Prevalence of hepatitis C virus and HIV infection among injection drug users in two Mexican cities bordering the U.S.

Salud Publica de Mexico

Volumn 49, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 165-172

  White, Emily Faye ^a   Garfein, Richard S ^a   Brouwer, Kimberly C ^a   Lozada, Remedios ^b   Ramos, Rebeca ^c   Firestone Cruz, Michelle ^a   Pérez, Saida G ^a   Magis Rodríguez, Carlos ^d   Conde Glez, Carlos J ^e   Strathdee, Steffanie A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b Patronato Pro COMUSIDA   (Mexico)

^c US Mexico Border Health Association   (United States)

^d SECRETARÍA DE SALUD   (Mexico)

^e INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD PÚBLICA   (Mexico)

Author keywords

Hepatitis C virus; Human immunodeficiency virus; Injection drug use; Mexico; Needle sharing

Indexed keywords

EID: 34250313615     PISSN: 00363634     EISSN: 16067916     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1590/S0036-36342007000300001     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Global surveillance and control of hepatitis C. Report of a WHO Consultation organized in collaboration with the Viral Hepatitis Prevention Board, Antwerp, Belgium. J Viral Hepat 1999;6:35-47.
2. Choo QL, Kuo G, Weiner AJ, Overby LR, Bradley DW, Houghton M. Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science 1989;244:359-362.
3. Alter MJ. Hepatitis C virus infection in the United States. J Hepatol 1999;31 Suppl 1:88-91.
4. Hagan H, Des Jarlais DC. HIV and HCV infection among injecting drug users. Mt Sinai J Med 2000;67:423-428.
5. Liang TJ, Rehermann B, Seeff LB, Hoofnagle JH: Pathogenesis, natural history, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis C. Ann Intern Med 2000;132:296-305.
6. Vivas-Arceo C, Benavides SA, De Jesus Trujillo J, Panduro A, Rivas-Estilla AM. Hepatitis C virus: prevalence and routes of infection among blood donors of West Mexico. Hepatol Res 2003;25:115-123.
7. Carreto-Vélez MA, Carrada-Bravo T, Martínez-Magdaleno A. Seroprevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV among blood donors in Irapuato, Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 2003;45 Supp 5:S690-S693.
8. Guerrero-Romero JF, Castañeda A, Rodríguez-Moran M. Prevalence of risk factors associated with hepatitis C in blood donors in the municipality of Durango, Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 1996;38:94-100.
9. Álvarez-Muñoz MT, Vences-Avilés MA, Damacio L, Vázquez-Rosales G, Torres J, González-Bravo F, Muñoz O. Hepatitis C virus RNA (HCV-RNA) in blood donors and family members seropositive for anti-HCV antibodies. Arch Med Res 2001;32:442-445.
10. Vera de León L, Juárez Navarro JA, Díaz Gómez M, Méndez Navarro J, Chirino Sprung RA, Dehesa Violante M, et al. Epidemiologic and situational panorama of hepatitis C in Mexico. Rev Gastroenterol Mex 2005;70:25-32.
11. Sulkowski MS, Thomas DL. Epidemiology and natural history of hepatitis C virus infection in injection drug users: implications for treatment. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40 Suppl 5:S263-S269.
12. Recommendations for prevention and control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HCV-related chronic disease. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Recomm Rep 1998;47:1-39.
13. Alter MJ. Prevention of spread of hepatitis C. Hepatology 2002;36:S93-S98.
14. Alter MJ, Moyer LA. The importance of preventing hepatitis C virus infection among injection drug users in the United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1998;18 Suppl 1:S6-S10.
15. Strathdee SA, Fraga WD, Case P, Firestone M, Brouwer KC, Perez SG, et al. Vivo para consumirla y la consumo para vivir [I live to inject and inject to live]: high-risk injection behaviors in Tijuana, Mexico. J Urban Health 2005;82:iv58-73.
16. UNAIDS. 2006 Report on the global AIDS epidemic. Available at: http://www.unaids.org/en/HIV_data/2006GlobalReport/default.asp. Accessed 2007.
17. Coppola RC, Manconi PE, Piro R, Di Martino ML, Masia G. HCV, HIV, HBV and HDV infections in intravenous drug addicts. Eur J Epidemiol 1994;10:279-283.
18. Garfein RS, Vlahov D, Galai N, Doherty MC, Nelson KE. Viral infections in short-term injection drug users: the prevalence of the hepatitis C, hepatitis B, human immunodeficiency, and human T-lymphotropic viruses. Am J Public Health 1996;86:655-661.
19. Heckathorn D. Respondent Driven Sampling: A New Approach to the Study of Hidden Populations. Social Problems 1997;44:174-199.
20. Frost SD, Brouwer KC, Firestone Cruz MA, Ramos R, Ramos ME, Lozada RM, et al. Respondent-Driven Sampling of Injection Drug Users in Two U.S.-Mexico Border Cities: Recruitment Dynamics and Impact on Estimates of HIV and Syphilis Prevalence. J Urban Health 2006;83 Suppl 7:83-97.
21. Alter MJ, Kuhnert WL, Finelli L. Guidelines for laboratory testing and result reporting of antibody to hepatitis C virus. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Recomm Rep 2003;52:1-13, 15.
22. Thomas DL, Shih JW, Alter HJ, Vlahov D, Cohn S, Hoover DR, et al. Effect of human immunodeficiency virus on hepatitis C virus infection among injecting drug users. J Infect Dis 1996;174:690-695.
23. Thorpe LE, Ouellet LJ, Hershow R, Bailey SL, Williams IT, Williamson J, et al. Risk of hepatitis C virus infection among young adult injection drug users who share injection equipment. Am J Epidemiol 2002;155:645-653.
24. NIH Consensus Statement on Management of Hepatitis C: 2002. NIH Consens State Sci Statements 2002;19:1-46.
25. Aidoo S, Ampofo WK, Brandful JA, Nuvor SV, Ansah JK, Nii-Trebi N, et al. Suitability of a rapid immunochromatographic test for detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus in Ghana, West Africa. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39:2572-2575.
26. Arai H, Petchclai B, Khupulsup K, Kurimura T, Takeda K. Evaluation of a rapid immunochromatographic test for detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus. J Clin Microbiol 1999;37:367-370.
27. Koblavi-Deme S, Maurice C, Yavo D, Sibailly TS, N'Guessan K, Kamelan-Tano Y, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of human immunodeficiency virus rapid serologic assays and testing algorithms in an antenatal clinic in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39:1808-1812.
28. Heckathorn DD. Respondent-Driven Sampling II: Deriving Valid Population Estimates from Chain-Referral Samples of Hidden Populations. Social Problems 2002;49:11-34.
29. Thorpe LE, Ouellet LJ, Levy JR, Williams IT, Monterroso ER. Hepatitis C virus infection: prevalence, risk factors, and prevention opportunities among young injection drug users in Chicago, 1997-1999. J Infect Dis 2000;182:1588-1594.
30. Needle RH, Coyle S, Cesari H, Trotter R, Clatts M, Koester S, et al. HIV risk behaviors associated with the injection process: multiperson use of drug injection equipment and paraphernalia in injection drug user networks. Subst Use Misuse 1998;33:2403-2423.
31. Bucardo J, Brouwer KC, Magis-Rodriguez C, Ramos R, Fraga M, Perez SG, et al. Historical trends in the production and consumption of illicit drugs in Mexico: implications for the prevention of blood borne infections. Drug Alcohol Depend 2005;79:281-293.
32. Brouwer KC, Case P, Ramos R, Magis-Rodriguez C, Bucardo J, Patterson TL, et al. Trends in production, trafficking, and consumption of methamphetamine and cocaine in Mexico. Subst Use Misuse 2006;41:707-727.
33. Choopanya K, Des Jarlais DC, Vanichseni S, Mock PA, Kitayaporn D, Sangkhum U, et al. HIV risk reduction in a cohort of injecting drug users in Bangkok, Thailand. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003;33:88-95.
34. Des Jarlais DC, Friedman SR, Novick DM, Sotheran JL, Thomas P, Yancovitz SR, et al. HIV-1 infection among intravenous drug users in Manhattan, New York City, from 1977 through 1987. JAMA 1989;261:1008-1012.
35. Thomas DL, Vlahov D, Solomon L, Cohn S, Taylor E, Garfein R, et al. Correlates of hepatitis C virus infections among injection drug users. Medicine (Baltimore) 1995;74:212-220.
36. Bolumar F, Hernández-Aguado I, Ferrer L, Ruiz I, Avino MJ, Rebagliato M. Prevalence of antibiotics to hepatitis C in a population of intravenous drug users in Valencia, Spain, 1990-1992. Int J Epidemiol 1996;25:204-209.
37. Lorvick J, Kral AH, Seal K, Gee L, Edlin BR. Prevalence and duration of hepatitis C among injection drug users in San Francisco, Calif. Am J Public Health 2001;91:46-47.
38. Weissenbacher M, Rossi D, Radulich G, Sosa-Estani S, Vila M, Vivas E, et al. High seroprevalence of bloodborne viruses among street-recruited injection drug users from Buenos Aires, Argentina. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37 Suppl 5:S348-S352.
39. Caiaffa WT, Mingoti SA, Proietti FA, Carneiro-Proietti AB, Silva RC, Lopes AC, et al. Estimation of the number of injecting drug users attending an outreach syringe-exchange program and infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus: the AjUDE-Brasil project. J Urban Health 2003;80:106-114.
40. de Carvalho HB, Mesquita F, Massad E, Bueno RC, Lopes GT, Ruiz MA, et al. HIV and infections of similar transmission patterns in a drug injectors community of Santos, Brazil. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1996;12:84-92.
41. Oliveira ML, Bastos FI, Telles PR, Yoshida CF, Schatzmayr HG, Paetzold U, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for HBV, HCV and HDV infections among injecting drug users from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Braz J Med Biol Res 1999;32:1107-1114.
42. Rodríguez CM, Marques LF, Touze G. HIV and injection drug use in Latin America. Aids 2002;16 Suppl 3:S34-S41.
43. Fried MW, Shiffman ML, Reddy KR, Smith C, Marinos G, Goncales FL Jr, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 2002;347:975-982.
44. Méndez-Sánchez N, Motola-Kuba D, Chávez-Tapia NC, Bahena J, Correa-Rotter R, Uribe M. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among hemodialysis patients at a tertiary-care hospital in Mexico City, Mexico. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:4321-4322.
45. Jarrett M, Cox P. Hepatitis C virus. Nurs Clin North Am 2004;39:219-229.
46. Wong JB. Cost-effectiveness of treatments for chronic hepatitis C. Am J Med 1999;107:S74-S78.
47. Golub ET, Latka M, Hagan H, Havens JR, Hudson SM, Kapadia F, et al. Screening for depressive symptoms among HCV-infected injection drug users: examination of the utility of the CES-D and the Beck Depression Inventory. J Urban Health 2004;81:278-290.
48. Maayan S, Shufman EN, Engelhard D, Shouval D. Exposure to hepatitis B and C and to HTLV-1 and 2 among Israeli drug abusers in Jerusalem. Addiction 1994;89:869-874.
49. Koff RS. Risks associated with hepatitis A and hepatitis B in patients with hepatitis C. J Clin Gastroenterol 2001;33:20-26.
50. Prevention of hepatitis A through active or passive immunization: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 1999;48:1-37.
51. Szabo G, Aloman C, Polyak SJ, Weinman SA, Wands J, Zakhari S. Hepatitis C infection and alcohol use: A dangerous mix for the liver and antiviral immunity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006;30:709-719.
52. Hagan H, Thiede H, Weiss NS, Hopkins SG, Duchin JS, Alexander ER. Sharing of drug preparation equipment as a risk factor for hepatitis C. Am J Public Health 2001;91:42-46.
53. Thorpe L, Ouellet L, Hershow R, Bailey S, Williams II, Monerosso E. The multiperson use of non-syringe injection equipment and risk of hepatitis C infection in a cohort of young adult injection drug users, chicago 1997-1999. Ann Epidemiol 2000;10:472-473.
54. Kapadia F, Vlahov D, Des Jarlais DC, Strathdee SA, Ouellet L, Kerndt P, et al. Does bleach disinfection of syringes protect against hepatitis C infection among young adult injection drug users? Epidemiology 2002;13:738-741.
55. Burns SM, Brettle RP, Gore SM, Peutherer JF, Robertson JR. The epidemiology of HIV infection in Edinburgh related to the injecting of drugs: an historical perspective and new insight regarding the past incidence of HIV infection derived from retrospective HIV antibody testing of stored samples of serum. J Infect 1996;32:53-62.
56. UNAIDS/WHO. México: Epidemiological Facts Sheets on HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections. Geneva, Switzerland: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS; 2004 January 9. Accessed 2007. Available at: www.who.int/GlobalAtlas/predefinedReports/EFS2004/EFS_PDFs/EFS2004_MX.pdf.
57. Backmund M, Meyer K, Henkel C, Reimer J, Wachtler M, Schutz CG. Risk Factors and Predictors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection among Injection Drug Users. Eur Addict Res 2005;11:138-144.
58. Maier I, Wu GY. Hepatitis C and HIV co-infection: a review. World J Gastroenterol 2002;8:577-579.
59. Miller CL, Wood E, Spittal PM, Li K, Frankish JC, Braitstein P, et al. The Future Face of Coinfection: Prevalence and Incidence of HIV and Hepatitis C Virus Coinfection Among Young Injection Drug Users. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004;36:743-749.
60. Salmon-Ceron D, Lewden C, Morlat P, Bevilacqua S, Jougla E, Bonnet F, et al. Liver disease as a major cause of death among HIV infected patients: role of hepatitis C and B viruses and alcohol. J Hepatol 2005;42:799-805.
61. Eyster ME, Alter HJ, Aledort LM, Quan S, Hatzakis A, Goedert JJ. Heterosexual co-transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Ann Intern Med 1991;115:764-768.