The use of rhetoric and the mass media in Russia's war on terror

Demokratizatsiya

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 579-600

  Simons, Greg ^a  

^a Department of Eurasian Studies ^*  (Sweden)

Author keywords

Mass media; Putin; Rhetoric; Terrorism; War on terrorism

Indexed keywords

MEDIA ROLE; TERRORISM; WAR;

EURASIA; RUSSIAN FEDERATION;

EID: 34250807121     PISSN: 10746846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3200/DEMO.14.4.579-600     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Aristotle (translation, introduction, and notes by H. C. Lawson-Tancred), Aristotle: The Art of Rhetoric (London: Penguin Books, 2004), 74-75.
2. Jostein Gripsrud, Understanding Media Culture (London: Arnold, 2002), 154.
3. Ibid., 156.
4. Ibid., 163-65.
5. Barry Buzan, Ole Waever, and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1998), 88.
6. Bernard Dagenais and Mark Raboy, eds., Media, Crisis and Democracy: Mass Communication and the Disruption of Social Order (London: Sage, 1992), 5.
7. Ibid., 37-38.
8. Ibid., 94.
9. Michael Parenti, Inventing Reality: The Politics of News Media, 2nd ed. (New York: St. Martins, 1993), 40.
10. Dagenais and Raboy, 123.
11. Barry Axford and Richard Huggins, eds., New Media and Politics (London: Sage, 2001), 81.
12. Rossiskaya Gazeta, "FSB Head Patrushev Interviewed on Fight against Terrorism," November 24, 2005;
13. Johnson's Russia List (JRL) #9305, November 27, 2005.
14. Interfax, "Putin Recognises Role of Media in Fighting Terrorism and Extremism," December 8, 2005.
15. Interfax, "Anti-Terror Measures Need Broad Public Support - Russian Official," September 13, 2004.
16. See also "The Effectiveness of the War on Terror Will Depend on How Effectively All Society's Resources Are Organised," http://president.kremlin.ru, September 13, 2004.
17. RIA Novosti, "Five Years after Explosion of Residential Block in Kashirskoye Shosse," September 13, 2004.
18. Interfax, "13 Terror Attacks with 354 Dead Committed in Moscow in 5 Years - Pronin," October 26, 2005.
19. Mosnews, "Unprecedented and Useless," July 8, 2005.
20. RIA Novosti, "Bomb Blasts Claim 179 Lives all over Russia This Year," December 21, 2004.
21. Interfax, "Putin Favours Unified Definition of Terrorism," September 16, 2004.
22. TAR-TASS, "Putin Wants Bandits to Be Called Bandits," February 21, 2005. Jamaat - what is considered to be a duty to Muslims, refers to spreading the message (faith) and bringing a spiritual awakening to the Muslim community.
23. Olga Lipich, "Chief Rabbi Calls Terrorists Zombies and Sick People," RIA Novosti, July 25, 2005.
24. Interfax, "Mironov Calls for International Definition of Terrorism," October 20, 2004.
25. RIA Novosti, "Russian Foreign Ministry: New-Generation Terrorism Has Put Itself on the World Map," September 11, 2004.
26. Also, see Interfax, "Russia Rejects 'Double Standards' in Dealing with Terrorism," September 11, 2004.
27. Arseny Oganesyan, "New Generation Terror," RIA Novosti, August 15, 2005.
28. RIA Novosti, "Terrorism Needs Clear Definition, Says FSB Chief," April 15, 2005.
29. Marion Just, Montague Kern, and Pippa Norris, eds., Framing Terrorism: The News Media, the Government, and the Public (London: Routledge, 2003), 6.
30. George Gerbner, "Violence and Terror in and by the Media," in Media, Crisis and Democracy: Mass Communication and the Disruption of Social Order, ed. Bernard Dagenais and Marc Raboy, 94-107 (London: Sage, 1992).
31. See Noam Chomsky and Edward S. Herman, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (New York: Pantheon, 1988).
32. Mosnews, "No Talks with Chechens after Beslan - Putin," September 16, 2004.
33. RBC News, "Putin: Some People Are Unfit for Talks," September 16, 2004.
34. RIA Novosti, "Latest Terrorist Attacks in Russia Were Perpetrated by Mercenaries - Sergei Ivanov," September 12, 2004.
35. RIA Novosti, "Without Support of West and East Russia Will Never Suppress Hotbeds of Chechen Terrorism," September 10, 2004.
36. Interfax, "West's Reluctance to Expel Chechen Emissaries Shows Lack of Cooperation - Zyuganov," September 14, 2004.
37. I use the term self-exiled here for the reason that Berezovsky fled Russia before the inevitable arrest warrant was issued, unlike Vladimir Gusinsky who stayed in Russia and was interviewed and arrested. Of course, Boris Berezovsky cannot return to Russia for the foreseeable future as he would most certainly be imprisoned.
38. Mosnews, "Russia Criticises UK for Sheltering Berezovsky, Zakayev," September 17, 2004.
39. Interfax, "Zakayev's Comments in British Media Anger Russia," October 14, 2005.
40. ITAR-TASS, "Moscow to Make Statement to London Zakayev Interview," October 16, 2005.
41. Mosnews, "Russia Angered by Zakayev Statement on Nalchik Crisis, Urges London to Act," October 17, 2005.
42. Interfax, "Duma Seeks Solidarity in Anti-terror Fight," September 9, 2005.
43. Also, see RIA Novosti, "Update: State Duma Calls on Anti-terrorism Coalition to Coordinate Efforts," September 9, 2005.
44. RIA Novosti, "Update: State Duma Calls on Anti-terrorism Coalition to Coordinate Efforts," September 9, 2005.
45. RIA Novosti, "Russian MP Calls for International Unity Against Terrorism on 9/11 Anniversary," September 11, 2005.
46. Also, see ITAR-TASS, "World Community Should Put Up Roadblock to International Terrorism - Speaker," September 11, 2005.
47. RBC News, "Fighting Terrorism Needs United Actions of Executive Authorities," September 13, 2004.
48. Viktor Litovkin, "Moscow Carnegie Centre Discusses Terrorism," RIA Novosti, September 16, 2004.
49. RIA Novosti, "Putin: Fight Against Terrorism Is Fight for National Unity," September 29, 2004.
50. ITAR-TASS, "US Delegation to Discuss Anti-terror Cooperation in Moscow," November 24, 2005.
51. RIA Novosti, "International Terrorism Calls for International Approach, CoE Secretary General," September 15, 2004.
52. RIA Novosti, "Russia Signs European Convention on Terrorism," November 17, 2005.
53. ITAR-TASS, "Real Action Needed in Fighting Terrorism - Lavrov," October 10, 2005.
54. RIA Novosti, "Putin Calls on International Community to Toughen Its Fight Against Terrorism," September 15, 2005.
55. ITAR-TASS, "Terrorism - Global Threat Requiring Joint Efforts of World Community," October 23, 2005.
56. Interfax, "Indulgence of Terrorism Deserves a General Disapproval - Putin," September 14, 2005.
57. RIA Novosti, "Terrorism Cannot Be Eradicated by Any One Country," September 15, 2004.
58. Interfax, "No Double Standards in Fighting Terrorism, Russia's Putin Says in Auschwitz," January 27, 2005. JRL #9039, January 28, 2005.
59. Interfax, "Lessons of WWII Must Unite Nations in Fighting New Threats - Putin," April 20, 2005.
60. Interfax, "Putin Calls for World Unity to Fight 'Violence and Evil,"' May 3, 2005.
61. RIA Novosti, "Nazism and International Terrorism Threaten Human Values: Putin"' May 7, 2005.
62. Interfax, "World Should Unite in Fighting New Challenges - Putin," May 7, 2005.
63. Interfax, "Nazism, Extremism, Terrorism Have Common Ideological Roots - Putin," May 8, 2005.
64. Interfax, "Putin: London Blasts an 'Enormous Crime,"' July 7, 2005.
65. Interfax, "Russian PM: London Blasts 'World-Scale Tragedy,"' July 7, 2005.
66. Interfax, "Terrorists Must Be Tried Everywhere, Including the UK - Kudrin," July 7, 2005.
67. Interfax, "London Blasts Similar to US, Spanish Terrorists Acts - Expert," July 7, 2005.
68. Ibid.
69. P. Romanov, "Blasts in London Remind Anti-terror Coalition It Cannot Relax," RIA Novosti, July 8, 2005.
70. Mosnews, "Unprecedented and Useless," July 8, 2005.
71. Interfax, "Moscow, Beslan, London Linked - Ministry," July 8, 2005.
72. Also, see Mosnews, "London, Beslan, Moscow Terrorist Attacks Links of One Chain - Russia's Foreign Ministry," July 8, 2005,
73. and RIA Novosti, "London, Beslan, Nord Ost All Links of One Chain - Russian Foreign Ministry," July 8, 2005.
74. RIA Novosti, "Russia's Sympathy to Londoners Tinged with Bitterness," July 15, 2005.
75. Svetlana Babaeva, "Without Compassion or Trust," RIA Novosti, July 22, 2005.
76. P. Romanov, "How May Bombs Must Hit New York before the US Media Will Learn to Differentiate Terrorists from Normal People?" RIA Novosti, July 29, 2005.
77. Arseny Oganesyan, "New Generation Terror," RIA Novosti, August 15, 2005.