Hakumat al Tayarrat: The role of air power in the enforcement of Iraq's boundaries

Geopolitics

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 505-528

  Williams, Alison ^a  

^a DURHAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GEOPOLITICS; SOVEREIGNTY; TERRITORIALITY; WAR;

ASIA; EURASIA; IRAQ; MIDDLE EAST;

EID: 34250349089     PISSN: 14650045     EISSN: 15573028     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14650040701305690     Document Type: Article

References (128)

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9. Work has been carried out into airspace; however, most geographical engagement with aviation tends to focus on normative transport geographies or on the sites on the ground connected with aviation, such as airports. See, for example, D. Pascoe, Airspaces, (London: Reaktion Books 2001)
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34. Elden identifies a number of these occasions; see Elden (note 25).
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55. See Butler (note 12) pp. 635-658.
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57. The Paris Convention, Article I (1919), quoted in K. A. Kyriakides, 'Air Power and International Air Law,' in S. Peach (ed.), Perspectives on Air Power: Air Power in its Wider Context (Bracknell: Joint Services Command Staff College 1998) p. 82.
58. G. S. Sachdeva, 'Sovereignty in the Air: A Legal Perspective,' Indian Journal of International Law (1982), pp. 396-412.
59. See Kyriakides (note 47)
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63. The Chicago Convention, Article II (1944).
64. See Kyriakides (note 47) p. 83.
65. It is important here to consider the specific differences between a state's boundaries with another state on land, and its boundaries at sea. Land boundaries are hard-edged, definite lines that are commonly demarcated with pillars, fences, and increasingly all manner of surveillance and barrier systems. Juxtaposed to this are a state's borders with its territorial seas, and other states territorial seas, which whilst marked on maps are not marked in reality, thus giving the perception that as less tangible entities they are perhaps softer and more easily traversed. In terms of this paper it is important to note that Iraq has a very small coastline and thus the vast majority of its borders are land boundaries. These are arguably easier to enforce and maintain through the use of aircraft because they tend to be more visibly demarcated.
66. Kyriakides (note 47) p. 90.
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77. M. van Crefeld, Technology and War: From 2000 B. C. to the Present (New York: The Free Press 1991) p. 188.
78. P. Towle, 'The Distinctive Characteristics of Air Power,' in A. Lambert and A. Williamson (eds.) The Dynamics of Air Power (Bracknell: HMSO. MOD 1996) p. 5.
79. Ibid., p. 4
80. P. S. Meilinger, Airwar: Theory and Practice (London: Frank Cass 2003) p. 1.
81. Van Crefeld (note 62) p. 188.
82. Towle (note 63) p. 9.
83. D. Mets, The Air Campaign: John Warden and the Classical Air Power Theorists (Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press 1999) p. 60.
84. See, for example S. Graham, 'Switching Cities Off: Urban Infrastructure and US Air Power,' City 9/2 (2005) pp. 178-180.
85. Col. S. D. Carey and Col. R. S. Read, 'Five Propositions Regarding Effects-Based Operations,' Air and Space Power Journal (2006) p. 3.
86. Major M. Longoria, A Historical View of Air Policing Doctrine: Lessons for the British Experience Between the Wars, 1919-1939, Unpublished Thesis, Air University, Maxwell AFB, Alabama, 1992
87. David Omissi, Air Power and Colonial Control (Manchester: Manchester University Press 1990)
88. A. Benard, 'Lessons from Iraq and Bosnia on the Theory and Practice of No-Fly Zones,' Journal of Strategic Studies 27/3 (2004) p. 455.
89. Benard (note 70) pp. 454-478
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92. W. M. Tart, No Fly Zones: Costs, Benefits, and Conditions, Unpublished Thesis, Air University, Maxwell AFB, Alabama, 2001, p. 1
93. Major M. V. McKelvey, Air Power in MOOTW: A Critical Analysis of Using No-Fly Zones to Support National Objectives, Unpublished Research Paper, Air University, Maxwell AFB, Alabama, 1997, p. 16.
94. UN Security Council Resolution 688 (1991), available at , accessed February 2006.
95. UN Security Council Resolution 688 (note 74).
96. UN Security Council Resolution 688 (note 74).
97. Laizer (note 44).
98. Tart (note 73) p. 32.
99. Benard (note 70) p. 463.
100. Tart (note 73) p. 32.
101. UN Security Council Resolution 688 (note 74).
102. Benard (note 70), p. 464.
103. Graham Brown (note 71) p. 111.
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105. Tart (note 73) p. 29, citing President Bush's Written Response to Questions Regarding the Persian Gulf War (13 June 1994).
106. Tart (note 73) p. 29.
107. Graham Brown (note 71) p. 111.
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121. Campbell (note 97), p. 301, discusses the Visiting Forces Act of 1952 which enshrined these concepts into law.
122. See also the Status of Force Agreement, .
123. See Woodward (note 18) pp. 1-2 for an interesting account of US perimeter security at RAF Lakenheath, Cambridgeshire.
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125. US Air Force Yearbook 2006, , accessed 1 June 2006.
126. This anecdotal evidence comes from a personal e-mail conversation with Caroline Croser, a PhD student at Lancaster University. Her research focuses on the military technologies currently being deployed by the US Army and Marines in Iraq.
127. 'Unmanned Aircraft Gain Starring Role in Terror War,' Air Force Print News Today (2004), available at . accessed May 2006.
128. 'Desert Hawk UAV Patrols Tallil' (note 91).