Light regulation of stomatal movement

Annual Review of Plant Biology

Volumn 58, Issue , 2007, Pages 219-247

  Shimazaki, Ken Ichiro ^a   Doi, Michio ^a   Assmann, Sarah M ^b   Kinoshita, Toshinori ^a,c  

^a KYUSHU UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^b PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c JAPAN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGENCY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Blue light; Chloroplasts; Guard cells; Phototropin; Plasma membrane H + ATPase; Stomata

Indexed keywords

ABSCISIC ACID; POTASSIUM; PROTON PUMP; VEGETABLE PROTEIN;

BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CHLOROPLAST; CYTOLOGY; DRUG EFFECT; ION TRANSPORT; LIGHT; METABOLISM; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PHYSIOLOGY; PLANT; RADIATION EXPOSURE; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ABSCISIC ACID; CHLOROPLASTS; ION TRANSPORT; LIGHT; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTION CENTER COMPLEX PROTEINS; PLANT PROTEINS; PLANTS; POTASSIUM; PROTON PUMPS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 34250817440     PISSN: 15435008     EISSN: 15452123     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105434     Document Type: Review

References (202)

1. Aitken A. 2002. Functional specificity in 14-3-3 isoform interactions through dimer formation and phosphorylation: Chromosome location of mammalian isoforms and variants. Plant Mol. Biol. 50:993-1010
2. Allaway WG, Setterfield G. 1972. Ultrastructural observations on guard cells of Vicia faba and Allium porrum. Can. J. Bot. 50:1405-13
3. Allen GJ, Chu SP, Harrington CL, Schumacher K, Hoffman T, et al. 2001. A defined range of guard cell calcium oscillation parameters encodes stomatal movements. Nature 411:1053-57
4. Allen GJ, Chu SP, Schumacher K, Shimazaki CT, Vafeados D, et al. 2000. Alteration of stimulus-specific guard cell calcium oscillations and stomatal closing in Arabidopsis det3 mutant. Science 289:2338-42
5. Amodeo G, Srivastava A, Zeiger E. 1992. Vanadate inhibits blue light-stimulated swelling of Vicia guard cell protoplasts. Plant Physiol. 100:1567-70
6. Anderson JA, Huprikar SS, Kochian LV, Lucas WJ, Gaber RF. 1992. Functional expression of a probable Arabidopsis thaliana potassium channel in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:3736-40
7. 2, and low vapor pressure differences. Plant Physiol. 87:226-31
8. Assmann SM. 1993. Signal transduction in guard cells. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 9:345-75
9. Assmann SM, Grantz DA. 1990. Stomatal response to humidity in sugarcane and soybean: effect of vapor pressure difference on the kinetics of the blue light response. Plant Cell Environ. 13:163-69
10. Assmann SM, Lee DM, Markus P. 1992. Rapid stomatal response to red light in Zea mays. Photochem. Photobiol. 56:685-89
11. Assmann SM, Shimazaki K. 1999. The multisensory guard cell: Stomatal responses to blue light and abscisic acid. Plant Physiol. 119:809-15
12. Assmann SM, Simoncini L, Schroeder JI. 1985. Blue light activates electrogenic ion pumping in guard cell protoplasts of Vicia faba L. Nature 318:285-87
13. Assmann SM, Zeiger E. 1987. Guard cell bioenergetics. In Stomatal Function, ed. E Zeiger, G Farquhar, I Cowan, pp. 163-94. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press
14. 2+ fluxes in etiolated wild-type and phototropin-mutant Arabidopsis seedlings. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:2433-38
15. Bachmann M, Huber JL, Athwal GS, Wu K, Ferl RJ, Huber SC. 1996. 14-3-3 proteins associate with the regulatory phosphorylation site of spinach leaf nitrate reductase in an isoform-specific manner and reduce dephosphorylation of Ser-543 by endogenous protein phosphatases. FEBS Lett. 398:26-30
16. 2+. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:13554-59
17. Blatt MR. 2000. Cellular signaling and volume control in stomatal movements in plants. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 16:221-41
18. + and anion channels of Vicia faba L. guard cells. Planta 203:145-54
19. Briggs WR. 2005. Phototropin overview. In Light Sensing in Plants, ed. M Wada, K Shimazaki, M Iino, pp. 139-46. Tokyo: The Bot. Soc. Jpn./Springer-Verlag
20. Briggs WR, Beck CF, Cashmore AR, Christie JM, Hughes J, et al. 2001. The phototropin family of photoreceptors. Plant Cell 13:993-97
21. Briggs WR, Christie JM. 2002. Phototropins 1 and 2: versatile plant blue-light receptors. Trends Plant Sci. 7:204-10
22. 2 synthesis. Plant J. 45:113-22
23. 2 concentration on the steady-state fluorescence yield of single guard cell pairs in intact leaf discs of Tradescantia albifiora. Plant Physiol. 99:1238-44
24. Christie JM, Reymond P, Powell GK, Bernasconi P, Raibekas AA, et al. 1998. Arabidopsis NPH1: A flavoprotein with the properties of a photoreceptor for phototropism. Science 282:1698-701
25. Christie JM, Salomon M, Nozue K, Wada M, Briggs WR. 1999. LOV (light, oxygen, or voltage) domains of the blue light photoreceptor phototropin (nph1): Binding sites for the chromophore flavin mononucleotide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:8779-83
26. DeWitt ND, Sussman MR. 1995. Immunocytological localization of an epitopte-tagged plasma membrane proton pump (H+-ATPase) in phloem companion cells. Plant Cell 7:2053-67
27. Dittrich P, Raschke K. 1977. Uptake and metabolism of carbohydrates by epidermal tissue. Planta 134:83-90
28. Doi M, Shigenaga A, Emi T, Kinoshita T, Shimazaki K. 2004. A transgene encoding a blue-light receptor, phot1, restores blue-light responses in the Arabidopsis phot1 phot2 double mutant. J. Exp. Bot. 55:517-23
29. Eckert M, Kaldenhoff R. 2000. Light-induced stomatal movement of selected Arabidopsis thaliana mutants. J. Exp. Bot. 51:1435-42
30. Eisinger W, Bogomolni RA, Taiz L. 2003. Interaction between a blue-green reversible photoreceptor and separate UV-B receptor in stomatal guard cells. Am. J. Bot. 90:1560-66
31. Eisinger W, Swartz TE, Bogomolni RA, Taiz L. 2000. The UV action spectrum for stomatal opening in broad bean. Plant Physiol. 122:99-105
32. Emi T, Kinoshita T, Sakamoto K, Mineyuki Y, Shimazaki K. 2005. Isolation of a protein interacting with Vfphot1a in guard cells of Vicia faba. Plant Physiol. 138:1615-26
33. +-ATPase in response to blue light and fusicoccin in guard cells of broad bean. Plant Physiol. 125:1115-25
34. + current across the plasma membrane of guard cells from a grass: Zea mays. Planta 186:282-93
35. Fan LM, Zhao Z, Assmann SM. 2004. Guard cells: a dynamic signaling model. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 7:537-46
36. Ferl RJ. 1996. 14-3-3 proteins and signal transduction. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 47:49-73
37. Fischer RA. 1968. Stomatal opening: role of potassium uptake by guard cells. Science 160:784-85
38. Folta KM, Lieg EJ, Durham T, Spalding EP. 2003. Primary inhibition of hypocotyl growth and phototropism depend differentially on phototropin-mediated increases in cytoplasmic calcium induced by blue light. Plant Physiol. 133:1464-70
39. Frechilla S, Talbott LD, Bogomolni RA, Zeiger E. 2000. Reversal of blue light-stimulated stomatal opening by green light. Plant Cell Physiol. 41:171-76
40. Frechilla S, Zhu J, Talbott LD, Zeiger E. 1999. Stomata from npq1, a zeaxanthin-less Arabidopsis mutant, lack a specific response to blue light. Plant Cell Physiol. 40:949-54
41. Fridlyand LE, Backhausen JE, Scheibe R. 1998. Flux control of the malate valve in leaf cells. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 349:290-98
42. Fujino M. 1967. Role of ATP and ATPase in stomatal movements. Sci. Bull. Fac. Educ. Nagasaki Univ. 18:1-47
43. Gao XQ, Li CG, Wei PC, Zhang XY, Chen J, Wang XC. 2005. The dynamic changes of tonoplasts in guard cells are important for stomatal movement in Vicia faba. Plant Physiol. 139:1207-16
44. Gautier H, Vavasseur A, Gans P, Lascève G. 1991. Relationship between respiration and photosynthesis in guard cell and mesophyll cell protoplasts of Commelina communis L. Plant Physiol. 95:636-41
45. Gautier H, Vavasseur A, Lascève G, Boudet AM. 1992. Redox processes in the blue light response of guard cell protoplasts of Commelina communis L. Plant Physiol. 98:34-38
46. Gepstein S, Jacobs M, Taiz L. 1982. Inhibition of stomatal opening in Vicia faba epidermal tissue by vanadate and abscisic acid. Plant Sci. Lett. 28:63-72
47. +-channel activity in single guard cells. Plant J. 32:623-30
48. + pumping by abscisic acid in Vicia guard-cell protoplasts. Plant Physiol. 111:433-40
49. Gotow K, Tanaka K, Kondo N, Kobayashi K, Syono K. 1985. Light activation of NADP-malate dehydrogenase in guard cell protoplasts from Vicia faba L. Plant Physiol. 79:829-32
50. Gotow K, Taylor S, Zeiger E. 1988. Photosynthetic carbon fixation in guard cell protoplasts of Vicia faba L.: Evidence from radiolabel experiments. Plant Physiol. 86:700-5
51. Guo FQ, Young J, Crawford NM. 2003. The nitrate transporter AtNRT1.1 (CHL1) functions in stomatal opening and contributes to drought susceptibility in Arabidopsis Plant Cell 15:107-17
52. 2+ channels at the plasma membrane of stomatal guard cells are activated by hyperpolarization and abscisic acid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:4967-72
53. 2-triggered chloride release from guard cells in intact fava bean leaves. Kinetics of the onset of stomatal closure. Plant Physiol. 130:940-50
54. 2+ differently in Arabidopsis leaves. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:8583-88
55. +-ATPase genes expressed in guard cells of Vicia faba are also expressed throughout the plant. Plant Cell Physiol. 37:650-59
56. Hetherington AM. 2001. Guard cell signaling. Cell 107:711-14
57. Holmes MG, Klein WH. 1985. Evidence for phytochrome involvement in light-mediated stomatal movements in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Planta 166:348-53
58. +-ATPase whose expression is restricted to anther tissue. Plant J. 5:311-17
59. + uptake and stomatal opening. Plant Physiol. 51:82-88
60. Huala E, Oeller PW, Liscum E, Han IS, Larsen E, Briggs WR. 1997. Arabidopsis NPH1: a protein kinase with a putative redox-sensing domain. Science 278:2120-23
61. Huang K, Beck CF. 2003. Phototropin is the blue-light receptor that controls multiple steps in the sexual life cylce of the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:6269-74
62. Huber ST, MacKintosh C, Kaiser WM. 2002. Metabolic enzymes as targets for 14-3-3 proteins. Plant Mol. Biol. 50:1053-63
63. Iino M, Ogawa T, Zeiger E. 1985. Kinetic properties of the blue-light response of stomata. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:8019-23
64. Imamura S. 1943. Untersuchungen über den mechanismus der turgorschwankung der spaltöffnungsschliesszellen. Jpn. J. Bot. 12:251-346
65. Inada S, Ohgishi M, Mayama T, Okada K, Sakai T. 2004. RPT2 is a signal transducer involved in phototropic response and stomatal opening by association with phototropin 1 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell 16:887-96
66. Inoue S, Kinoshita T, Shimazaki K. 2005. Possible involvement of phototropins in leaf movement of kidney bean in response to blue light. Plant Physiol. 138:1994-2004
67. Jarillo JA, Ahmad M, Cashmore AR. 1998. NPL1: A second member of the NPH1 serine/threonine protein kinase family of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 117:719
68. Jarillo JA, Gabrys H, Capel J, Alonso JM, Ecker JR, Cashmore AR. 2001. Phototropin-related NPL1 controls chloroplast relocation induced by blue light. Nature 410:952-54
69. Kagawa T, Sakai T, Suetsugu N, Oikawa K, Ishiguro S, et al. 2001. Arabidopsis NPL1: A phototropin homolog controlling the chloroplast high-light avoidance response. Science 291:2138-41
70. Karlsson PE. 1986. Blue light regulation of stomata in wheat seedlings. I. Influence of red background illumination and initial conductance level. Physiol. Plant. 66:202-6
71. Karlsson PE. 1986. Blue light regulation of stomata in wheat seedlings. II. Action spectrum and search for action dichroism. Physiol. Plant. 66:207-10
72. Kinoshita T, Doi M, Suetsugu N, Kagawa T, Wada M, Shimazaki K. 2001. phot1 and phot2 mediate blue light regulation of stomatal opening. Nature 414:656-60
73. Kinoshita T, Emi T, Tominaga M, Sakamoto K, Shigenaga A, et al. 2003. Blue-light-and phosphorylation-dependent binding of a 14-3-3 protein to phototropins in stomatal guard cells of broad bean. Plant Physiol. 133:1453-63
74. +-ATPase in guard cells of fava bean. Plant Cell 7:1333-42
75. Kinoshita T, Shimazaki K. 1997. Involvement of calyculin A- and okadaic acid-sensitive protein phosphatase in the blue light response of stomatal guard cells. Plant Cell Physiol. 38:1281-85
76. +-ATPase by phosphorylation of the C-terminus in stomatal guard cells. EMBO J. 18:5548-58
77. +-ATPase in response to fusicoccin. Plant Cell Physiol. 42:424-32
78. +-ATPase by blue light. Plant Cell Physiol. 43:1359-65
79. Kirschbaum MUF, Pearcy RW. 1988. Gas exchange analysis of the relative importance of stomatal and biochemical factors in photosynthetic induction in Alocasia macrorrhiza. Plant Physiol. 86:782-85
80. Kopka J, Provart NJ, Müller-Röber B. 1997. Potato guard cells respond to drying soil by a complex change in the expression of genes related to carbon metabolism and turgor regulation. Plant J. 11:871-82
81. Kwak JM, Mori IC, Pei ZM, Leonhardt N, Torres MA, et al. 2003. NADPH oxidase AtrbohD and AtrbohF genes function in ROS-dependent ABA signaling in Arabidopsis. EMBO J. 22:2623-33
82. + currents and light-induced stomatal opening in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 127:473-85
83. Lahav M, Abu-Abied M, Belausov E, Schwartz A, Sadot E. 2004. Microtubules of guard cells are light sensitive. Plant Cell Physiol. 45:573-82
84. + uptake during stomatal opening and bud development. Plant J. 37:828-38
85. Lariguet P, Schepens I, Hodgson D, Pedmale UV, Trevisan M, et al. 2006. PHYTOCHROME KINASE SUBSTRATE1 is a photoropin1 binding protein required for phototropism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:10134-39
86. 2. Physiol. Plant. 88:453-59
87. Lascève G, Leymarie J, Olney MA, Liscum E, Christie JM, et al. 1999. Arabidopsis contains at least four independent blue-light-activated signal transduction pathways. Plant Physiol. 120:605-14
88. Lascève G, Leymarie J, Vavasseur A. 1997. Alterations in light-induced stomatal opening in a starch-deficient mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana L. deficient in chloroplast phosphoglucomutase activity. Plant Cell Environ. 20:350-58
89. Lee DM, Assmann SM. 1992. Stomatal responses to light in the facultative Crassulacean acid metabolism species, Portulacaria afra. Physiol. Plant. 85:35-42
90. +-ATPase from beet root is inhibited by a calcium-dependent phosphorylation. Planta 204:352-59
91. Lu P, Outlaw WHJ, Smith BG, Freed GA. 1997. A new mechanism for the regulation of stomatal aperture size in intact leaves (accumulation of mesophyll-derived sucrose in the guard-cell wall of Vicia faba). Plant Physiol. 114:109-18
92. Mao J, Zhang YC, Sang Y, Li QH, Yang HQ. 2005. A role for Arabidopsis cryptochromes and COP1 in the regulation of stomatal opening. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:12270-75
93. Mawson BT. 1993. Modulation of photosynthesis and respiration in guard and mesophyll cell protoplasts by oxygen concentration. Plant Cell Environ. 16:207-14
94. Mawson BT, Zeiger E. 1991. Blue light-modulation of chlorophyll a fluorescence transients in guard cell chloroplasts. Plant Physiol. 96:753-60
95. 2+ signaling systems. Trends Plant Sci. 3:32-36
96. McAinsh MR, Webb AAR, Taylor JE, Hetherington AM. 1995. Stimulus-induced oscillation in guard cell cytosolic free calcium. Plant Cell 7:1207-19
97. Meinhard M, Schnabl H. 2001. Fusicoccin- and light-induced activation and in vivo phosphorylation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in Vicia guard cell protoplasts. Plant Sci. 160:635-46
98. Melis A, Zeiger E. 1982. Chlorophyll a fluorescence transients in mesophyll and guard cells. Plant Physiol. 69:642-47
99. 2. Plant Physiol. 140:771-78
100. Meyer S, Lauterbach C, Niedermeier M, Barth I, Sjolund RD, Sauer N. 2004. Wounding enhances expression of ATSUC3, a sucrose transporter from Arabidopsis sieve elements and sink tissues. Plant Physiol. 134:684-93
101. Morrison D. 1994. 14-3-3: Modulators of signaling proteins. Science 266:56-57
102. Motchoulski A, Liscum E. 1999. Arabidopsis NPH3: A NPH1 photoreceptor-interacting protein essential for phototropism. Science 286:961-64
103. 2 concentrations other than intercellular? Plant Physiol. 86:200-3
104. + channel expressed in potato guard cells. EMBO J. 14:2409-16
105. Muslin AJ, Tanner JM, Allen PM, Shaw AS. 1996. Interaction of 14-3-3 protein with signaling proteins is mediated by the recognition of phosphoserine. Cell 84:889-97
106. +-ATPase from guard cells of Vicia faba L. Plant Cell Physiol. 36:919-24
107. Nakamura RL, McKendree WL, Hirsch RE, Sedbrook JC, Gaber RF, Sussman MR. 1995. Expression of an Arabidopsis potassium channel gene in guard-cells. Plant Physiol. 109:371-74
108. Niyogi KK, Grossman AR, Bjorkman O. 1998. Arabidopsis mutants define a central role for the xanthophyll cycle in the regulation of photosynthetic energy conversion. Plant Cell 10:1121-34
109. Ogawa T. 1981. Blue light response of stomata with starch-containing (Vicia faba) and starch-deficient (Allium cepa) guard cells under background illumination with red light. Plant Sci. Lett. 22:103-8
110. Ogawa T, Ishikawa H, Shimada K, Shibata K. 1978. Synergistic action of red and blue light and action spectra for malate formation in guard cells of Vicia faba L. Planta 142:61-65
111. Ohgishi M, Saji K, Okada K, Sakai T. 2004. Functional analysis of each blue light receptor, cry1, cry2, phot1, and phot2, by using combinational multiple mutants in Arabidopsis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:2223-28
112. 2 concentrations in Vicia spp. N. Phytol. 153:497-508
113. Onodera A, Kong SG, Doi M, Shimazaki K, Christie J, et al. 2005. Phototropin from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is functional in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Physiol. 46:367-74
114. Outlaw WHJ, Manchester J. 1979. Guard cell starch concentration quantitatively related to the stomatal aperture. Plant Physiol. 64:79-82
115. Outlaw WHJ, Manchester J, DiCamelli CA, Randall DD, Rapp B, Veith GM. 1979. Photosynthetic carbon reduction pathway is absent in chloroplasts of Vicia faba guard cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:6371-75
116. Overlach S, Diekmann W, Raschke K. 1993. Phosphate translocator of isolated guard-cell chloroplasts from Pisum sativum L. transports glucose-6-phosphate. Plant Physiol. 101:1201-7
117. Palevitz BA, O'Kane DJ, Korbes RE, Raikhel NV. 1981. The vacuole system in stomatal cells of Allium. Vacuole movements and changes in morphology in differentiating cells as revealed by epifluorescence, video and electron microscopy. Protoplasma 109:23-35
118. Palmer JM, Short TM, Briggs WR. 1993. Correlation of blue light-induced phosphorylation to phototropism in Zea may L. Plant Physiol. 102:1219-25
119. +-ATPase: power houses for nutrient uptake. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 52:817-45
120. Parvathi K, Raghavendra AS. 1995. Bioenergetic processes in guard cells related to stomatal function. Physiol. Plant. 93:146-54
121. Pei ZM, Murata Y, Benning G, Thomine S, Klusener B, et al. 2000. Calcium channels activated by hydrogen peroxide mediate abscisic acid signaling in guard cells. Nature 406:731-34
122. Pei ZM, Ward JM, Harper JF, Schroeder JI. 1996. A novel chloride channel in Vicia faba guard cell vacuoles activated by the serine/threonine kinase, CDPK. EMBO J. 15:6564-74
123. +-channel genes expressed in seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 37:815-27
124. Poffenroth M, Green DB, Tallman G. 1992. Sugar concentrations in guard cells of Vicia faba illuminated with red or blue light: analysis by high performance liquid chromatography. Plant Physiol. 98:1460-71
125. Raghavendra AS. 1990. Blue light effects on stomata are mediated by the guard cell plasma membrane redox system distinct from the proton translocating ATPase. Plant Cell Environ. 13:105-10
126. Raschke K, Humble GD. 1973. No uptake of anions required by opening stomata of Vicia faba: guard cells release hydrogen ions. Planta 115:47-57
127. Reckmann U, Sheibe R, Raschke K. 1990. Rubisco activity in guard cells compared with the solute requirement for stomatal opening. Plant Physiol. 92:246-53
128. Reddy AR, Das VSR. 1986. Stomatal movements and sucrose uptake by guard cell protoplasts of Commelina benghalensis L. Plant Cell Physiol. 27:1565-70
129. Ritte G, Raschke K. 2003. Metabolite export of isolated guard cell chloroplasts of Vicia faba. N. Phytol. 159:195-202
130. Ritte G, Rosenfeld J, Rohrig K, Raschke K. 1999. Rates of sugar uptake by guard cell protoplasts of Pisum sativum L. related to the solute requirement for stomatal opening. Plant Physiol. 121:647-56
131. 2 provides an intermediate link in the red light response of guard cells. Plant J. 32:65-75
132. Roelfsema MRG, Hedrich R. 2005. In the light of stomatal opening: New insights into 'the Watergate'. N. Phytol. 167:665-91
133. 2, and abscisic acid. Plant Cell Environ. 29:1595-605
134. Roelfsema MRG, Staal M, Prins ABA. 1998. Blue light-induced apoplastic acidification of Arabidopsis thaliana guard cells: Inhibition by ABA is mediated through protein phosphatases. Physiol. Plant. 103:466-74
135. Roelfsema MRG, Steinmeyer R, Staal M, Hedrich R. 2001. Single guard cell recordings in intact plants: light-induced hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane. Plant J. 26:1-13
136. Roth-Bejerano N, Itai C. 1987. Phytochrome involvement in stomatal movement in Pisum sativum, Vicia faba, and Pelargonium, sp. Physiol. Plant. 70:85-89
137. Sakamoto K, Briggs WR. 2002. Cellular and subcellular localization of phototropin 1. Plant Cell 14:1723-35
138. Salomon M, Christie JM, Knieb E, Lempert U, Briggs WR. 2000. Photochemical and mutational analysis of the FMN-binding domains of the plant blue light receptor, phototropin. Biochemistry 39:9401-10
139. Salomon M, Knieb E, von Zeppelin T, Rudiger W. 2003. Mapping of low- and high-fluence autophosphorylation sites in phototropin 1. Biochemistry 42:4217-25
140. Sanders D, Pelloux J, Brownlee C, Harper JF. 2002. Calcium at the crossroads of signaling. Plant Cell 14:S401-17
141. Schachtman DP, Schroeder JI, Lucas WJ, Anderson JA, Gaber RF. 1992. Expression of an inward-rectifying potassium channel by the Arabidopsis KAT1 cDNA. Science 258:1654-58
142. Scheibe R, Reckmann U, Hedrich R, Raschke K. 1990. Malate dehydrogenase in guard cells of Pisum sativum. Plant Physiol. 93:1358-64
143. + channels in the plasma membrane of Vicia faba guard cells. J. Gen. Physiol. 92:667-83
144. Schroeder JI, Allen GJ, Hugouvieux V, Kwak JM, Waner D. 2001. Guard cell signal transduction. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 52:627-58
145. Schroeder JI, Hagiwara S. 1989. Cytosolic calcium regulates ion channels in the plasma membrane of Vicia faba guard cells. Nature 338:427-30
146. + channels in guardcell protoplasts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:4108-12
147. Schwartz A. 1985. Role of calcium and EGTA on stomatal movements in Commelina communis. Plant Physiol. 79:1003-5
148. Schwartz A, Zeiger E. 1984. Metabolic energy for stomatal opening: Roles of photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. Planta 161:129-36
149. Sentenac H, Bonneaud N, Minet M, Lacroute F, Salmon JM, et al. 1992. Cloning and expression in yeast of a plant potassium-ion transport-system. Science 256:663-65
150. Serrano EE, Zeiger E, Hagiwara S. 1988. Red light stimulates an electrogenic proton pump in Vicia guard cell protoplasts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:436-40
151. Sharkey TD, Ogawa T. 1987. Stomatal responses to light. In Stomatal Function, ed. E Zeiger, G Farquhar, I Cowan, pp. 195-208. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press
152. Sharkey TD, Raschke K. 1981. Separation and measurement of direct and indirect effects of light on stomata. Plant Physiol. 68:33-40
153. 2 evolution rate in Vicia guard cell protoplasts. Plant Physiol. 91:459-63
154. 2+ in blue light-dependent proton pumping in guard cell protoplasts from Vicia faba. Physiol. Plant. 105:554-61
155. Shimazaki K, Gotow K, Kondo N. 1982. Photosynthetic properties of guard cell protoplasts from Vicia faba L. Plant Cell Physiol. 23:871-79
156. Shimazaki K, Gotow K, Sakaki T, Kondo N. 1983. High respiratory activity of guard cell protoplasts from Vicia faba L. Plant Cell Physiol. 23:871-79
157. Shimazaki K, Iino M, Zeiger E. 1986. Blue light-dependent proton extrusion by guard-cell protoplasts of Vicia faba. Nature 319:324-26
158. + pumping by guard cell protoplasts from Vicia faba L. Plant Physiol. 99:1416-21
159. Shimazaki K, Terada J, Tanaka K, Kondo N. 1989. Calvin-Benson cycle enzymes in guard-cell protoplasts from Vicia faba L. Plant Physiol. 90:1057-64
160. Shimazaki K, Tominaga M, Shigenaga A. 1997. Inhibition of the stomatal blue light response by verapamil at high concentration. Plant Cell Physiol. 38:747-50
161. Shimazaki K, Zeiger E. 1985. Cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation in isolated guard cell chloroplasts from Vicia faba L. Plant Physiol. 78:211-14
162. Shope JC, DeWald DB, Mott KA. 2003. Changes in surface area of intact guard cells are correlated with membrane internalization. Plant Physiol. 133:1314-21
163. Short TW, Briggs WR. 1994. The transduction of blue light signals in higher plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 45:143-71
164. Smith AM, Zeeman SC, Smith SM. 2005. Strach degradation. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 56:73-98
165. +-ATPase. Plant Physiol. 136:2475-82
166. Stadtler R, Büttner M, Ache P, Hedrich R, Ivashikina N, et al. 2003. Diurnal and light-regulated expression of AtSTP1 in guard cells of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 133:528-37
167. Stoelzle S, Kagawa T, Wada M, Hedrich R, Dietrich P. 2003. Blue light activates calcium-permeable channels in Arabidopsis mesophyll cells via the phototropin signaling pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:1456-61
168. Sussman MR. 1994. Molecular analysis of proteins in the plant plasma membrane. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 44:253-61
169. +-ATPase creates a binding site for the regulatory 14-3-3 protein. Plant Cell 11:2379-91
170. Szyroki A, Ivashikina N, Dietrich P, Roelfsema MRG, Ache P, et al. 2001. KAT1 is not essential for stomatal opening. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:2917-21
171. Takemiya A, Inoue S, Doi M, Kinoshita T, Shimazaki K. 2005. Phototropins promote plant growth in response to blue light in low light environment. Plant Cell 17:1120-27
172. Takemiya A, Kinoshita T, Asanuma M, Shimazaki K. 2006. Protein phosphatase 1 positively regulates stomatal opening in response to blue light in Vicia faba. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:13549-54
173. Talbott LD, Hammad JW, Harn LC, Nguyen VH, Patel J, Zeiger E. 2006. Reversal by green light of blue light-stimulated stomatal opening in intact, attached leaves of Arabidopsis operates only in the potassium-dependent, morning phase of movement. Plant Cell Physiol. 47:332-39
174. Talbott LD, Zeiger E. 1998. The role of sucrose in guard cell osmoregulation. J. Exp. Bot. 49:329-37
175. Talbott LD, Zhu JX, Han SW, Zeiger E. 2002. Phytochrome and blue light-mediated stomatal opening in the orchid, Paphiopedilum. Plant Cell Physiol. 43:639-46
176. Tallman G, Zeiger E. 1988. Light quality and osmoregulation in Vicia guard cells. Evidence for involvement of three metabolic pathways. Plant Physiol. 88:887-95
177. Taylor AR, Assmann SM. 2001. Apparent absence of a redox requirement for blue light activation of pump current in broad bean guard cells. Plant Physiol. 125:329-38
178. Tlalka M, Fricker M. 1999. The role of calcium in blue-light-dependent chloroplast movement in Lemna trisulca L. Plant J. 20:461-73
179. + pumping in the plasma membrane and stomatal opening. Plant Cell Physiol. 42:795-802
180. +-ATPase activation in guard-cell protoplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana in response to blue light. Plant Cell Physiol. 46:955-63
181. Vani T, Raghavendra AS. 1989. Tetrazolium reduction by guard cells inabaxial epidermis of Vicia faba. Blue light stimulation of a plasmalemma redox system. Plant Physiol. 90:59-62
182. Vani T, Raghavendra AS. 1994. High mitochondrial activity but incomplete engagement of the cyanide-resistant alternative pathway in guard cell protoplasts of pea. Plant Physiol. 105:1263-68
183. 2 sensing. N. Phytol. 165:665-82
184. + channel in Xenopus oocytes: analysis of macroscopic currents. Plant J. 7:321-32
185. +-ATPase in the root endodermis. Plant J. 27:191-201
186. Ward JM, Pei ZM, Schroeder JI. 1995. Roles of ion channels in initiation of signal transduction in higher plants. Plant Cell 7:833-44
187. Webb AAR, McAinsh MR, Mansfield TA, Hetherington AM. 1996. Carbon dioxide
188. Wille AC, Lucas WJ. 1984. Ultrastructural and histochemical studies on guard cells. Planta 160:129-42
189. Willmer CM, Fricker MD. 1996. Stomata. London, UK: Chapman & Hall. 375 pp. 2nd ed.
190. + channel activation in Vicia guard cells? Plant Physiol. 107:101-9
191. Yamashita T. 1952. Influences of potassium supply upon various properties and movement of guard cell. Sielboldia Acta Biol. 1:51-70
192. 2 insensitivity of the gca2 mutant. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:7506-11
193. Zeiger E. 1983. The biology of stomatal guard cells. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 34:441-75
194. Zeiger E. 1984. Blue light and stomatal function. In Blue Light Effects in Biological Systems, ed. H Senger, pp. 484-94. New York/Tokyo: Springer-Verlag
195. Zeiger E, Armond P, Melis A. 1981. Fluorescence properties of guard cell chloroplasts. Plant Physiol. 67:17-20
196. Zeiger E, Assmann SM, Meidner H. 1983. The photobiology of Paphiopedilum stomata-opening under blue but not red-light. Photochem. Photobiol. 38:627-30
197. Zeiger E, Hepler PK. 1977. Light and stomatal function: Blue light stimulates swelling of guard cell protoplasts. Science 196:887-89
198. Zeiger E, Talbott LD, Frechilla S, Srivastava A, Zhu J. 2002. The guard cell chloroplast: a perspective for the twenty-first century. N. Phytol. 153:415-24
199. 2 interactions in guard cells. J. Exp. Bot. 49:433-42
200. Zemel E, Gepstein S. 1985. Immunological evidence for the presence of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase in guard cell chloroplasts. Plant Physiol. 78:586-90
201. + channels inhibited by hydrogen peroxide mediate abscisic acid signaling in guard cells. Cell Res. 11:195-202
202. +-ATPase in guard cell protoplasts. Plant Physiol. 136:4150-58