Basic life support ventilation in mountain rescue: Official recommendations of the international commission for mountain emergency medicine (ICAR MEDCOM)

High Altitude Medicine and Biology

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 147-154

  Paal, Peter ^a,b,c,g   Ellerton, John ^d,e   Sumann, Günther ^a,c   Demetz, Florian ^b,c,e   Mair, Peter ^a,c   Brugger, Hermann ^b,c,f  

^a INNSBRUCK MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Austria)

^b South Tyrolean Alpine Association   (Italy)

^c International Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine   (Austria)

^d Mountain Rescue Council England and Wales   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^f ICAR MEDCOM   (Italy)

^g UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL INNSBRUCK   (Austria)

Author keywords

Basic life support; Mountain rescue; Resuscitation; Training; Ventilation

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; BAG VALVE MASK VENTILATION; BASIC LIFE SUPPORT; DEVICE; EMERGENCY CARE; EQUIPMENT; FACE MASK; HUMAN; INFECTION; MOUTH; MOUTH TO FACE SHIELD; MOUTH TO MOUTH VENTILATION; MOUTH TO NOSE VENTILATION; NOSE; PATIENT SAFETY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESCUE PERSONNEL; RESUSCITATION; SKILL; STAFF TRAINING; STANDARD;

CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION; DISEASE TRANSMISSION, PATIENT-TO-PROFESSIONAL; EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES; EMERGENCY MEDICAL TECHNICIANS; EMERGENCY MEDICINE; EQUIPMENT SAFETY; HUMANS; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; MASKS; MOUNTAINEERING; OXYGEN; PRACTICE GUIDELINES; RESCUE WORK; RESEARCH DESIGN; RESPIRATION, ARTIFICIAL;

EID: 34347206395     PISSN: 15270297     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/ham.2007.1025     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Anonymous. (2005). Part 4: Adult basic life support. Circulation. 112:IV19-IV34.
2. Becker L.B., Berg R.A., Pepe P.E., Idris A.H., Aufderheide T.P., Barnes T.A., Stratton S.J., and Chandra N.C. (1997). A reappraisal of mouth-to-mouth ventilation during bystander-initiated cardiopulmonary resuscitation. A statement for healthcare professionals from the Ventilation Working Group of the Basic Life Support and Pediatric Life Support Subcommittees, American Heart Association. Circulation. 96:2102-2112.
3. Berg R.A. (2000). Role of mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing in bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation for asphyxial cardiac arrest. Crit. Care Med. 28:N193-N195.
4. Brugger H., and Durrer B. (2002). On-site treatment of avalanche victims. ICAR-MEDCOM-recommendation. High Alt. Med. Biol. 3:421-425.
5. Chamberlain D., Smith A., Woollard M., Colquhoun M., Handley A.J., Leaves S., and Kern K.B. (2002). Trials of teaching methods in basic life support (3): comparison of simulated CPR performance after first training and at 6 months, with a note on the value of re-training. Resuscitation. 53:179-187.
6. Christian M.D., Loutfy M., McDonald L.C., Martinez K.F., Ofner M., Wong T., Wallington T., Gold W.L., Mederski B., Green K., and Low D.E. (2004). Possible SARS coronavirus transmission during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10:287-293.
7. Cummins R.O., Austin D., Graves J.R., Litwin P.E., and Pierce J. (1986). Ventilation skills of emergency medical technicians: a teaching challenge for emergency medicine. Ann. Emerg. Med. 15:1187-1192.
8. Cydulka R.K., Connor P.J., Myers T.F., Pavza G., and Parker M. (1991). Prevention of oral bacterial flora transmission by using mouth-to-mask ventilation during CPR. J. Emerg. Med. 9:317-321.
9. Davidovic L., LaCovey D., and Pitetti R.D. (2005). Comparison of 1- versus 2-person bag-valve-mask techniques for manikin ventilation of infants and children. Ann. Emerg. Med. 46:37-42.
10. Dorges V., Wenzel V., Knacke P., and Gerlach K. (2003). Comparison of different airway management strategies to ventilate apneic, nonpreoxygenated patients. Crit. Care Med. 31:800-804.
11. Eich C., Brauer A., and Kettler D. (2005). Recovery of a hypothermic drowned child after resuscitation with cardiopulmonary bypass followed by prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Resuscitation. 67:145-148.
12. Eisenburger P., and Safar P. (1999). Life supporting first aid training of the public - review and recommendations. Resuscitation. 41:3-18.
13. Figura N. (1996). Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and Helicobacter pylori infection. Lancet. 347:1342.
14. Gallagher E.J., Lombardi G., and Gennis P. (1995). Effectiveness of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and survival following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA. 274:1922-1925.
15. Gilbert M., Busund R., Skagseth A., Nilsen P.A., and S. Solboj (2000). Resuscitation from accidental hypothermia of 13.7°C with circulatory arrest. Lancet. 355:375-376.
16. Harrison R.R., Maull K.I., Keenan R.L., and Boyan C.P. (1982). Mouth-to-mask ventilation: a superior method of rescue breathing. Ann. Emerg. Med. 11:74-76.
17. Hess D., and Baran C. (1985). Ventilatory volumes using mouth-to-mouth, mouth-to-mask, and bag-valve-mask techniques. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 3:292-296.
18. Hess D., Simmons M., Slikkers F., and Dickerson R. (1993). Resistance to flow through the valves of mouth-to-mask ventilation devices. Respir. Care. 38:183-188.
19. Idris A.H., Becker L.B., Fuerst R.S., Wenzel V., Rush W.J., Melker R.J., and Orban D.J. (1994). Effect of ventilation on resuscitation in an animal model of cardiac arrest. Circulation. 90:3063-3069.
20. Idris A.H., Wenzel V., Becker L.B., Banner M.J., and Orban D.J. (1995). Does hypoxia or hypercarbia independently affect resuscitation from cardiac arrest? Chest. 108:522-528.
21. Jesudian M.C., Harrison R.R., Keenan R.L., and Maull K.I. (1985). Bag-valve-mask ventilation; two rescuers are better than one: preliminary report. Crit. Care Med. 13:122-123.
22. Johannigman J.A., Branson R.D., Davis K., Jr.. and Hurst J.M. (1991). Techniques of emergency ventilation: a model to evaluate tidal volume, airway pressure, and gastric insufflation. J. Trauma. 31:93-98.
23. Kaye W., and Mancini M.E. (1986). Retention of cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills by physicians, registered nurses, and the general public. Crit. Care Med. 14:620-622.
24. Kaye W., and Mancini M.E. (1998). Teaching adult resuscitation in the United States - time for a rethink. Resuscitation. 37:177-187.
25. Kaye W., Rallis S.F., Mancini M.E., Linhares K.C., Angell M.L., Donovan D.S., Zajano N.C., and Finger J.A. (1991). The problem of poor retention of cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills may lie with the instructor, not the learner or the curriculum. Resuscitation. 21:67-87.
26. Kern K.B., Hilwig R.W., Berg R.A., and Ewy G.A. (1998). Efficacy of chest compression only - BLS CPR in the presence of an occluded airway. Resuscitation. 39:179-188.
27. Laerdal 2006. Personal communication. Laerdal Medical AS, Stavanger, Norway.
28. Lampotang S., Lizdas D.E., Gravenstein N., and Robicsek S. (2006). An audible indication of exhalation increases delivered tidal volume during bag valve mask ventilation of a patient simulator. Anesth. Analg. 102:168-171.
29. Lienhart H.G., John W., and Wenzel V. (2005). Cardiopulmonary resuscitation of a near-drowned child with a combination of epinephrine and vasopressin. Pediatr. Crit. Care Med. 6:486-488.
30. Locher T., and Walpoth B.H. (1996). [Differential diagnosis of circulatory failure in hypothermic avalanche victims: retrospective analysis of 32 avalanche accidents]. Schweiz Med. Wochenschrifft 85:1275-1282.
31. Locke C.J., Berg R.A., Sanders A.B., Davis M.F., Milander M.M., Kern K.B., and Ewy G.A. (1995). Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Concerns about mouth-to-mouth contact. Arch. Intern. Med. 155:938-943.
32. Mair P., Kornberger E., Furtwaengler W., Balogh D., and Antretter H. (1994). Prognostic markers in patients with severe accidental hypothermia and cardiocirculatory arrest. Resuscitation. 27:47-54.
33. Mejicano G.C., and Maki D.G. (1998). Infections acquired during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: estimating the risk and defining strategies for prevention. Ann. Intern. Med. 129:813-828.
34. Ornato J.P., Hallagan L.F., McMahan S.B., Peeples E.H., and Rostafinski A.G. (1990). Attitudes of BCLS instructors about mouth-to-mouth resuscitation during the AIDS epidemic. Ann. Emerg. Med. 19:151-156.
35. Paal P., Beikircher W., and Brugger H. (2006a). [Avalanche emergencies: Review of the current situation.]. Anaesthesist 55:314-324.
36. Paal P., Falk M., Sumann G., Demetz F., Beikircher W., Gruber E., Ellerton J., and Brugger H. (2006b). Comparison of mouth-to-mouth, mouth-to-mask and mouth-to-face-shield ventilation by lay persons. Resuscitation. 70:117-123.
37. Ruben H. (1964). The immediate treatment of respiratory failure. Br. J. Anaesth. 36:542-549.
38. Ruben H.M., Elam J.O., Ruben A.M., and Greene D.G. (1961). Investigation of upper airway problems in resuscitation. 1. Studies of pharyngeal x-rays and performance by laymen. Anesthes. 22:271-279.
39. Safar P., and Redding J. (1959). The "tight jaw" in resuscitation. Anesthes. 20:701-702.
40. Simmons M., Deao D., Moon L., Peters K., and Cavanaugh S. (1995). Bench evaluation: three face-shield CPR barrier devices. Respir. Care. 40:618-623.
41. Smith A., Colquhoun M., Woollard M., Handley A.J., Kern K.B., and Chamberlain D. (2004). Trials of teaching methods in basic life support (4): comparison of simulated CPR performance at unannounced home testing after conventional or staged training. Resuscitation. 61:41-47.
42. Thierbach A.R., Piepho T., Kunde M., Wolcke B.B., Golecki N., Kleine-Weischede B., and Werner C. (2005). Two-rescuer CPR results in hyperventilation in the ventilating rescuer. Resuscitation. 65:185-190.
43. Thierbach A.R., Wolcke B.B., Krummenauer F., Kunde M., Janig C., and Dick W.F. (2003). Artificial ventilation for basic life support leads to hyperventilation in first aid providers. Resuscitation. 57:269-277.
44. Thomas A.N., Hyatt J., Chen J.L., and Barker S J. (1992). The Laerdal pocket mask: effects of increasing supplementary oxygen flow. Anaesth. 47:967-971.
45. Tonkin S.L., Davis S.L., and Gunn T.R. (1995). Nasal route for infant resuscitation by mothers. Lancet. 345:1353-1354.
46. von Goedecke A., Wagner-Berger H.G., Stadlbauer K.H., Krismer A.C., Jakubaszko J., Bratschke C., Wenzel V., and Keller C. (2004). Effects of decreasing peak flow rate on stomach inflation during bag-valve-mask ventilation. Resuscitation. 63:131-136.
47. Wagner-Berger H.G., Wenzel V., Voelckel W.G., Rheinberger K., Stadlbauer K.H., Muller T., Augenstein S., von Goedecke A., Lindner K.H., and Keller C. (2003). A pilot study to evaluate the SMART BAG: a new pressure-responsive, gas-flow limiting bag-valve-mask device. Anesth. Analg. 97:1686-1689.
48. Walpoth B.H., Walpoth-Aslan B.N., Mattle H.P., Radanov B.P., Schroth G., Schaeffler L., Fischer A.P., von Segesser L., and Althaus U. (1997). Outcome of survivors of accidental deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest treated with extracorporeal blood warming. N. Engl. J. Med. 337:1500-1505.
49. Wayne M.A., Delbridge T.R., Ornato J.P., Swor R.A., and Blackwell T. (2001). Concepts and application of prehospital ventilation. Prehosp. Emerg. Care. 5:73-78.
50. Wenzel V., Idris A.H., Banner M.J., Fuerst R.S., and Tucker K.J. (1994). The composition of gas given by mouth-to-mouth ventilation during CPR. Chest. 106: 1806-1810.
51. Wenzel V., Lehmkuhl P., Kubilis P.S., Idris A.H., and Pichlmayr I. (1997a). Poor correlation of mouth-to-mouth ventilation skills after basic life support training and 6 months later. Resuscitation. 35:129-134.
52. Wenzel V., Lindner K.H., and Prengel A.W. (1997b). Beatmung wahrend der kardiopulmonalen Reanimation (CPR). Eine Literaturstudie und Analyse von Beatmungsstrategien. Anaesthesist. 46:133-141.
53. Wik L., Myklebust H., Auestad B.H., and Steen P.A. (2002). Retention of basic life support skills 6 months after training with an automated voice advisory manikin system without instructor involvement. Resuscitation. 52:273-279.
54. Wik L., Myklebust H., Auestad B.H., and Steen P.A. (2005). Twelve-month retention of CPR skills with automatic correcting verbal feedback. Resuscitation. 66:27-30.
55. Wik L., Steen P.A., and Bircher N.G. (1994). Quality of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation influences outcome after prehospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 28:195-203.
56. Wilson-Davis S.L., Tonkin S.L., and Gunn T.R. (1997). Air entry in infant resuscitation: oral or nasal routes? J. Appl. Physiol. 82:152-155.