Update on amphetamine neurotoxicity and its relevance to the treatment of ADHD

Journal of Attention Disorders

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 8-16

  Advokat, Claire ^a  

^a LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Amphetamine; Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); Neurotoxicity; Review

Indexed keywords

AMPHETAMINE; CENTRAL STIMULANT AGENT; DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BRAIN; CEBIDAE; CHILD; CORPUS STRIATUM; DISEASE MODEL; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG EFFECT; HUMAN; METABOLISM; NERVE CELL; PAPIO; RAT;

AMPHETAMINE; ANIMALS; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; BRAIN; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANTS; CHILD; CORPUS STRIATUM; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE PLASMA MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; HUMANS; NEURONS; PAPIO; RATS; SAIMIRI;

EID: 34250779969     PISSN: 10870547     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1087054706295605     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Barkley, R.A., Fletcher, K., Fischer, M., Smallish, L. (2003). Does the treatment of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder with stimulants contribute to drug abuse? A 13-year prospective study. Pediatrics, 111, 97-109.
2. Bowyer, J.F., Frame, L.T., Clausing, P., Nagamoto-Combs, K., Osterhout, C.A., Sterling, C.R., et al. (1998). Long-term effects of amphetamine neurotoxicity on tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA and protein in aged rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 286, 1074-1085.
3. Bradley, C. (1937). The behavior of children receiving Benzedrine. American Journal of Psychiatry, 94, 577-585.
4. Brown, G.L., Hunt, R.D., Ebert, M.H., Bunney, W.E. Jr., Kopin, I.J. (1979). Plasma levels of d-amphetamine in hyperactive children. Psychopharmacology, 62, 133-140.
5. Connor, D.F., Steingard, R.J. (2004). New formulations of stimulants for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. CNS Drugs 18, 1011-1030.
6. Ellison, G., Eison, M.S. (1983). Continuous amphetamine intoxication: An animal model of the acute psychotic episode. Psychological Medicine, 13, 751-761.
7. Ellison, G., Eison, M.S., Huberman, H.S., Daniel, F. (1978). Long-term changes in dopaminergic innervation of caudate nucleus after continuous amphetamine administration. Science, 201, 276-278.
8. Ellison, G., Ratan, R. (1982). The late stage following continuous amphetamine administration to rats is correlated with altered dopamine but not serotonin metabolism. Life Sciences, 31, 771-777.
9. Fone, K.C.F., Nutt, D.J. (2005). Stimulants: Use and abuse in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 5, 87-93.
10. Fuller, R.W. (1985). Persistent effects of amphetamine, p-chloroamphetamine, and related compounds on central dopamine and serotonin neurons in rodents. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 21, 528-532.
11. Fuller, R.W., Hemrick-Luecke, S. (1980). Long-lasting depletion of striatal dopamine by a single injection of amphetamine in iprindole-treated rats. Science, 209, 305-307.
12. Fuller, R.W., Hemrick-Luecke, S. (1982). Further studies on the long-term depletion of striatal dopamine in iprindole-treated rats by amphetamine. Neuropharmacology, 21, 433-438.
13. Gibb, J.W., Johnson, M., Elayan, I., Lim, H.K., Matsuda, L., Hanson, G.R. (1999). Neurotoxicity of amphetamines and their metabolites. NIDA Research Monographs, 173, 128-145.
14. Greenhill, L.L., Swanson, J.M., Steinhoff, K., Fried, J., Posner, K., Lerner, M., et al. (2003). A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic study comparing a single morning dose of Adderall to twice-daily dosing in children with ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 1234-1241.
15. Heijtz, R.D., Kolb, B., Forssberg, H. (2003). Can a therapeutic dose of amphetamine during pre-adolescence modify the pattern of synaptic organization in the brain ? European Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 3394-3399.
16. Jonsson, G., Nwanze, E. (1982). Selective (+)-amphetamine neurotoxicity on striatal dopamine nerve terminals in the mouse. British Journal of Pharmacology, 77, 335-345.
17. Karoum, F., Speciale, S. G. Jr., Chuang, L.-W., Wyatt, R.J. (1982). Selective effects of phenethylamine on central catecholamines: A comparative study with amphetamines. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 223, 432-439.
18. Krause, J., la Fougere, C., Krause, K.-H., Ackenheil, M., Dresel, S.H. (2005). Influence of striatal dopamine transporter availability on the response to methylphenidate in adult patients with ADHD. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 255, 428-431.
19. Kuczenski, R., Leith, N.J. (1981). Chronic amphetamine: Is dopamine a link in or a mediator of the development of tolerance and reverse tolerance? Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 15, 405-413.
20. Kuczenski, R., Segal, D. (1989). Concomitant characterization of behavioral and striatal neurotransmitter response to amphetamine using in vivo microdialysis. Journal of Neuroscience, 9, 2051-2065.
21. Lynch, M., Kenny, M., Leonard, B.E. (1977). The effect of chronic administration of D-amphetamine on regional changes in catecholamines in the rat brain. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 3, 295-300.
22. Madras, B.K., Miller, G.M., Fischman, A.J. (2005). The dopamine transporter and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1397-1409.
23. McCabe, S.E., Knight, J.R., Teter, C.J., Wechsler, H. (2005). Non-medical use of prescription stimulants among US college students: Prevalence and correlates from a national survey. Addiction, 99, 96-106.
24. McCann, U.D., Ricaurte, G.A. (2004). Amphetamine neurotoxicity: Accomplishments and remaining challenges. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 27, 821-826.
25. McCann, U.D., Wong, D.F., Yokoi, F., Villemagne, V., Dannals, R.F., Ricaurte, G.A. (1998). Reduced striatal dopamine transporter density in abstinent methamphetamine and methcathinone users: Evidence from positron emission tomography studies with [11C]WIN-35,482. Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 8417-8422.
26. McGough, J.J., Biederman, J., Greenhill, L.L., McCracken, J.T., Spencer, T.J., Posner, K., et al. (2003). Pharmacokinetics of SLI381 (Adderall XR), an extended-release formulation of Adderall. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 684-691.
27. Melega, W.P., Quintana, J., Raleigh, M.J., Stout, D.B., Yu, D.-C., Lin, K.-P., et al. (1996). 6-[18F]Fluoro-L-DOPA-PET studies show partial reversibility of long-term effects of chronic amphetamine in monkeys. Synapse, 22, 63-69.
28. Melega, W.P., Raleigh, M.J., Stout, D.B., Huang, S.-C., Phelps, M.E. (1997). Ethological and 6-[18F]Fluoro-L-DOPA-PET profiles of long-term vulnerability to chronic amphetamine. Behavior and Brain Research, 84, 259-268.
29. Melega, W.P., Raleigh, M.J., Stout, D.B., Lacan, G., Huang, S.-C., Phelps, M.E. (1997). Recovery of striatal dopamine function after acute amphetamine- and methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in the vervet monkey. Brain Research, 766, 113-120.
30. Molina, B.S.G., Pelham, W.E., Jr. (2003). Childhood predictors of adolescent substance use in a longitudinal study of children with ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 497-507.
31. Moreira, C.Q., Faria, M.J.S.S., Moreira, E. (2005). Behavioral neurotoxicity in adolescent and adult mice exposed to fenproporex during pregnancy. Human and Experimental Toxicology, 24, 403-408.
32. Nwanze, E., Jonsson, G. (1981). Amphetamine neurotoxicity on dopamine nerve terminals in the caudate nucleus of mice. Neuroscience Letters, 26, 163-168.
33. O'Dell, S.J., Weihmuller, F.B., Marshall, J.F. (1991). Multiple methamphetamine injections induce marked increases in extracellular striatal dopamine, which correlate with subsequent neurotoxicity. Brain Research, 564, 256-260.
34. Owen, F., Baker, H.F., Ridley, R.M., Cross, A.J., Crow, T.J. (1981). Effects of chronic amphetamine administration on central dopaminergic mechanisms in the vervet. Psychopharmacology, 74, 213-216.
35. Pearl, R.G., Seiden, L.S. (1979). D-Amphetamine-induced increase in catecholamine synthesis in the corpus striatum of the rat: Persistence of the effect after tolerance. Journal of Neural Transmission, 44, 21-38.
36. Ricaurte, G.A., Fuller, R.W., Perry, K.W., Seiden, L.S., Schuster, C.R. (1983). Fluoxetine increases long-lasting neostriatal dopamine depletion after administration of d-methamphetamine and d-amphetamine. Neuropharmacology, 22, 1165-1169.
37. Ricaurte, G.A., Guillery, R.W., Seiden, L.S., Schuster, C.R. (1984). Nerve terminal degeneration after a single injection of d-amphetamine in iprindole-treated rats: Relation to selective long-lasting dopamine depletion. Brain Research, 291, 378-382.
38. Ricaurte, G.A., Guillery, R.W., Seiden, L.S., Schuster, C.R., Moore, R.Y. (1982). Dopamine nerve terminal degeneration produced by high doses of methylamphetamine in the rat brain. Brain Research, 235, 93-103.
39. Ricaurte, G.A., Seiden, L.S., Schuster, C.R. (1984). Further evidence that amphetamines produce long-lasting dopamine neuro-chemical deficits by destroying dopamine nerve fibers. Brain Research, 303, 359-364.
40. Ricaurte, G.A., Mechan, A.O., Yuan, J., Hatzidimitriou, G., Xie, T., Mayne, A.H., et al. (2005). Amphetamine treatment similar to that used in the treatment of adult Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder damages dopaminergic nerve endings in the striatum of adult nonhuman primates. Journal of Pharmacology Experimental Therapeutics, 315, 91-98.
41. Ridley, R.M., Baker, H.F., Owen, F., Cross, A.J., Crow, T.J. (1982). Behavioral and biochemical effects of chronic amphetamine treatment in the vervet monkey. Psychopharmacology, 78, 245-251.
42. Robinson, T.E., Becker, J.B. (1986). Enduring changes in brain and behavior produced by chronic amphetamine administration: A review and evaluation of animal models of amphetamine psychosis. Brain Research Review, 11, 157-198.
43. Robinson, T.E., Camp, D.M. (1987). Long-lasting effects of escalating doses of d-amphetamine on brain monoamines, amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior and spontaneous nocturnal locomotion. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 26, 821-827.
44. Robinson, T.E., Kolb, R. (1997). Persistent structural modifications in nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex neurons produced by previous experience with amphetamine. Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 8491-8497.
45. Robinson, T.E., Kolb, B. (1999). Alterations in the morphology of dendrites and dendritic spines in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex following repeated treatment with amphetamine or cocaine. European Journal of Neuroscience, 11, 1598-1604.
46. Ryan, L.J., Linder, J.C., Martone, M.E., Groves, P.M. (1990). Histological and ultrastructural evidence that d-amphetamine causes degeneration in neostriatum and frontal cortex of rats. Brain Research, 518, 67-77.
47. Ryan, L.J., Martone, M.E., Linder, J.C., Groves, P.M. (1988). Continuous amphetamine administration induces tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive patches in the adult rat neostriatum. Brain Research Bulletin, 21, 133-137.
48. Schiffer, W.K., Volkow, N.D., Fowler, J.S., Alexoff, D.L., Logan, J., Dewey, S.L. (2006). Therapeutic doses of amphetamine or methylphenidate differentially increase synaptic and extracellular dopamine. Synapse, 59, 243-251.
49. Seiden, L.S., Sabol, K.E. (1996). Methamphetamine and methylenedioxymethamphetamine neurotoxicity: Possible mechanisms of cell destruction. NIDA Research Monograph, 163, 251-276. Solanto, M.V. (2000). Clinical psychopharmacology of AD/HD: Implications for animal models. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 24, 27-30.
50. Sonsalla, P.K., Jochnowitz, N.D., Zeevalk, G.D., Postveen, J.A., Hall, E.D. (1996). Treatment of mice with methamphetamine produces cell loss in the substantia nigra. Brain Research, 738, 172-175.
51. Spencer, T.J., Biederman, J., Madras, B.K., Faraone, S.V., Dougherty, D.D., Bonab, A.A., et al. (2005). In vivo neuroreceptor imaging in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A focus on the dopamine transporter. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1293-1300.
52. Steranka, L.R. (1981). Stereospecific long-term effects of amphetamine on striatal dopamine neurons in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology, 76, 443-446.
53. Steranka, L.R. (1983). Long-term effects of a priming dose and short-term infusion of amphetamine on striatal dopamine neurons in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology, 96, 159-163.
54. Steranka, L.R., Sanders-Bush, E. (1980). Long-term effects of continuous exposure to amphetamine on brain dopamine concentration and synaptosomal uptake in mice. European Journal of Pharmacology, 65, 439-443.
55. Swanson, J.M., Cantwell, D., Lerner, M., McBurnett, K., Hana, G. (1991). Effects of stimulant medication on learning in children with ADHD. Journal of Learning Disorders, 24, 219-255.
56. Tan, S.E. (2003). Prenatal amphetamine exposure alters behavioral reactivity to amphetamine in rats. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 25, 579-585.
57. Teter, C.J., McCabe, S.E., Cranford, J.A., Boyd, C.J., Guthrie, S.K. (2005). Prevalence and motives for illicit use of prescription stimulants in an undergraduate student sample. Journal of the American College of Health, 53, 253-262.
58. Thompson, P.M., Hayashi, K.M., Simon, S.L., Geaga, J.A., Hong, M.S., Sui, Y., et al. (2004). Structural abnormalities in the brains of human subjects who use amphetamine. Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 6028-6036.
59. Villemagne, V., Yuan, J., Wong, D.F., Dannals, R.F., Hatzidimitriou, G., Mathews, W.B. et al. (1998). Brain dopamine neurotoxicity in baboons treated with doses of methamphetamine comparable to those recreationally abused by humans: Evidence from [11C]WIN-35,428 positron emission tomography studies and direct in vitro determinations. Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 419-427.
60. Vitiello, B. (2001). Long-term effects of stimulant medications on the brain: Possible relevance to the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 11, 25-34.
61. Volkow, N.D., Chang, L., Wang, G.J., Fowler, J.S., Leonido-Yee, M., Franceschi, D. et al. (2001). Association of dopamine transporter reduction with psychomotor impairment in methamphetamine abusers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 377-382.
62. Volkow, N.D., Insel, T.R. (2003). What are the long-term effects of methylphenidate treatment? Biological Psychiatry, 54, 1307-1309.
63. Volkow, N.D., Swanson, J.M. (2003). Variables that affect the clinical use and abuse of methylphenidate in the treatment of ADHD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1909-1918.
64. Volkow, N.D., Wang, G.-J., Fowler, J.S., Ding, Y.S. (2005). Imaging the effects of methylphenidate on brain dopamine: New model on its therapeutic actions for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1410-1415.
65. Wagner, G.C., Ricaurte, G.A., Johanson, C.E., Schuster, C.R., Seiden, L.S. (1980). Amphetamine induces depletion of dopamine and loss of dopamine uptake sites in caudate. Neurology, 30, 547-550.
66. Wilens, T.E. (2003). Drug therapy for adults with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Drugs, 63, 2395-2411.
67. Wilens, T.E., Faraone, S.V., Biederman, J. (2004). Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder in adults. Journal of the American Medical Association, 292, 619-623.
68. Wilens, T.E., Faraone, S.V., Biederman, J., Gunawardene, S. (2003). Does stimulant therapy of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder beget later substance abuse? A meta-analytic review of the literature. Pediatrics, 111, 179-185.
69. Woolverton, W.L., Ricaurte, G.A., Forno, L.S., Seiden, L.S. (1989). Long-term effects of chronic methamphetamine administration in rhesus monkeys. Brain Research, 486, 73-78.
70. Yuan, J., McCann, U., Ricaurte, G. (1997). Methylphenidate and brain dopamine neurotoxicity. Brain Research, 767, 172-175.
71. Zaczek, R., Battaglia, G., Contrera, J.F., Culp, S., De Souza, E.B. (1989). Methylphenidate and pemoline do not cause depletion of rat brain monoamine markers similar to that observed with methamphetamine. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 100, 227-233.