Enriched Islam: The Muslim crisis of education

Survival

Volumn 49, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 77-98

  Fandy, Mamoun ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 34250710175     PISSN: 00396338     EISSN: 14682699     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00396330701437744     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. See Ahmad Shalaby, History of Muslim Education (Beirut: Dar Al-Kashshaf, 1954), pp.16-17.
2. See for example Mustapha al-Siba'I, Ishtrakyat al-Islam (Islamic Socialism) (Cairo: Al-Dar al-Qawmiya lil Nashr, 1960).
3. 'Science and Technology in the Muslim World', Malaysia Today, 11 December 2004, http://www.malaysia-today.net/columns/minda/2004/12/ science-and-technology-in-muslim-world_11.htm.
4. 2005 report released by the Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organisation (ALESCO), cited in '70m Arabs Still Unable to Read or Write', The Nation, 17 January 2005, http://nation.com.pk/daily/jan-2005/17/international10.php.
5. 'Education for All in the Arab States: Renewing the Commitment - The Arab Framework for Action to Ensure Basic Learning Needs in the Arab States in the Years 2000-2010', in Education for All: Regional Frameworks for Action, UNESCO, January 2000, http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/file_download.php/ b4fecb9eac2178a87c77a7b0f9208377Dakar_EN_FA.pdf, pp. 43-55.
6. For a good account of the historical development of the Muslim Brotherhood, see Richard P. Mitchell, The Society of the Muslim Brothers (New York: Oxford University Press, 1969).
7. For more, see Ibn Khaldun, The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History trans. Franz Rosenthal, ed. and abridged N.J. Dawood (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1969).
8. Taha Hussein, Mustaqbal al-thaqafa fi misr [The Future of Culture in Egypt] (Cairo: Matba'at al-Ma'arif wa Maktabat Masr, 1938);
9. Taha Hussein, The Future of Culture in Egypt, trans. Sidney Glazer (Washington DC: American Council of Learned Societies, 1954).
10. Sayyid Qutob, Naqd Kitab: Mustaqbal al- Thaqafa fi Misr [Critique of a Book: The Future of Culture in Egypt] (Jeddah, n.d.). In fact, Qutob's suggestions for reform were consigned to the wastepaper basket by his superiors, one of whom was Taha Hussein.
11. See Gilles Kepel, Muslim Extremism in Egypt: The Prophet and the Pharoh (Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1993), p. 39.
12. Sayyid Qutob, Ma'alim fi Al-Tariq [Signposts] (Cairo, Egypt: Dar Al Sherouq, 1987).
13. 'Our country has always been a part of Europe as far as intellectual and cultural life is concerned, in all its forms and branches.' Taha Hussein, The Future of Culture in Egypt, p.9.
14. Hussein, Mustaqbal al-thaqafa fi misr), p. 41.
15. Author interview with Mouna Abu Sinna, Cairo, March 2003.
16. Ibid.
17. Author interview with Mohamed al-Bidaoui, March 2003.
18. Author interview with Mouna Abu Sinna, Cairo, March 2003.
19. For a detailed account of the evolution of Saudi educational system see Abd al-Aziz Abu-Ras and Badr al-Din al- Deeb, King Abd al-Aziz and Education (Riyadh: Al-Abykan Company for Printing and Publishing, 1986).
20. Ibid., p. 49.
21. Great caution must be employed when using this term. First, what we usually refer to as Wahhabism is a diverse religious ideology, and the jihadist drive observable in Saudi Arabia today is not shared among all those who identify themselves as followers of the teaching of Ibn Abdul Wahhab. Second, Wahhabis usually do not refer to themselves as such, because using the term goes against the principle against glorification of a human being. For a good discussion of the nature of Wahhabism see Natana J. Delong Bas, From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).
22. For more on the legitimacy of the Saudi state and the role of Islam, see Mamoun Fandy, Saudi Arabia and the Politics of Dissent (New York, NY: Palgrave, 2001).
23. J.S. Birks and J.A. Rimmer, Developing Education Systems in the Oil States of Arabia: Conflicts of Purpose and Focus, Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies at the University of Durham Occasional Papers No. 21 (1984), p. 15.
24. Jean Shaoul, 'Amnesty International Reports Widespread Human Rights Abuses in Saudi Arabia', World Socialist Web Site, 26 April 2000, http://www.wsws.org/articles/2000/apr2000/saud-a26.shtml.
25. Helen Chapin Metz (ed.), Saudi Arabia: A Country Study (Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1992), available at http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/. For the section on education see http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/31.htm.
26. See Siyasat Al-Taleem fi Al-Mamlaka Al-Arabiyya Al-Soudiyaa [Educational Policy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia] (Riyadh: Ministry of Higher Education, 1978). The document lists the principles and goals of the Saudi educational system, illustrating a strong commitment to Islamic morals and principles.
27. See also Abdullah Abdul Majeed Baghdadi, Al-Intliqah Al-Talimiyya fi Al-Mamlaka Al-Arabiyya Al-Soudiya: Ousolaha, Jithoraha, Awlawiyataha (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: Dar Al-Sherouq, 1982).
28. See 'Mamoun Fandy Testimony before the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States', National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, 9 July 2003, http://www.9-11commission.gov/archive/hearing3/ 9-11Commission_Hearing_2003-07-09.htm.
29. Author interview with teachers in Asir, March 2003.
30. For more on the problems of skillsbuilding in Saudi universities and incompatibility of instruction with development goals, see Ali N. Alghafis, Universities in Saudi Arabia: Their role in Science Technology and Development (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1992).
31. 'Saudi Arabia's Unemployment Reaches 30 Percent', ArabicNews. com, 3 March 2003, http://www. arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/030305/ 2003030513.html. The official estimate of unemployment is 10%. US Energy Information Administration, Saudi Arabia Country Analysis Brief, August 2005, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/saudi.pdf.
32. US Energy Information Administration, World Energy Use and Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1980-2001, May 2004, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/ cabs/carbonemiss/energy carbon2004.pdf.
33. See Alghafis, Universities in Saudi Arabia.
34. Author interview with Abdul Mohsen Al-Akas, Riyadh, 2004.
35. UN Development Programme, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Human Development Report 2003 (New York: UNDP, 2003), http://www.undp.org.sa/Reports/ NHDR-SA%20Eng.pdf.
36. The identity crisis instigated by the dual-nature of educational systems is discussed by Mofeed Mohamed Ibrahim, Azmat Al-Tarbiya fi Al-Watan al-Arabi [The Crisis of Education in the Arab World] (Amman: Majdlawi Publishing House, 1997), especially pp. 49-109.
37. Abd al-Baqi Khalifa, 'Islamic Madrassas in the Balkans', Asharq Al-Awsat, 16 September 2005, p. 10.
38. For more on the type of madrassas in Pakistan see Tariq Rahman, Denizens of Alien Worlds: A Study of Education, Inequality and Polarization in Pakistan (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 80-85.
39. Ibid., p. 78.
40. Unofficial estimates put the number of madrassas at 15,000. Asharq Al-Awsat, 17 August 2005.
41. For more on Islamisation policies in Pakistan see Bidanda M Chengappa, Pakistan, Islamisation, Army and Foreign Policy (New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing Corp., 2004),
42. Ian Talbot, Pakistan: A Modern History (London: C. Hurst, 1998) and Lawrence Ziring, Pakistan: At the Crosscurrent of History (Oxford: Oneworld, 2003).
43. For more on this issue see Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002).
44. See Rizwan Hussain Pakistan and the Emergence of Islamic Militancy in Afghanistan (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2005)
45. and Marvin G. Weinbaum, Pakistan and Afghanistan: Resistance and Reconstruction (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994).
46. For example, the head of counter-terrorism at the Afghan Interior Ministry, Abdul Manan Farahi, said explicitly that insurgent militants in his country cross the border from Pakistan after receiving training in Pakistani madrassas. See 'Is Pakistan Doing its Part in the War on Terror?', USA Today, 20 September 2005, p.A2.
47. UNESCO Institute for Statistics, http://www.uis.unesco.org/.
48. Associated Press, 29 August 2005.