Cooling induced strain localization in carbonate mylonites within a large-scale shear zone (Glarus thrust, Switzerland)

Journal of Structural Geology

Volumn 29, Issue 7, 2007, Pages 1164-1184

  Ebert, Andreas ^a   Herwegh, Marco ^a   Pfiffner, Adrian ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Carbonate mylonites; Glarus thrust; Helvetic Alps; Microfabric; Retrograde strain localization

Indexed keywords

CARBONATE MYLONITES; CATACLASTIC DEFORMATION; SHEAR ZONE; STRAIN LOCALIZATION;

CARBONATE MINERALS; DISLOCATIONS (CRYSTALS); GRAIN GROWTH; GRAIN SIZE AND SHAPE; SHEAR DEFORMATION; STRAIN; STRESSES; TECTONICS; THERMAL EFFECTS;

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY;

BRITTLE DEFORMATION; DEFORMATION MECHANISM; GRAIN SIZE; MYLONITE; PLASTIC DEFORMATION; SHEAR ZONE;

CENTRAL EUROPE; EURASIA; EUROPE; GLARUS [SWITZERLAND]; SWITZERLAND;

EID: 34250192565     PISSN: 01918141     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsg.2007.03.007     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Abart R., and Ramseyer K. Deformation induced quartz-fluid oxygen isotope exchange during low-grade metamorphism: an example from the Glarus thrust, E Switzerland. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 82 (2002) 291-302
2. Abart R., Badertscher N., Burkhard M., and Povoden E. Oxygen, carbon and strontium isotope systematics in two profiles across the Glarus thrust: implications for fluid flow. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 143 2 (2002) 192-208
3. Adams B.L., Wright S.I., and Kunze K. Orientation imaging: the emergence of a new microscopy. Metallurgical Transactions 24A 4 (1993) 819-830
4. Atlas der Schweiz. Software Version 2.0 (2004), Swiss Federal Office of Topography (swisstopo), Wabern, Switzerland
5. Austin N.J., and Evans B. Paleowattmeters: A scaling relation for dynamically recrystallized grain size. Geology 35 4 (2007) 343-346
6. Badertscher, N., 2001. Deformation Mechanisms and Fluid Flow Along the Glarus Overthrust, Eastern Helvetic Alps, Switzerland. Ph.D. thesis, Université de Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
7. Badertscher N.P., and Burkhard M. Brittle-ductile deformation in the Glarus thrust Lochseiten (LK) calc-mylonite. Terra Nova 12 6 (2000) 281-288
8. Badertscher N.P., Abart R., Burkhard M., and McCaig A. Fluid flow pathways along the Glarus overthrust derived from stable and Sr-isotope patterns. American Journal of Science 302 (June 2002) 517-547
9. Barnhoorn, A., 2003. Rheological and Microstructural Evolution of Carbonate Rocks During Large Strain Torsion Experiments. Ph.D. thesis, ETH, Zürich, Switzerland.
10. Barnhoorn A., Bystricky M., Burlini L., and Kunze K. The role of recrystallisation on the deformation behaviour of calcite rocks: large strain torsion experiments on Carrara marble. Journal of Structural Geology 26 5 (2004) 885-903
11. Barnhoorn A., Bystricky M., Burlini L., and Kunze K. Post-deformational annealing of calcite rocks. Tectonophysics 403 1-4 (2005) 167-191
12. Berger A., and Herwegh M. Grain coarsening in contact metamorphic carbonates: effects of second-phase particles, fluid flow and thermal perturbations. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 22 5 (2004) 459-474
13. Bestmann M., and Prior D.J. Intragranular dynamic recrystallization in naturally deformed calcite marble: diffusion accommodated grain boundary sliding as a result of subgrain rotation recrystallization. Journal of Structural Geology 25 10 (2003) 1597-1613
14. Bestmann M., Kunze K., and Matthews A. Evolution of a calcite marble shear zone complex on Thassos Island, Greece: microstructural and textural fabrics and their kinematic significance. Journal of Structural Geology 22 11-12 (2000) 1789-1807
15. Bickle M.J., and Powell R. Calcite-dolomite geothermometry for iron-bearing carbonates. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology (Historical Archive) 59 3 (1977) 281-292
16. Brun J.P., and Cobbold P.R. Strain heating and thermal softening in continental shear zones: a review. Journal of Structural Geology 2 1-2 (1980) 149-158
17. Burkhard M., and Kerrich R. Fluid regimes in the deformation of the Helvetic nappes, Switzerland, as inferred from stable isotope data. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 99 4 (1988) 416-429
18. Burkhard M. Calcite twins, their geometry, appearance and significance as stress-strain markers and indicators of tectonic regime: a review. Journal of Structural Geology 15 3-5 (1993) 351-368
19. Burkhard M., Kerrich R., Maas R., and Fyfe W.S. Stable and Sr-isotope evidence for fluid advection during thrusting of the Glarus nappe (Swiss Alps). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 112 2-3 (1992) 293-311
20. Burlini L., and Bruhn D. High-strain zones: laboratory perspectives on strain softening during ductile deformation. In: Bruhn D., and Burlini L. (Eds). High-Strain Zones: Structure and Physical Properties. Geological Society, London, Special Publications vol. 245 (2005) 1-24
21. Busch J.P., and Van der Pluijm B.A. Calcite textures, microstructures and rheological properties of marble mylonites in the Bancroft shear zone, Ontario, Canada. Journal of Structural Geology 17 5 (1995) 677-688
22. Carter N.L., Kronenberg A.K., Ross J.V., and Wiltschko D.V. Control of fluids on deformation of rocks. In: Knipe R.J., and Rutter E.H. (Eds). Deformation Mechanisms, Rheology and Tectonics. Geological Society, London, Special Publications vol. 54 (1990) 1-13
23. Covey-Crump S.J., and Rutter E.H. Thermally-induced grain growth of calcite marbles on Naxos Island, Greece. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology (Historical Archive) 101 1 (1989) 69-86
24. Cox S.F., Etheridge M.A., and Wall V.J. The role of fluids in syntectonic mass transport, and the localization of metamorphic vein-type ore deposists. Ore Geology Reviews 2 1-3 (1987) 65-86
25. 39Ar isotope study of a major thrust in the Helvetic nappes (Swiss Alps): evidence for fluid flow and constraints on nappe kinematics. Geological Society of America Bulletin 107 10 (1995) 1129-1144
26. Criss R.E., Gregory R.T., and Taylor J.H.P. Kinetic theory of oxygen isotopic exchange between minerals and water. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51 5 (1987) 1099-1108
27. Cultrone G., Rodriguez-Navarro C., Sebastian E., Cazalla O., and De La Torre M.J. Carbonate and silicate phase reactions during ceramic firing. European Journal of Mineralogy 13 3 (2001) 624-634
28. de Bresser J.H.P., Ter Heege J.H., and Spiers C.J. Grain size reduction by dynamic recrystallization: can it result in major rheological weakening?. International Journal of Earth Sciences 90 1 (2001) 28-45
29. de Bresser J.H.P., Evans B., and Renner J. Predicting the strength of calcite rocks under natural conditions, deformation mechanisms, rheology and tectonics: current status and future perspectives. Geological Society of London, Special Publications (2002) pp. 309-329
30. Doherty R.D., Hughes D.A., Humphreys F.J., Jonas J.J., Jensen D.J., Kassner M.E., King W.E., McNelley T.R., McQueen H.J., and Rollett A.D. Current issues in recrystallization: a review. Materials Science and Engineering A 238 2 (1997) 219-274
31. Ebert, A., 2006. Microfabric Evolution in Pure and Impure Carbonate Mylonites and Their Role for Strain Localization in Large-scale Shear Zones. Ph.D. thesis, University of Bern, Switzerland.
32. Evans B., Renner J., and Hirth G. A few remarks on the kinetics of static grain growth in rocks. International Journal of Earth Sciences 90 1 (2001) 88-103
33. Ferrill D.A., Morris A.P., Evans M.A., Burkhard M., Groshong J., Richard H., and Onasch C.M. Calcite twin morphology: a low-temperature deformation geothermometer. Journal of Structural Geology 26 8 (2004) 1521-1529
34. Freund D., Rybacki E., and Dresen G. Effect of impurities on grain growth in synthetic calcite aggregates. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 28 10 (2001) 737-745
35. Freund D., Wang Z., Rybacki E., and Dresen G. High-temperature creep of synthetic calcite aggregates: influence of Mn-content. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 226 3-4 (2004) 433-448
36. Frey M., Teichmüller M., Teichmüller R., Mullis J., Künzli B., Breitschmid A., Gruner U., and Schwizer B. Very low-grade metamorphism in external parts of the Central Alps: Illite crystallinity, coal rank and fluid inclusion data. Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae 73 1 (1980) 173-203
37. Frey M. Discontinuous inverse metamorphic zonation, Glarus Alps, Switzerland: evidence from illite crystallinity data. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 68 (1988) 171-184
38. Friedrich A.M., Wernicke B.P., Niemi N.A., Bennett R.A., and Davis J.L. Comparison of geodetic and geologic data from the Wasatch region, Utah, and implications for the spectral character of Earth deformation at periods of 10 to 10 million years. Journal of Geophysical Research 108 B4 (2003) 10.1029/2001JB000682
39. Fusseis F., Handy M.R., and Schrank C. Networking of shear zones at the brittle-to-viscous transition (Cap de Creus, NE Spain). Journal of Structural Geology 28 (2006) 1228-1243
40. Groshong R.H., Pfiffner O.A., and Pringle L.R. Strain partitioning in the Helvetic thrust belt of eastern Switzerland from the leading edge to the internal zone. Journal of Structural Geology 6 1-2 (1984) 5-18
41. Hänni R., and Pfiffner O.A. Evolution and internal structure of the Helvetic nappes in the Bernese Oberland. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 94 2 (2001) 161-171
42. Handy M.R. The energetics of steady state heterogeneous shear in mylonitic rock. Materials Science and Engineering A 175 1-2 (1994) 261-272
43. Heilbronner R., and Tullis J. The effect of static annealing on microstructures and crystallographic preferred orientations of quartzites experimentally deformed in axial compression and shear. In: de Meer S., Martyn R.D., de Bresser J.H.P., and Gill M.P. (Eds). Deformation mechanisms, Rheology and Tectonics. Geological Society, London, Special Publications vol. 200 (2002) 191-218
44. Heim A. Geologie der Schweiz, Bd 2 (1921), Tauchniz, Leipzig
45. Herwegh M., and Berger A. Deformation mechanisms in second-phase affected microstructures and their energy balance. Journal of Structural Geology 26 8 (2004) 1483-1498
46. Herwegh M., and Handy M.R. The evolution of high-temperature mylonitic microfabrics: evidence from simple shearing of a quartz analogue (norcamphor). Journal of Structural Geology 18 5 (1996) 689-710
47. Herwegh M., and Jenni A. Granular flow in polymineralic rocks bearing sheet silicates: new evidence from natural examples. Tectonophysics 332 3 (2001) 309-320
48. Herwegh M., and Kunze K. The influence of nano-scale second-phase particles on deformation of fine grained calcite mylonites. Journal of Structural Geology 24 9 (2002) 1463-1478
49. Herwegh M., and Pfiffner O.A. Tectono-metamorphic evolution of a nappe stack: a case study of the Swiss Alps. Tectonophysics 404 1-2 (2005) 55-76
50. Herwegh M. A new technique to automatically quantify microstructures of fine grained carbonate mylonites: two-step etching combined with SEM imaging and image analysis. Journal of Structural Geology 22 4 (2000) 391-400
51. Herwegh M., Berger A., and Ebert A. Grain coarsening maps: a new tool to predict microfabric evolution of polymineralic rocks. Geology 33 10 (2005) 801-804
52. Herwegh M., de Bresser J.H.P., and ter Heege J.H. Combining natural microstructures with composite flow laws: an improved approach for the extrapolation of lab data to nature. Journal of Structural Geology 27 3 (2005) 503-521
53. Herwegh M., Xiao X.H., and Evans B. The effect of dissolved magnesium on diffusion creep in calcite. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 212 3-4 (2003) 457-470
54. Hirt A.M., Lowrie W., and Pfiffner O.A. A paleomagnetic study of tectonically deformed red beds of the lower Glarus nappe complex, eastern Switzerland. Tectonics 5 5 (1986) 723-731
55. Hobbs B.E., Mühlhaus H.B., and Ord A. Instability, softening and localization of deformation. In: Knipe R.J., and Rutter E.H. (Eds). Deformation Mechanisms, Rheology and Tectonics. Geological Society, London, Special Publications vol. 54 (1990) 143-165
56. Holtzman B.K., Kohlstedt D.L., Zimmerman M.E., Heidelbach F., Hiraga T., and Hustoft J. Melt segregation and strain partitioning: implications for seismic anisotropy and mantle flow. Science, New Series 301 (2003) 1227-1230
57. Hsü K.J. A preliminary analysis of the statics and kinetics of the Glarus overthrust. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 62 (1969) 143-154
58. Hubbert M.K., and Rubey W.W. Role of fluid pressure in the mechanics of overthrusting faulting. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 70 (1959) 115-166
59. Hull J. Thickness-displacement relationships for deformation zones. Journal of Structural Geology 10 4 (1988) 431-435
60. Hunziker J.C., Frey M., Clauer N., Dallmeyer R.D., Friedrichsen H., Flehmig W., Hochstrasser K., Roggwiler P., and Schwander H. The evolution of illite to muscovite: mineralogical and isotopic data from the Glarus Alps, Switzerland. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 92 2 (1986) 157-180
61. Hürzeler, J.-P., Schmid, S., Abart, R., 2006. Alteration at the base of the Verrucano-hangingwall along the Glarus thrust, eastern Switzerland. In: Fourth Wiss Geosience Meeting, Bern 2006, pp. 96-97.
62. Jagoutz, O., 2000. Description of the Deformation Structures in the Hanging and Foot Wall of the Glarus Thrust. Ph.D. thesis, ETH Zürich, Switzerland.
63. Jolly R.J.H., and Sanderson D.J. A Mohr circle construction for the opening of a pre-existing fracture. Journal of Structural Geology 19 6 (1997) 887-892
64. Kennedy L.A., and Logan J.M. The role of veining and dissolution in the evolution of fine-grained mylonites: the McConnell thrust, Alberta. Journal of Structural Geology 19 6 (1997) 785-797
65. 39Ar spectra of fine-grained white mica: timing and duration of deformation and empirical constraints on argon diffusion. Geology 24 8 (1996) 747-750
66. Kirschner D.L., Masson H., and Sharp Z.D. Fluid migration through thrust faults in the Helvetic nappes (Western Swiss Alps). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 136 (1999) 169-183
67. Kirschner D.L., Sharp Z.D., and Masson H. Oxygen isotopic thermometry of quartz-calcite veins: unraveling the thermal-tectonic history of the subgreenschist facies Morcles nappe (Swiss Alps). Geological Society of America Bulletin 107 10 (1995) 1145-1156
68. Lieberman J.E., and Rice J.M. Petrology of marble and peridotite in the Seiad ultramafic complex, northern California, USA. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 4 (1986) 179-199
69. Lihou J.C. Structure and deformational history of the Infrahelvetic flysch units, Glarus Alps, eastern Switzerland. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 89 1 (1996) 439-460
70. Marquer D., and Burkhard M. Fluid circulation, progressive deformation and mass-transfer processes in the upper crust: the example of basement-cover relationships in the external crystalline Massifs, Switzerland. Journal of Structural Geology 14 8-9 (1992) 1047-1057
71. Matthews A., Lieberman J., Avigad D., and Garfunkel Z. Fluid-rock interaction and thermal evolution during thrusting of an Alpine metamorphic complex (Tinos island, Greece). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 135 2-3 (1999) 212-224
72. Matthies S., and Wagner F. On a 1/n law in texture related single orientation analysis. Physica Status Solidi B - Basic Research 196 2 (1996) K11-K15
73. 2 system: part I. Crystallisation kinetics. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 8 (2000) 565-574
74. McCaig A.M. Fluid-rock interaction in some shear zones from the Pyrenees. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 2 (1984) 129-141
75. McCaig A.M. Fluid flow through fault zones. Nature 340 (1989) 600
76. McCalpin J.P., and Nishenko S.P. Holocene paleoseismicity, temporal clustering, and probabilities of future large (M > 7) earthquakes on the Wasatch fault zone, Utah. Journal of Geophysical Research 101 B3 (1996) 6233-6254
77. McConnell J.D.C. The role of water in oxygen isotope exchange in quartz. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 136 3-4 (1995) 97-107
78. Means W.D. The concept of steady-state foliation. Tectonophysics 78 1-4 (1981) 179-199
79. Means W.D. Shear zones and rock history. Tectonophysics 247 1-4 (1995) 157-160
80. Mecklenburgh, J., Rutter, E.H., Burlini, L., Bystricky, M., 1999. Deformation of partially molten synthetic granite: implications for crustal rheology and granite pluton formation. AGU Fall Meeting, T51G-04.
81. Milnes A.G., and Pfiffner O.A. Structural development of the Infrahelvetic Complex, eastern Switzerland. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 70 1 (1977) 83-95
82. Milnes A.G., and Pfiffner O.A. Tectonic evolution of the Central Alps in the cross section St. Gallen-Como. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 73 2 (1980) 619-633
83. Molli G., and Heilbronner R. Microstructures associated with static and dynamic recrystallization of Carrara marble (Alpi Apuane, NW Tuscany, Italy). Geologie En Mijnbouw-Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 78 1 (1999) 119-126
84. Molli G., Conti P., Giorgetti G., Meccheri M., and Oesterling N. Microfabric study on the deformational and thermal history of the Alpi Apuane marbles (Carrara marbles), Italy. Journal of Structural Geology 22 11-12 (2000) 1809-1825
85. Montési L.G.J., and Hirth G. Grain size evolution and the rheology of ductile shear zones: from laboratory experiments to postseismic creep. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 211 1-2 (2003) 97-110
86. Nakamura M., Yurimoto H., and Watson E.B. Grain growth control of isotope exchange between rocks and fluids. Geology 33 10 (2005) 829-832 10.1130/G21659
87. Olgaard D.L. The role of second phase in localizing deformation. In: Knipe R.J., and Rutter E.H. (Eds). Deformation mechanisms, Rheology and Tectonics. Geological Society, London, Special Publications vol. 54 (1990) 175-181
88. Oliver J. Fluids expelled tectonically from orogenic belts; their role in hydrocarbon migration and other geologic phenomena. Geology 14 2 (1986) 99-102
89. Passchier C.W., and Trouw R.A.J. Microtectonics (1996), Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, Germany
90. Paterson M.S. A theory for granular flow accommodated by material transfer via an intergranular fluid. Tectonophysics 245 3-4 (1995) 135-151
91. Pfiffner O.A. Tektonische Untersuchungen im Infrahelvetikum der Ostschweiz. Mitteilungen geologisches Institut ETH und Universität Zürich N.F. 217 (1977) 1-432
92. Pfiffner O.A. Fold- and -thrust tectonics in the Helvetic Nappes (E. Switzerland). Geological Society of London, Special Publication vol. 9 (1981) 319-327
93. Pfiffner O.A. Deformation mechanisms and flow regimes in limestones from the Helvetic Zone of the Swiss Alps. Journal of Structural Geology 4 4 (1982) 429-442
94. Pfiffner O.A. Displacements along thrust faults. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 78 2 (1985) 313-333
95. Pfiffner O.A. The structure of the Helvetic nappes and its relation to the mechanical stratigraphy. Journal of Structural Geology 15 3-5 (1993) 511-521
96. Pfiffner O.A., and Ramsay J.G. Constraints on geological strain rates; arguments from finite strain states of naturally deformed rocks. Journal of Geophysical Research B 87 1 (1982) 311-321
97. Pieri M., Kunze K., Burlini L., Stretton I., Olgaard D.L., Burg J.P., and Wenk H.R. Texture development of calcite by deformation and dynamic recrystallization at 1000 K during torsion experiments of marble to large strains. Tectonophysics 330 1-2 (2001) 119-140
98. Poirier J.P. Shear localization and shear instability in materials in the ductile field. Journal of Structural Geology 2 1-2 (1980) 135-142
99. Prior D.J., Trimby P.W., Weber U.D., and Dingley D.J. Orientation contrast imaging of microstructures in rocks using forescatter detectors in the scanning electron microscope. Mineralogical Magazine 60 6 (1996) 859-869
100. Rahn M., Mullis J., Erdelbrock K., and Frey M. Very low-grade metamorphism of the Taveyanne greywacke, Glarus Alps, Switzerland. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 12 (1994) 625-641
101. Rahn M., Mullis J., Erdelbrock K., and Frey M. Alpine metamorphism in the North Helvetic Flysch of the Glarus Alps, Switzerland. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 88 1 (1995) 157-178
102. Rahn M., Steinmann M., and Frey M. Chloritoid composition and formation in the eastern Central Alps: a comparison between Penninic and Helvetic occurrences. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 82 (2002) 409-426
103. Renner J., and Evans B. Do calcite rocks obey the power-law creep equation?. In: de Meer S., Drury M.R., de Bresser J.H.P., and Pennock G.M. (Eds). Deformation Mechanisms, Rheology and Tectonics: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Geological Society, London Special Publications vol. 200 (2002) 293-307
104. Ring U., Brandon M.T., and Ramthun A. Solution-mass-transfer deformation adjacent to the Glarus Thrust, with implications for the tectonic evolution of the Alpine wedge in eastern Switzerland. Journal of Structural Geology 23 10 (2001) 1491-1505
105. Rutter E.H. Experimental study of the influence of stress, temperature, and strain on the dynamic recrystallization of Carrara marble. Journal of Geophysical Research, B, Solid Earth and Planets 100 B12 (1995) 24,651-24,664
106. Rybacki E., Paterson M.S., Wirth R., and Dresen G. Rheology of calcite-quartz aggregates deformed to large strain in torsion. Journal of Geophysical Research 108 B2 (2003) 10.1029/2002JB001833
107. Schmid S.M. The Glarus overthrust: field evidence and mechanical model. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 68 2 (1975) 247-280
108. Schmid S.M. Laboratory experiments on rheology and deformation mechanisms in calcite rocks and their application to studies in the field. Mitteilungen geologisches Institut ETH und Universität Zürich N.F. 241 (1982) 1-106
109. Schmid S.M., Boland J.N., and Paterson M.S. Superplastic flow in finegrained limestone. Tectonophysics 43 3-4 (1977) 257-291
110. Schmid S.M., Panozzo R., and Bauer S. Simple shear experiments on calcite rocks: rheology and microfabric. Journal of Structural Geology 9 5-6 (1987) 747-778
111. Schmid S.M., Paterson M.S., and Boland J.N. High temperature flow and dynamic recrystallization in carrara marble. Tectonophysics 65 3-4 (1980) 245-280
112. Schmid S.M., Pfiffner O.A., Froitzheim N., Schönborn G., and Kissling E. Geophysical-geological transect and tectonic evolution of the Swiss-Italian Alps. Tectonics 15 5 (1996) 1036-1064
113. Schmocker, M., 2002. Rheology and Microfabrics of Quartz: Experimental Deformation in Torsion. Ph.D. thesis, ETH, Zürich.
114. Sibson R.H. Earthquakes and rock deformation in crustal fault zones. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 14 (1986) 149-175
115. Siddans A.W.B. Deformation, metamorphism and texture development in Permian mudstones of the Glarus Alps. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 72 3 (1979) 601-621
116. Smith C.S. Grains, phases, and interphases: an interpretation of microstructure. Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers 175 (1948) 15-51
117. Stampfli G.M., Borel G.D., Marchant R., and Mosar J. Western Alps geological constraints on western Tethyan reconstructions. Reconstruction of the evolution of the Alpine-Himalayan Orogen. In: Rosenbaum G., and Lister G.S. (Eds). Journal of the Virtual Explorer 8 (2002) 77-106
118. Stipp M., Stunitz H., Heilbronner R., and Schmid S.M. The eastern Tonale fault zone: a 'natural laboratory' for crystal plastic deformation of quartz over a temperature range from 250 to 700 °C. Journal of Structural Geology 24 (2002) 1861-1884
119. Tullis J., Snoke A.W., and Todd V.R. Significance and petrogenesis of mylonitic rocks. Geology 10 5 (1982) 227-230
120. Twiss R.J. Theory and applicability of a recrystallized grain size paleopiezometer. Pure and Applied Geophysics 115 1-2 (1977) 227-244
121. Urai J.L., Means W.D., and Lister G.S. Dynamic recrystallization of minerals. In: Hobbs B.E., and Heard H.C. (Eds). Mineral and Rock Deformation: Laboratory Studies. The Paterson. Geophysics Monograph vol. 36 (1986), American Geophysical Union, Washington DC 161-199
122. Van Daalen M., Heilbronner R., and Kunze K. Orientation analysis of localized shear deformation in quartz fibres at the brittle-ductile transition. Tectonophysics 303 1-4 (1999) 83-107
123. Van der Pluijm B.A. Marble mylonites in the Bancroft shear zone, Ontario, Canada: microstructures and deformation mechanisms. Journal of Structural Geology 13 10 (1991) 1125-1135
124. Venables J.A., and Harland C.J. Electron back-scattering patterns - a new technique for obtaining crystallographic information in the scanning electron microscope. Philosophical Magazine 27 (1973) 1193-1200
125. White S.H., Burrows S.E., Carreras J., Shaw N.D., and Humphreys F.J. On mylonites in ductile shear zones. Journal of Structural Geology 2 1-2 (1980) 175-187
126. Wissing S.B., and Pfiffner O.A. Numerical models for the control of inherited basin geometries on structures and emplacement of the Klippen nappe (Swiss Prealps). Journal of Structural Geology 25 8 (2003) 1213-1227