Environmental impacts of the Norse settlement: Palaeoenvironmental data from Mývatnssveit, northern Iceland

Boreas

Volumn 36, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 1-19

  Lawson, Ian T ^a   Gathorne Hardy, Frederick J ^a   Church, Mike J ^a   Newton, Anthony J ^a   Edwards, Kevin J ^a   Dugmore, Andrew J ^a   Einarsson, Árni ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; HUMAN SETTLEMENT; MEDIEVAL; MIRE; PALEOENVIRONMENT; PALYNOLOGY; SEDIMENTARY SEQUENCE; SEDIMENTATION RATE; TAXONOMY; TEPHRA; VEGETATION;

ARCTIC; ICELAND;

BETULA PUBESCENS; CHIRONOMIDAE; EMPETRUM NIGRUM; PEDIASTRUM; POACEAE; SPHAGNUM;

EID: 34347208720     PISSN: 03009483     EISSN: 15023885     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1502-3885.2007.tb01176.x     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Aaby, B. and Berglund, B. E. (1986) Characterization of lake and peat deposits. Handbook of Holocene Palaeoecology and Palaeohydrology, pp. 231-246. John Wiley, Chichester
2. Andersen, S. T. (1979) Identification of wild grass and cereal pollen. Danmarks Geologiske Undersøgelse Årbog, 1978, pp. 69-92.
3. Andrews, J. T., Geirsdóttir, A., Hardardóttir, J., Principato, S., Grönvold, K., Kristjansdóttir, G. B., Helgadóttir, G., Drexler, J. and Sveinbjörnsdóttir, A. (2002) Distribution, sediment magnetism and geochemistry of the Saksunarvatn (10 180±60 cal. yr BP) tephra in marine, lake, and terrestrial sediments, northwest Iceland. Journal of Quaternary Science, 17, pp. 731-745.
4. Arnalds, A. (2005) Approaches to landcare - a century of soil conservation in Iceland. Land Degradation and Development, 16, pp. 113-125.
5. Ashburn, D. I., Kirkbride, M. P. and Dugmore, A. J. (2003) Post-settlement land disturbance indicated by magnetic susceptibility of aeolian soils at Seljaland. Northern Studies, 37, pp. 81-94.
6. Atkinson, M. D. (1992) Betula pendula Roth (B. verrucosa Ehrh.) and B. pubescens Ehrh. Journal of Ecology, 80, pp. 837-870.
7. Berglund, B. E. and Ralska-Jasiewiczowa, M. (1986) Pollen analysis and pollen diagrams. Handbook of Holocene Palaeoecology and Palaeohydrology, pp. 455-484. John Wiley, Chichester
8. Birks, H. J. B. (1973) Past and Present Vegetation of the Isle of Skye, p. 415. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
9. Boygle, J. (1999) Variability of tephra in lake and catchment sediments, Svínavatn, Iceland. Global and Planetary Change, 21, pp. 129-149.
10. Ramsey, C Bronk (2003)
11. Brooks, S. J., Bennion, H. and Birks, H. J. B. (2001) Tracing lake trophic history with a chironomid-total phosphorus inference model. Freshwater Biology, 46, pp. 513-533.
12. Bunting, M. J. (2003) Pollen-vegetation relationships in non-arboreal moorland taxa. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 125, pp. 285-298.
13. Caseldine, C. (2001) Changes in Betula in the Holocene record from Iceland - a palaeoclimatic record or evidence for early Holocene hybridisation?. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 117, pp. 139-152.
14. Caseldine, C., Geirsdóttir, Á. and Langdon, P. (2003) Efstadalsvatn - a multi-proxy study of a Holocene lacustrine sequence from NW Iceland. Journal of Paleolimnology, 30, pp. 55-73.
15. Castañeda, I. S., Smith, L. M., Kristjánsdóttir, G. B. and Andrews, J. T. (2004) Temporal changes in Holocene δ18O records from the northwest and central North Iceland Shelf. Journal of Quaternary Science, 19, pp. 321-334.
16. Church, M. J., Vésteinsson, O., Einarsson, Á. and McGovern, T. H. (2006)
17. Cranston, P. S. (1982) A key to the larvae of British Orthocladiinae (Diptera, Chironomidae). Scientific Publications of the Freshwater Biological Association, 45, pp. 1-152.
18. Cushing, E. J. (1964) Redeposited pollen in late-Wisconsin pollen spectra from east-central Minnesota. American Journal of Science, 262, pp. 1075-1088.
19. Cushing, E. J. (1967) Evidence for differential pollen preservation in Late Quaternary sediments in Minnesota. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 4, pp. 87-101.
20. Davy, A. J. and Gill, J. A. (1984) Variation due to environment and heredity in birch transplanted between heath and bog. New Phytologist, 97, pp. 489-506.
21. Dean, W. E. (1974) Determination of carbonate and organic matter in calcareous sediments and sedimentary rocks by loss on ignition: comparison with other methods. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 44, pp. 242-248.
22. Dugmore, A. J., Newton, A. J. and Larsen, G. (1995) Seven tephra isochrons in Scotland. The Holocene, 5, pp. 257-266.
23. Dugmore, A. J., Shore, J. S., Cook, G. T., Newton, A. J., Edwards, K. J. and Larsen, G. (1995) The radiocarbon dating of tephra layers in Britain and Iceland. Radiocarbon, 37, pp. 286-295.
24. Dugmore, A. J., Church, M. J., Mairs, K. A., Newton, A. J. and Sveinbjarnardöttir, G. (2006) An over-optimistic pioneer fringe? Environmental perspectives on medieval settlement abandonment in Pórsmörk, south Iceland. The Dynamics of Northern Societies, pp. 335-345. National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen
25. Edwards, K. J. (1993) Models of mid-Holocene forest farming in northwest Europe. Climate Change and Human Impact on the Landscape, pp. 133-145. Chapman and Hall, London
26. Edwards, K. J., Buckland, P. C., Blackford, J. J., Dugmore, A. J. and Sadler, J. P. (1994) The impact of tephra: Proximal and distal studies of Icelandic eruptions. Münchener Geographische Abhandlungen Reihe B, 12, pp. 79-100.
27. Edwards, K. J., Dugmore, A. J. and Blackford, J. J. (2004) Vegetational response to tephra deposition and land-use change in Iceland: A modern analogue and multiple working hypothesis approach to tephropalynology. Polar Record, 40, pp. 113-120.
28. Einarsson, P. (1961) p. 52.
29. Einarsson, Á. (1963) Pollen-analytical studies on vegetation and climate history of Iceland in late and post-glacial times. North Atlantic Biota and their History, pp. 355-365. Pergamon Press, Oxford
30. Einarsson, Á., Stefánsdóttir, G., Jóhannesson, H., Ólafsson, J. S., Gíslason, G. M., Wakana, I., Gudbergsson, G. and Gardarsson, A. (2004) The ecology of Lake Mývatn and the River Laxá: Variation in space and time. Aquatic Ecology, 38, pp. 317-348.
31. Einarsson, M. Á. (1979) Climatic conditions of the Lake Mývatn area. Oikos, 32, pp. 29-37.
32. Eiríksson, J., Knudsen, K. L., Haflidason, H. and Heinemeier, J. (2000) Chronology of late Holocene climatic events in the northern North Atlantic based on AMS 14C dates and tephra markers from the volcano Hekla, Iceland. Journal of Quaternary Science, 15, pp. 573-580.
33. Friòriksson, A., Vésteinsson, O. and McGovern, T. H. (2004) Recent investigations at Hofstaòir, northern Iceland. Atlantic Connections and Adaptations: Economies, Environments and Subsistence in Lands Bordering the North Atlantic, pp. 191-202. Oxbow Books, Oxford
34. Gonzalez, S., Jones, J. M. and Williams, D. L. (1999) Characterization of tephras using magnetic properties: An example from SE Iceland. Volcanoes in the Quaternary, pp. 125-145. Geological Society of London, London
35. Grimm, E. C. (1987) CONISS: A FORTRAN 77 program for stratigraphically constrained cluster analysis by the method of incremental sum of squares. Computers & Geosciences, 13, pp. 13-35.
36. Grönvold, K., Óskarsson, K., Johnsen, S. J., Clausen, H. B., Hammer, C. U., Bond, G. and Bard, E. (1995) Ash layers from Iceland in the Greenland GRIP ice core correlated with oceanic and land sediments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 135, pp. 149-155.
37. Gudmundsson, H. J. (1997) A review of the Holocene environmental history of Iceland. Quaternary Science Reviews, 16, pp. 81-92.
38. Gunnlaugsson, G. A., Gudbersson, G. M., Thorarinsson, S., Rafnsson, S. and Einarsson, Th. (1984) p. 442.
39. Hallsdóttir, M. (1987) p. 45.
40. Hallsdóttir, M. (1993) p. 27.
41. Hallsdóttir, M. (1995) On the pre-settlement history of Icelandic vegetation. Icelandic Agricultural Science, 9, pp. 17-29.
42. Hallsdóttir, M. (1996) Frjógreining. Frjókorn sem heimild um landnòmió. Um Landnám á Íslandi, pp. 123-134. Fjórtán erindi (Vísindafélag Íslendinga. Ráostefnurit V.), Reykjavík
43. Hallsdóttir, M. and Caseldine, C. J. (2005) The Holocene vegetation history of Iceland, state-of-the-art and future research. Iceland: Modern Processes and Past Environments, pp. 319-332. Elsevier, Amsterdam
44. Hannon, G. E., Bradshaw, R. H. W., Bradshaw, E. G., Snowball, I. and Wastegård, S. (2005) Climate change and human settlement as drivers of late-Holocene vegetational change in the Faroe Islands. The Holocene, 15, pp. 639-647.
45. Hannon, G. E., Wastegård, S., Bradshaw, E. G. and Bradshaw, R. H. W. (2001) Human impact and landscape degradation on the Faroe Islands. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 101, pp. 129-139.
46. Havinga, A. J. (1964) Investigation into the differential corrosion susceptibility of pollen and spores. Pollen and Spores, 6, pp. 621-635.
47. Havinga, A. J. (1967) Palynology and pollen preservation. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 2, pp. 81-98.
48. Heiri, O., Lotter, A. F. and Lemcke, G. (2001) Loss on ignition as a method for estimating organic and carbonate content in sediments: reproducibility and comparability of results. Journal of Paleolimnology, 25, pp. 101-110.
49. Heiri, O. and Lotter, A. F. (2001) Effect of low count sums on quantitative environmental reconstructions: An example using subfossil chironomids. Journal of Paleolimnology, 26, pp. 343-350.
50. Hicks, S. (2001) The use of annual arboreal pollen deposition values for delimiting tree-lines in the landscape and exploring models of pollen dispersal. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 117, pp. 1-29.
51. Hofmann, W. (1971) Zur Taxonomie und Palökologie subfossiler Chironomiden (Dipt.) in Seesedimenten. Ergebnisse der Limnologie, Archiv für Hydrobiologie Beiheft (Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie, Stuttgart), 6, pp. 1-50.
52. Hofmann, W. (1984) Stratigraphie subfossiler Cladocera (Crustaceae) und Chironomidae (Diptera) in zwei Sedimentprofilen des Meerfelder Maares. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 65, pp. 67-80.
53. Jacobson Jr, G. L. and Bradshaw, R. H. W. (1981) The selection of sites for paleovegetational studies. Quaternary Research, 16, pp. 80-96.
54. John, D. M., Whitton, B. A. and Brook, A. J. (2002) The Freshwater Algal Flora of the British Isles, p. 702. Cambridge University Press
55. Jónasson, P. M. (1979) The Lake Mývatn ecosystem, Iceland. Oikos, 32, pp. 289-305.
56. Karlsson, G. (2000) Iceland's 1100 Years: The History of a Marginal Society, p. 418. Mál og Menning, Reykjavík
57. Karst, T. L. and Smol, P. (2000) Paleolimnological evidence of limnetic nutrient concentration equilibrium in a shallow, macrophyte-dominated lake. Aquatic Sciences, 62, pp. 20-38.
58. Komárek, J. and Jankovská, V. (2001) Review of the Green Algal Genus Pediastrum: Implications for Pollen-Analytical Research, p. 127. Bibliotheca Phycologica Bd. 108, Berlin
59. Kristinsson, H. (1998) A Guide to the Flowering Plants and Ferns of Iceland, p. 312. Mál og Menning, Reykjavík
60. Lang, B., Bedford, A. P., Richardson, N. and Brooks, S. J. (2003) The use of ultra-sound in the preparation of carbonate and clay sediments for chironomid analysis. Journal of Paleolimnology, 30, pp. 451-460.
61. Larsen, G., Eiríksson, J., Knudsen, K. L. and Heinemeier, J. (2002) Correlation of late Holocene terrestrial and marine tephra markers, north Iceland: Implications for reservoir age changes. Polar Research, 21, pp. 283-290.
62. Lawson, I. T., Church, M. J., McGovern, T. H., Arge, S. V., Woollet, J., Edwards, K. J., Gathorne-Hardy, F. J., Dugmore, A. J., Cook, G., Buckland, P. C., Mairs, K. -A., Thomson, A. M. and Sveinbjarnardóttir, G. (2005) Historical ecology on Sandoy, Faroe Islands: Palaeoenvironmental and archaeological perspectives. Human Ecology, 33, pp. 651-684.
63. Lowe, J. J. (1982) Three Flandrian pollen profiles from the Teith Valley, Perthshire, Scotland. II. Analysis of deteriorated pollen. New Phytologist, 90, pp. 371-385.
64. Maher Jr., L. J. (1972) Nomograms for computing 0.95 confidence limits of pollen data. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 13, pp. 85-93.
65. Mäkelä, E. M. (1996) Size distinctions between Betula pollen types - a review. Grana, 35, pp. 248-256.
66. McGovern, T. H., Vésteinsson, O., Frioriksson, A., Church, M. J., Lawson, I. T., Simpson, I. A., Einarsson, Á., Dugmore, A. J., Cook, G., Perdikaris, S., Edwards, K. J., Newton, A. J. and Aldred, O. Settlement, sustainability, and environmental catastrophe in Northern Iceland. American Anthropologist, 107
67. Moore, P. D., Webb, J. A. and Collinson, M. E. (1991) Pollen Analysis, p. 216. Blackwell, Oxford
68. (1975) Munsell Soil Color Charts, p. 24. Munsell Color
69. Nielsen, H. and Sørensen, I. (1992) Taxonomy and stratigraphy of Late-Glacial Pediastrum taxa from Lysmosen, Denmark-a preliminary study. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 74, pp. 55-75.
70. Ólafsdóttir, R. (2001) University of Lund, p. 136. University of Lund
71. Pennington, W. (1980) Modern pollen samples from West Greenland and the interpretation of pollen data from the British Late Glacial (Late Devensian). New Phytologist, 84, pp. 171-201.
72. Punt, W. (1984) Umbelliferae. The Northwest European Pollen Flora IV, pp. 155-363. Elsevier, Amsterdam
73. Rieradevall, M. and Brooks, S. J. (2001) An identification guide to subfossil Tanypodinae larvae (Insecta: Diptera: Chironomidae) based on cephalic setation. Journal of Paleolimnnology, 25, pp. 81-99.
74. Rull, V. (1987) A note on pollen counting in palaeoecology. Pollen and Spores, 29, pp. 471-480.
75. Rymer, L. (1973) Modern pollen rain studies in Iceland. New Phytologist, 72, pp. 1367-1373.
76. Scheffer, M., Hosper, S. H., Meijer, M. L., Moss, B. and Jeppesen, E. (1993) Alternative equilibria in shallow lakes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 8, pp. 275-279.
77. Simpson, I. A., Guomundsson, G., Thomson, A. M. and Cluett, J. (2004) Assessing the role of winter grazing in historic land degradation, Mývatnssveit, northeast Iceland. Geoarchaeology, 19, pp. 471-502.
78. Simpson, I. A., Vésteinsson, O., Adderley, W. P. and McGovern, T. H. (2003) Fuel resource utilisation in landscapes of settlement. Journal of Archaeological Science, 30, pp. 1401-1420.
79. Smith, K. P. (1995) Landnám: The settlement of Iceland in archaeological and historical perspective. World Archaeology, 26, pp. 319-347.
80. Stace, C. A. (1997) New Flora of the British Isles, p. 1130. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
81. Stockmarr, J. (1971) Tablets with spores used in absolute pollen analysis. Pollen and Spores, 13, pp. 615-621.
82. Sugita, S. (1993) A model of pollen source area for an entire lake surface. Quaternary Research, 39, pp. 239-244.
83. Tauber, H. (1965) Differential pollen dispersion and the interpretation of pollen diagrams. Danmarks Geologiske Undersøgelse Raekke II, 89, pp. 1-69.
84. Thompson, R., Bradshaw, R. H. W. and Whitely, J. E. (1986) The distribution of ash in Icelandic lake sediments and the relative importance of mixing and erosion processes. Journal of Quaternary Science, 1, pp. 3-11.
85. Thórarinsson, S. (1944) Tefrokronologiska studier på Island, p. 217. Munksgaard, Copenhagen
86. Vésteinsson, O. and Simpson, I. A. (2004) Fuel utilisation in pre-industrial Iceland: A micromorphological and historical analysis. Current Issues in Nordic Archaeology. Proceedings of the 21st Conference of Nordic Archaeologists, 6-9 September 2001, Akureyri, Iceland, pp. 181-187. Society of Icelandic Archaeologists, Reykjavík
87. Wastl, M., Stotter, J. and Caseldine, C. J. (2001) Reconstruction of Holocene variations of the upper limit of tree or shrub birch growth in northern Iceland based on evidence from Vesturárdalur-Skoadalur, Tröllaskagi. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research, 33, pp. 191-203.
88. Wetzel, R. G. (2001) Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems, p. 1006. Academic Press, San Diego
89. Whittington, G., Buckland, P., Edwards, K. J., Greenwood, M., Hall, A. M. and Robinson, M. (2003) Multiproxy Devensian Late-glacial and Holocene environmental records at an Atlantic coastal site in Shetland. Journal of Quaternary Science, 18, pp. 151-168.
90. Wiederholm, Y. (1983) Chironomidae of the Holarctic region. Part 1, Larvae. Entomologica Scandinavica, p. 457.
91. Wilmshurst, J. M. and McGlone, M. S. (2005) Corroded pollen and spores as indicators of changing lake sediment sources and catchment disturbance. Journal of Paleolimnology, 34, pp. 503-517.