Dilemmas confronting social entrepreneurs: Care homes for elderly people in Chinese cities

Pacific Affairs

Volumn 79, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 623-640

  Wong, Linda ^a   Tang, Jun ^b  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^b CHINESE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEMOGRAPHY; ELDERLY CARE; ELDERLY POPULATION; LEGISLATION; NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION; SOCIAL WORK; WELFARE PROVISION;

ASIA; CHINA; EURASIA; FAR EAST;

EID: 34250187040     PISSN: 0030851X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5509/2006794623     Document Type: Article

References (44)

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2. Linda Wong "Welfare Policy Reform," in Linda Wong and Norman Flynn (ed.), The Market in Chinese Social Policy (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001).
3. Ming-kwan Lee, Chinese Occupational Welfare in Market Transition (London: Macmillan, 2000);
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6. Interviews with civil affairs officials in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Tianjin. For a good summary of the state's difficulty in running old age homes, see Zhang Qingdian, "Qiantan yanglao jigou de jingying guanli" (Introducing the operation and management of old age care agencies), available at
7. Wong, Marginalization and Social Welfare, Wong, "Welfare Policy Reform";
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14. Cheng Sheung Tak and Alfred Chan, "The Future of Private Elderly Homes in Hong Kong: An Ecological Analysis," Hong Kong Journal of Gerontology, vol.7, no. 2 (Dec. 1993), pp. 29-33.
15. See also E.W.Y. Kwong and A.Y.H. Kwan "A Review of Private Residential Care in Hong Kong: Implications for Policy and Practice," Journal of Aging and Social Policy, vol.13.4, pp. 71-89.
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27. Liao, Foreman and Sargeant, "Market versus Societal Orientation in the Nonprofit Context."
28. See Mirjam Schöning, "Global Trends in Financing the Social Sector: How Successful Social Entrepreneurs Mobilize Resources and Leverage Their Ideas," available at .
29. David Osborne and Ted A. Gaebler, Reinventing Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit is Transforming the Public Sector (New York: Plume, 1992).
30. See also Hindy Lauer Schachter, Reinventing Government or Reinventing Ourselves: The Role of Citizen Owners in Making a Better Government (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996).
31. C. B. Chen, Feiyingli Zuzhi Guanli (Non-profit Organizations Management) (Beijing: Tuanjie Chubanshe, 2000).
32. Saich, Moore, MCA, Kang, and Ma.
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36. Ministry of Civil Affairs, China Civil Affairs Statistical Yearbook 2004 (Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2004), p.29.
37. Interview with Civil Affairs Ministry official in charge of social welfare services, Aug 2002.
38. Interview with Ministry of Civil Affairs official in charge of social welfare services, Aug 2002.
39. The registered unemployment rates in urban areas are 2.5 percent in 1990, 2.9 percent in 1995, and 4.0 percent in 2002, see China Statistical Abstract 2003 (Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2003), p. 42.
40. According to Qiao Jian, the urban unemployment rate (comprising unemployed and laid-off workers) in urban areas was at least 7 percent in 2003. See Qiao Jian, "2003 nian Zhongguo laodong guanxi de xianzhuang ji mianlin de wenti" (China labour relations in 2003: Existing situation and current issues), in Jiang Liu, Ru Xin et. al, eds., 2003 nian: Zhongguo shehui fenxi yu yuce (Blue Book of the Chinese Society 2003) (Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe, 2003), p. 253.
41. See http://www.mca.gov.cn/artical/content/WGJ_TJBG/2004429141724.html.
42. L. Wong, Marginalization and Social Welfare in China, 1998.
43. See also Chen Tao, "Social Care and Voluntary Action in China: The Policy of 'Societalizing Social Welfare' and its Effects", in Catherine Jones, ed., Social Policy Reform in China - Views from Hone and Abroad (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003).
44. Wang Ming, Liu Guangxiang et al, "Minhan feiqiye danwei baogao" ("Report on civilian-run non-enterprise units"), Beijing: Ministry of Civil Affairs, Jan 3, 2004, cited 3 Jan 2007, available at