Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome (BOS), Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia (BOOP), and Other Late-Onset Noninfectious Pulmonary Complications following Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation

Volumn 13, Issue 7, 2007, Pages 749-759

  Yoshihara, Satoshi ^a   Yanik, Gregory ^b   Cooke, Kenneth R ^b   Mineishi, Shin ^a  

^a HYOGO COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

Allogeneic; Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP); Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS); Diagnostic criteria; Late onset noninfectious pulmonary complications; Pathogenesis

Indexed keywords

AZITHROMYCIN; BUSULFAN; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSPORIN; ETANERCEPT; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; INFLIXIMAB; MACROLIDE; METHOTREXATE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; PREDNISONE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ACUTE GRAFT VERSUS HOST DISEASE; AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; BRONCHIOLITIS OBLITERANS; BRONCHIOLITIS OBLITERANS ORGANIZING PNEUMONIA; BRONCHOSCOPY; CHRONIC GRAFT VERSUS HOST DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME; HIGH RESOLUTION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; IMMUNOCOMPETENCE; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INCIDENCE; LUNG BIOPSY; LUNG COMPLICATION; LUNG DIFFUSION CAPACITY; LUNG EDEMA; LUNG FUNCTION TEST; LUNG INJURY; LUNG TRANSPLANTATION; LUNG VEIN OBSTRUCTION; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PROGNOSIS; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

BRONCHIOLITIS OBLITERANS; BRONCHIOLITIS OBLITERANS ORGANIZING PNEUMONIA; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; HUMANS; SYNDROME; TIME FACTORS; TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS;

EID: 34250206632     PISSN: 10838791     EISSN: 15236536     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2007.05.001     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. Clark J.G., Madtes D.K., Martin T.R., Hackman R.C., Farrand A.L., and Crawford S.W. Idiopathic pneumonia after bone marrow transplantation: cytokine activation and lipopolysaccharide amplification in the bronchoalveolar compartment. Crit Care Med 27 (1999) 1800-1806
2. Crawford S.W., and Hackman R.C. Clinical course of idiopathic pneumonia after bone marrow transplantation. Am Rev Respir Dis 147 (1993) 1393-1400
3. Weiner R.S., Bortin M.M., Gale R.P., et al. Interstitial pneumonitis after bone marrow transplantation. Assessment of risk factors. Ann Intern Med 104 (1986) 168-175
4. Quabeck K. The lung as a critical organ in marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 14 Suppl 4 (1994) S19-S28
5. Crawford S.W., Longton G., and Storb R. Acute graft-versus-host disease and the risks for idiopathic pneumonia after marrow transplantation for severe aplastic anemia. Bone Marrow Transplant 12 (1993) 225-231
6. Kantrow S.P., Hackman R.C., Boeckh M., Myerson D., and Crawford S.W. Idiopathic pneumonia syndrome: changing spectrum of lung injury after marrow transplantation. Transplantation 63 (1997) 1079-1086
7. Ralph D.D., Springmeyer S.C., Sullivan K.M., Hackman R.C., Storb R., and Thomas E.D. Rapidly progressive air-flow obstruction in marrow transplant recipients. Possible association between obliterative bronchiolitis and chronic graft-versus-host disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 129 (1984) 641-644
8. Clark J.G., Schwartz D.A., Flournoy N., Sullivan K.M., Crawford S.W., and Thomas E.D. Risk factors for airflow obstruction in recipients of bone marrow transplants. Ann Intern Med 107 (1987) 648-656
9. Crawford S.W., and Clark J.G. Bronchiolitis associated with bone marrow transplantation. Clin Chest Med 14 (1993) 741-749
10. Curtis D.J., Smale A., Thien F., Schwarer A.P., and Szer J. Chronic airflow obstruction in long-term survivors of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 16 (1995) 169-173
11. Chan C.K., Hyland R.H., Hutcheon M.A., et al. Small-airways disease in recipients of allogeneic bone marrow transplants. An analysis of 11 cases and a review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 66 (1987) 327-340
12. Cooke K.R., and Ferrara J.L.M. The pathophysiology of lung Injury after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In: James L.M., Ferrra K.R.C., and Deeg H.J. (Eds). Graft-vs-Host Disease. 3rd edition (2005), Marcel-Dekker, New York 329-367
13. Belperio J.A., Keane M.P., Burdick M.D., et al. Critical role for the chemokine MCP-1/CCR2 in the pathogenesis of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. J Clin Invest 108 (2001) 547-556
14. Aris R.M., Walsh S., Chalermskulrat W., Hathwar V., and Neuringer I.P. Growth factor upregulation during obliterative bronchiolitis in the mouse model. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166 (2002) 417-422
15. Erard V., Chien J.W., Kim H.W., et al. Airflow decline after myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: the role of community respiratory viruses. J Infect Dis 193 (2006) 1619-1625
16. Paz H.L., Crilley P., Patchefsky A., Schiffman R.L., and Brodsky I. Bronchiolitis obliterans after autologous bone marrow transplantation. Chest 101 (1992) 775-778
17. Yoshihara S., Tateishi U., Ando T., et al. Lower incidence of Bronchiolitis obliterans in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with reduced-intensity conditioning compared with myeloablative conditioning. Bone Marrow Transplant 35 (2005) 1195-1200
18. Fukuda T., Hackman R.C., Guthrie K.A., et al. Risks and outcomes of idiopathic pneumonia syndrome after nonmyeloablative and conventional conditioning regimens for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood 102 (2003) 2777-2785
19. Holland H.K., Wingard J.R., Beschorner W.E., Saral R., and Santos G.W. Bronchiolitis obliterans in bone marrow transplantation and its relationship to chronic graft-v-host disease and low serum IgG. Blood 72 (1988) 621-627
20. Chien J.W., Martin P.J., Gooley T.A., et al. Airflow obstruction after myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168 (2003) 208-214
21. Dudek A.Z., Mahaseth H., DeFor T.E., and Weisdorf D.J. Bronchiolitis obliterans in chronic graft-versus-host disease: analysis of risk factors and treatment outcomes. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 9 (2003) 657-666
22. Boehler A., Bai X.H., Liu M., et al. Upregulation of T-helper 1 cytokines and chemokine expression in post-transplant airway obliteration. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159 (1999) 1910-1917
23. Neuringer I.P., Walsh S.P., Mannon R.B., Gabriel S., and Aris R.M. Enhanced T cell cytokine gene expression in mouse airway obliterative bronchiolitis. Transplantation 69 (2000) 399-405
24. Santo Tomas L.H., Loberiza F.R., Klein J.P., et al. Risk factors for bronchiolitis obliterans in allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for leukemia. Chest 128 (2005) 153-161
25. Schwarer A.P., Hughes J.M., Trotman-Dickenson B., Krausz T., and Goldman J.M. A chronic pulmonary syndrome associated with graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic marrow transplantation. Transplantation 54 (1992) 1002-1008
26. Worthy S.A., Park C.S., Kim J.S., and Muller N.L. Bronchiolitis obliterans after lung transplantation: high-resolution CT findings in 15 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 169 (1997) 673-677
27. Clark J.G., Crawford S.W., Madtes D.K., and Sullivan K.M. Obstructive lung disease after allogeneic marrow transplantation. Clinical presentation and course. Ann Intern Med 111 (1989) 368-376
28. Philit F., Wiesendanger T., Archimbaud E., Mornex J.F., Brune J., and Cordier J.F. Post-transplant obstructive lung disease ("bronchiolitis obliterans"): a clinical comparative study of bone marrow and lung transplant patients. Eur Respir J 8 (1995) 551-558
29. Marras T.K., Chan C.K., Lipton J.H., Messner H.A., Szalai J.P., and Laupacis A. Long-term pulmonary function abnormalities and survival after allogeneic marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 33 (2004) 509-517
30. Cooper J.D., Billingham M., Egan T., et al., International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. A working formulation for the standardization of nomenclature and for clinical staging of chronic dysfunction in lung allografts. J Heart Lung Transplant 12 (1993) 713-716
31. Estenne M., Maurer J.R., Boehler A., et al. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome 2001: an update of the diagnostic criteria. J Heart Lung Transplant 21 (2002) 297-310
32. Reynaud-Gaubert M., Thomas P., Badier M., Cau P., Giudicelli R., and Fuentes P. Early detection of airway involvement in obliterative bronchiolitis after lung transplantation. Functional and bronchoalveolar lavage cell findings. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161 (2000) 1924-1929
33. Chien J.W., Martin P.J., Flowers M.E., Nichols W.G., and Clark J.G. Implications of early airflow decline after myeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 33 (2004) 759-764
34. Leung A.N., Fisher K., Valentine V., et al. Bronchiolitis obliterans after lung transplantation: detection using expiratory HRCT. Chest 113 (1998) 365-370
35. Bankier A.A., Van Muylem A., Knoop C., Estenne M., and Gevenois P.A. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in heart-lung transplant recipients: diagnosis with expiratory CT. Radiology 218 (2001) 533-539
36. Siegel M.J., Bhalla S., Gutierrez F.R., Hildebolt C., and Sweet S. Post-lung transplantation bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome: usefulness of expiratory thin-section CT for diagnosis. Radiology 220 (2001) 455-462
37. St John R.C., Gadek J.E., Tutschka P.J., Kapoor N., and Dorinsky P.M. Analysis of airflow obstruction by bronchoalveolar lavage following bone marrow transplantation. Implications for pathogenesis and treatment. Chest 98 (1990) 600-607
38. Chan A., and Allen R. Bronchiolitis obliterans: an update. Curr Opin Pulm Med 10 (2004) 133-141
39. Ratjen F., Rjabko O., and Kremens B. High-dose corticosteroid therapy for bronchiolitis obliterans after bone marrow transplantation in children. Bone Marrow Transplant 36 (2005) 135-138
40. Iacono A.T., Corcoran T.E., Griffith B.P., et al. Aerosol cyclosporin therapy in lung transplant recipients with bronchiolitis obliterans. Eur Respir J 23 (2004) 384-390
41. Iacono A.T., Johnson B.A., Grgurich W.F., et al. A randomized trial of inhaled cyclosporine in lung-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 354 (2006) 141-150
42. Gerhardt S.G., McDyer J.F., Girgis R.E., Conte J.V., Yang S.C., and Orens J.B. Maintenance azithromycin therapy for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome: results of a pilot study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168 (2003) 121-125
43. Verleden G.M., and Dupont L.J. Azithromycin therapy for patients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation. Transplantation 77 (2004) 1465-1467
44. Khalid M., Al Saghir A., Saleemi S., et al. Azithromycin in bronchiolitis obliterans complicating bone marrow transplantation: a preliminary study. Eur Respir J 25 (2005) 490-493
45. Verleden G.M., Vanaudenaerde B.M., Dupont L.J., and Van Raemdonck D.E. Azithromycin reduces airway neutrophilia and interleukin-8 in patients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 174 (2006) 566-570
46. Yanik G., Hellerstedt B., Custer J., et al. Etanercept (Enbrel) administration for idiopathic pneumonia syndrome after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 8 (2002) 395-400
47. Yanik G., Uberti J., Ferrara J.L., et al. Etanercept for sub-acute lung injury following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Blood 102 Suppl (2003) 471a
48. Fullmer J.J., Fan L.L., Dishop M.K., Rodgers C., and Krance R. Successful treatment of bronchiolitis obliterans in a bone marrow transplant patient with tumor necrosis factor-alpha blockade. Pediatrics 116 (2005) 767-770
49. Sullivan K.M., Storek J., Kopecky K.J., et al. A controlled trial of long-term administration of intravenous immunoglobulin to prevent late infection and chronic graft-vs.-host disease after marrow transplantation: clinical outcome and effect on subsequent immune recovery. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2 (1996) 44-53
50. Couriel D.R., Hosing C., Saliba R., et al. Extracorporeal photochemotherapy for the treatment of steroid-resistant chronic GVHD. Blood 107 (2006) 3074-3080
51. Greinix H.T., Volc-Platzer B., Rabitsch W., et al. Successful use of extracorporeal photochemotherapy in the treatment of severe acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease. Blood 92 (1998) 3098-3104
52. O'Hagan A.R., Stillwell P.C., Arroliga A., and Koo A. Photopheresis in the treatment of refractory bronchiolitis obliterans complicating lung transplantation. Chest 115 (1999) 1459-1462
53. Ilhan O., Arat M., Arslan O., et al. Extracorporeal photoimmunotherapy for the treatment of steroid refractory progressive chronic graft-versus-host disease. Transfus Apher Sci 30 (2004) 185-187
54. Oyan B., Koc Y., Emri S., and Kansu E. Improvement of chronic pulmonary graft-vs-host disease manifesting as bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia following extracorporeal photopheresis. Med Oncol 23 (2006) 125-129
55. Calhoon J.H., Levine S., Anzueto A., Bryan C.L., and Trinkle J.K. Lung transplantation in a patient with a prior bone marrow transplant. Chest 102 (1992) 948
56. Gascoigne A., and Corris P. Lung transplants in patients with prior bone marrow transplants. Chest 105 (1994) 327
57. Boas S.R., Noyes B.E., Kurland G., Armitage J., and Orenstein D. Pediatric lung transplantation for graft-versus-host disease following bone marrow transplantation. Chest 105 (1994) 1584-1586
58. Rabitsch W., Deviatko E., Keil F., et al. Successful lung transplantation for bronchiolitis obliterans after allogeneic marrow transplantation. Transplantation 71 (2001) 1341-1343
59. Heath J.A., Kurland G., Spray T.L., et al. Lung transplantation after allogeneic marrow transplantation in pediatric patients: the Memorial Sloan-Kettering experience. Transplantation 72 (2001) 1986-1990
60. Sano Y., Date H., Nagahiro I., Aoe M., and Shimizu N. Living-donor lobar lung transplantation for bronchiolitis obliterans after bone marrow transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 79 (2005) 1051-1052
61. Afessa B., Litzow M.R., and Tefferi A. Bronchiolitis obliterans and other late onset non-infectious pulmonary complications in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 28 (2001) 425-434
62. Cordier J.F. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 21 (2000) 135-146
63. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society International Multidisciplinary Consensus Classification of the Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias. This joint statement of the American Thoracic Society (ATS), and the European Respiratory Society (ERS) was adopted by the ATS board of directors, June 2001 and by the ERS Executive Committee, June 2001. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165 (2002) 277-304
64. Majeski E.I., Paintlia M.K., Lopez A.D., Harley R.A., London S.D., and London L. Respiratory reovirus 1/L induction of intraluminal fibrosis, a model of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia, is dependent on T lymphocytes. Am J Pathol 163 (2003) 1467-1479
65. Kanda Y., Takahashi T., Imai Y., et al. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia after syngeneic bone marrow transplantation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Bone Marrow Transplant 19 (1997) 1251-1253
66. Thirman M.J., Devine S.M., O'Toole K., et al. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia as a complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 10 (1992) 307-311
67. Mathew P., Bozeman P., Krance R.A., Brenner M.K., and Heslop H.E. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) in children after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 13 (1994) 221-223
68. Yousem S.A. The histological spectrum of pulmonary graft-versus-host disease in bone marrow transplant recipients. Hum Pathol 26 (1995) 668-675
69. Alasaly K., Muller N., Ostrow D.N., Champion P., and FitzGerald J.M. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. A report of 25 cases and a review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 74 (1995) 201-211
70. Kleinau I., Perez-Canto A., Schmid H.J., et al. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia and chronic graft-versus-host disease in a child after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 19 (1997) 841-844
71. Baron F.A., Hermanne J.P., Dowlati A., et al. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia and ulcerative colitis after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 21 (1998) 951-954
72. Palmas A., Tefferi A., Myers J.L., et al. Late-onset noninfectious pulmonary complications after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Br J Haematol 100 (1998) 680-687
73. Ishii T., Manabe A., Ebihara Y., et al. Improvement in bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia in a child after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation by a combination of oral prednisolone and low dose erythromycin. Bone Marrow Transplant 26 (2000) 907-910
74. Freudenberger T.D., Madtes D.K., Curtis J.R., Cummings P., Storer B.E., and Hackman R.C. Association between acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease and bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia in recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplants. Blood 102 (2003) 3822-3828
75. Patriarca F., Skert C., Sperotto A., et al. Incidence, outcome, and risk factors of late-onset noninfectious pulmonary complications after unrelated donor stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 33 (2004) 751-758
76. Miyagawa Y., Nagata N., and Shigematsu N. Clinicopathological study of migratory lung infiltrates. Thorax 46 (1991) 233-238
77. Izumi T., Kitaichi M., Nishimura K., and Nagai S. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Clinical features and differential diagnosis. Chest 102 (1992) 715-719
78. Lee K.S., Kullnig P., Hartman T.E., and Muller N.L. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia: CT findings in 43 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 162 (1994) 543-546
79. Dodd J.D., and Muller N.L. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia after bone marrow transplantation: high-resolution computed tomography findings in 4 patients. J Comput Assist Tomogr 29 (2005) 540-543
80. Wells A.U. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 22 (2001) 449-460
81. Epler G.R. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Semin Respir Infect 10 (1995) 65-77
82. Lazor R., Vandevenne A., Pelletier A., Leclerc P., Court-Fortune I., Cordier J.F., and The Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherche sur les Maladles "Orphelines" Pulmonaires (GERM"O"P). Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. Characteristics of relapses in a series of 48 patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162 (2000) 571-577
83. Troussard X., Bernaudin J.F., Cordonnier C., et al. Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease after bone marrow transplantation. Thorax 39 (1984) 956-957
84. Hackman R.C., Madtes D.K., Petersen F.B., and Clark J.G. Pulmonary venoocclusive disease following bone marrow transplantation. Transplantation 47 (1989) 989-992
85. Kuga T., Kohda K., Hirayama Y., et al. Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease accompanied by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia 1 year after a second bone marrow transplantation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Int J Hematol 64 (1996) 143-150
86. Williams L.M., Fussell S., Veith R.W., Nelson S., and Mason C.M. Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease in an adult following bone marrow transplantation. Case report and review of the literature. Chest 109 (1996) 1388-1391
87. Trobaugh-Lotrario A.D., Greffe B., Deterding R., Deutsch G., and Quinones R. Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease after autologous bone marrow transplant in a child with stage IV neuroblastoma: case report and literature review. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 25 (2003) 405-409
88. Mukai M., Kondo M., Bohgaki T., Notoya A., and Kohno M. Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease following allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for chronic myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol 123 (2003) 1
89. Mandel J., Mark E.J., and Hales C.A. Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162 (2000) 1964-1973
90. Doll D.C., and Yarbro J.W. Vascular toxicity associated with antineoplastic agents. Semin Oncol 19 (1992) 580-596
91. McDonnell P.J., Summer W.R., and Hutchins G.M. Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease. Morphological changes suggesting a viral cause. JAMA 246 (1981) 667-671
92. Sanderson J.E., Spiro S.G., Hendry A.T., and Turner-Warwick M. A case of pulmonary veno-occlusive disease respondong to treatment with azathioprine. Thorax 32 (1977) 140-148
93. Woodard J.P., Gulbahce E., Shreve M., et al. Pulmonary cytolytic thrombi: a newly recognized complication of stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 25 (2000) 293-300
94. Gulbahce H.E., Manivel J.C., and Jessurun J. Pulmonary cytolytic thrombi: a previously unrecognized complication of bone marrow transplantation. Am J Surg Pathol 24 (2000) 1147-1152
95. Morales I.J., Anderson P.M., Tazelaar H.D., and Wylam M.E. Pulmonary cytolytic thrombi: unusual complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 25 (2003) 89-92
96. Gulbahce H.E., Pambuccian S.E., Jessurun J., et al. Pulmonary nodular lesions in bone marrow transplant recipients: impact of histologic diagnosis on patient management and prognosis. Am J Clin Pathol 121 (2004) 205-210
97. Peters A., Manivel J.C., Dolan M., Gulbahce H.E., Baker K.S., and Verneris M.R. Pulmonary cytolytic thrombi after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: a further histologic description. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 11 (2005) 484-485
98. Griese M., Rampf U., Hofmann D., Fuhrer M., Reinhardt D., and Bender-Gotze C. Pulmonary complications after bone marrow transplantation in children: twenty-four years of experience in a single pediatric center. Pediatr Pulmonol 30 (2000) 393-401
99. Wolff D., Reichenberger F., Steiner B., et al. Progressive interstitial fibrosis of the lung in sclerodermoid chronic graft-versus-host disease. Bone Marrow Transplant 29 (2002) 357-360