Voorn P. Compartment-specific changes in striatal neuronal activity during expression of amphetamine sensitization are the result of drug hypersensitivity. Eur J Neurosci 2002; 16: 2462-8.
115. Vanderschuren LJ, Di Ciano P, Everitt BJ. Involvement of the dorsal striatum in cue-controlled cocaine seeking. J Neurosci 2005; 25: 8665-70.
116. Wickens JR, Reynolds JN, Hyland BI. Neural mechanisms of reward-related motor learning. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2003; 13: 685-90.
117. Kerr JN, Wickens JR. Dopamine D-1/D-5 receptor activation is required for long-term potentiation in the rat neostriatum in vitro. J Neurophysiol 2001; 85: 117-24.
118. Dos Santos Villar F, Walsh JP. Modulation of long-term synaptic plasticity at excitatory striatal synapses. Neuroscience 1999; 90: 1031-41.
119. Reynolds JN, Wickens JR. Dopamine-dependent plasticity of corticostriatal synapses. Neural Netw 2002; 15: 507-21.
120. Gerdeman GL, Partridge JG, Lupica CR, Lovinger DM. It could be habit forming: drugs of abuse and striatal synaptic plasticity. Trends Neurosci 2003; 26: 184-92.
121. Graybiel AM. Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in the basal ganglia. Trends Neurosci 1990; 13: 244-54.
122. Haber SN, Fudge JL. The primate substantia nigra and VTA: integrative circuitry and function. Crit Rev Neurobiol 1997; 11: 323-42.
123. Holt DJ, Graybiel AM, Saper CB. Neurochemical architecture of the human striatum. J Comp Neurol 1997; 384: 1-25.
124. Haber SN, Fudge JL, McFarland NR. Striatonigrostriatal pathways in primates form an ascending spiral from the shell to the dorsolateral striatum. J Neurosci 2000; 20: 2369-82.
125. Haber SN. The primate basal ganglia: parallel and integrative networks. J Chem Neuroanatomy 2003; 26: 317-330.