Blood for oil? Global capital, counter-insurgency and the dual logic of American energy security

Review of International Studies

Volumn 33, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 245-264

  Stokes, Doug ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34249984678     PISSN: 02602105     EISSN: 14699044     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0260210507007498     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. Author unknown, 'Rumsfeld: It Would Be A Short War', CBS News, 15 November 2002: 〈http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/n/15/world/main529569. shtml〉.
2. Press Briefing by Ari Fleischer, Excerpts, 9 October 2002: 〈http://www.iraqwatch.org/government/US/WH/wh-fleischer-100902.htm〉.
3. Author Unknown, 'Blair Denies Oil "Conspiracy Theory" Over Iraq', The UK Times, 15 January 2003: 〈http://www.timesonline.co.nk/ aiticle/0,1-544100,00.html〉;
4. Stefan Halper and Jonathan Clarke also deny that oil factored into American decision making. See their America Alone: The Neo-Conservatives and the Global Order (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
5. Michael Cox, The Empire's Back in Town: Or America's Imperial Temptation - Again', Millennium, 32:1 (2003), p. 8.
6. Michael Klare, 'Blood For Oil: The Bush-Cheney Energy Strategy', Socialist Register (London, Merlin Press, 2003), p. 180:
7. For an extended version of Klare's argument see his Blood and Oil: The Dangers and Consequences of America's Growing Dependence on Imported Petroleum (New York: Henry Holt, 2004).
8. The Editors, Monthly Review, 10 January 2005: 〈http://www. zrnsig.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=6996〉.
9. Dilip Hiro, 'Oil, Iraq and America', The Nation, 16 December 2002: 〈http://www.thenation.coni/doc/20021230/hiro20021216〉.
10. Jim Vallette, 'Wolfowitz's Hidden Patron: Dick Cheney's Oil Change at the World Bank', CounterPunch, 22 March 2005: 〈http://www.counterpunch. org/vallotto03222005.html〉;
11. See also 'Blood for Oil? Retort, A Group Of Writers And Activists, Considers Whether Oil Was The Reason For The Invasion Of Iraq', London Review of Books, 21 April 2005: 〈http://www.lrb.co.uk/v27/n08/roto01_. html〉.
12. For background, see 'The Future of Oil', Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, undated: 〈http://www.iags.org/futureofoil.html〉.
13. On the Middle East, see Stephen Kinzer, All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror (New York: John Wiley, 2004):
14. Simon Bromley, American Hegemony and World Oil: The Industry, the State System and the World Economy (Philadelphia, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1991);
15. Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power (New York: Free Press, 1993).
16. James A. Paul, 'Oil Companies in Iraq: A Century of Rivalry and War', Global Policy Forum, November 2003: 〈http://www.globalpolicy.org/ security/oil/2003/2003companiesiniraq.htm〉.
17. Ralph Miliband, The State in Capitalist 'Society (New York: Basic Books, 1969), p. 23.
18. Retort, Afflicted Powers: Capital and Spectacle in a New Age of War (London: Verso Books, 2005), pp. 38-77.
19. Nicos Poulantzas, Classes in Contemporary Capitalism (New York: Schocken Books, 1978).
20. Leo Panitch and Sam Giridin, 'Superintending Global Capital', New Left Review (September/October, 2005), p. 102.
21. Perry Anderson, 'Force and Consent', New Left Review (September/October, 2002): 〈http://www.newleftreview.net/NLR25101. shtml〉;
22. see also Peter Gowan, Triumphing toward International Disaster: The Impasse in American Grand Strategy', Critical Asian Studies, 36:1 (2004): 〈http://www.bcasnet.org/articlesandresources/article14_1.htm〉.
23. Andrew Bacevich, American Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), p. 3.
24. Robert Latham, The Liberal Moment: Modernity, Security, and the Making of Postwar International Order (Now York: Columbia University Press, 1997).
25. For the most succinct argument for this, see Leo Panitch arid Sam Gindin, Global Capitalism and American Empire (London: Merlin Press, 2004).
26. Lundostad Geir, 'Empire by Invitation? The United States and Western Europe, 1945-52', Journal of Peace Research, 23:3 (1986), pp. 263-77.
27. National Security Council report quoted in Micah L. Sifry, 'US Intervention in the Middle East: A Case Study', in Micah L. Sifry arid Christopher Cerf, The Gulf War Reader: History, Documents. Opinions (New York: Random House, 1991), p. 32.
28. For example, John Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003).
29. John Bellamy Foster, 'The New Age of Imperialism, Monthly Review, 55:3 (2003), p. 13.
30. William I. Robinson, A Theory of Global Capitalism: Production, Class, and State in a Transnational World (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004).
31. Leo Panitch and Sam Gindin, Global Capitalism and American Empire (London: Merlin Press, 2003).
32. Simon Bromlny, American Hegemony and World Oil: The Industry, the State System and the World Economy (Philadelphia, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1991.
33. 2/ Daniel Yergin, 'Energy Security and Markets', in Jan H. Kalicki and David L. Goldwyn, Energy and Security: Toward A New Foreign Policy Strategy (Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press, 2005), pp. 53-54.
34. William T. Robinson, A Theory of Global Capitalism: Production, Class, and State in a Transnational World (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004).
35. William Robinson, 'Csipitalist Globalization and the Transationalization of the State', in Mark Rupert and Hazel Smith, Historical Materialism and Globalization (London: Routlodgo, 2002), p. 215.
36. William Robinson, A Theory of Global Capitalism: Production, Class and State in a Transnational World (Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press, 2004), p. 140.
37. See David Harvey's The New Imperialism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).
38. Zbigniew Brzezinski, 'Hegemonic Quicksand', The National Interest, 74 (Winter 2003/04), p. 8;
39. For an extended discussion, see his excellent. The Choice: Global Domination or Global Leadership (New York: Basic Books, 2004).
40. For more on this see my 'The Heart of Empire? Theorising US Empire in an Era of Transnational Capitalism', Third World Quarterly, 26:2 (2005), pp. 217-36.
41. Author unknown, Remarks by US Secretary of Energy Spencer Abraham: 〈http://www.usembassy.it/file2001....03/alia/al.031906.htm〉.
42. National Energy Policy Development Group, National Energy Policy, 21 May 2001, p. 130.
43. Ibid, p. 132.
44. Ibid, p. 133.
45. James T. Hill, Posture Statement, US Southern Command, House Armed Services Committee, 12 March 2003: 〈http://www.house..gov/hasc/ openingstatementsandpressreleases/108thcongress/03-03-12hill.html〉.
46. Further discussed in my forthcoming book Transnational Conflict and US Primacy (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009).
47. Marc Grossman, Testimony of Ambassador Marc Grossman before the House Appropriations Committee's Subcommittee on Foreign Operations, 10 April 2002: 〈http://www.ciponline.org/colombia/02041001.htm〉.
48. Donald E, Schulz, The United States and Latin America: Shaping an Elusive Future (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 2000), p. 3.
49. Peter Pace, Advance Questions for Lieutenant General Peter Pace. Defense Reforms. United States Seriate Committee on Armed Services. 2000: 〈http://www.seriate.gov/~armed_services/statemnt/2000/000906pp.pdf〉.
50. Phillip Reeker, State Department on Change of Government in Venezuela, 12 April 2002: 〈http://usinfo.state.gov/regional/ar/ venezuela/02041250.htm〉.
51. On Chavez arid his popular democratic mandate see NarcoNews, 20 February 2002;
52. on US media responses to the coup, see Fairness and Accuracy In Reporting, US Papers Hail Venezuelan Coup as Pro-Democracy Move, 18 April 2002: 〈http://www.fair.org/press-releases/venezuela-editorials.html〉: for a good overall context to the background of the coup,
53. see Conn Halliriari, 'US Shadow Over Venezuela', Foreign Policy in Focus, 17 April 2002: 〈http://www.fpif.org/commentary/2002/ 0204venezuela2_body.html〉.
54. The Guardian, 29 April 2002.
55. Thomas C, Dawson, Transcript of a Press Briefing, International Monetary Fund, Friday, 12 April 2002: 〈http://www.imf.org-extenial-np-tr- 2002-tr020412.htm〉.
56. The Observer, 21 April 2002.
57. US House of Representatives, Testimony Of General James T. Hill Before the House Armed Services Committee, 24 March 2004: 〈http:// armedservices.house.gov/openingstatementsandpressreleases/108thcongress/ 04-03-24hill.html〉.
58. Richard Gott, 'Democracy Under Threat', The Guardian, 6 December 2005: 〈http://www.guardian.co.uk/commnent/story/0,1658890,00.html〉.
59. El Tiempo, 10 February 2002: 〈http://www.amazonwatch.org/ newsroom/mediaclips02/col/020210_col_et.html〉.
60. Christian Science Monitor, 5 March, 2002.
61. House Appropriations Committee. Secretary of State Colin Powell before the Foreign Operations Subcommittee, 13 February 2002.
62. El Tiempo, 10 February 2002.
63. George Bush, President's Budget Message on Andean Counterdrug Initiative, Washington, DC: US Department of State, 4 February 2002: 〈http://usinfo.state.gov/regional/ar/colombia/andean04.htm〉.
64. Litz Kleveman, The New Great Game: Blood and Oil in Central Asia (London: Grove Press, 2004).
65. Jones quote from Saul B. Cohen, 'The Eurasian Convergence Zone: Gateway or Shatterbelt?', Eurasian Geography and Economics, 46:1 (2005), p. 9.
66. US CENTCOM, Statement, of General Anthony C. Zinni, undated, 〈http://www.centcom.mil/〉.
67. US Department of State, New Independent States, undated, 〈http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/3971.pdf〉.
68. United States Government, 'Uzbekistan Military Assistance' and 'Uzbekistan Exchanges and Law Enforcement Assistance', undated, 2002.
69. Anthony C. Zinni, Statement of General Anthony C. Zinni, undated: 〈http://www.house.gov/hasc/testimony/106thcongress/99-03-11zinni.htm〉.
70. Statement of George L. Person, JR. Subcommittee on Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs, US Senate. US Foreign Policy, Petroleum and the Middle East, 20 October 2005: 〈http://foreign.senate.gov/testimony/2005/ PersonTestimony051020.pdf〉.
71. Ed Royce quote from African Oil: A Priority for US National Security and African Development, African Oil Policy Initiative Group, undated: 〈http://www.israeleconomy.org/strategic/africawhitepaper.pdf〉.
72. George W Bush, Remarks by the President at Signing of the Agoa Acceleration Act of 2004, 13 July 2004; 〈http://www.whitehouse.gov/ news/releases/2004/07/20040713-3.html〉.
73. William D. Hartung and Frida Berrigan, Militarization of U.S. Africa Policy, 2000 to 2005, March 2005: 〈http://www.worldpolicy.org/projects/ arms/reports/AfricaMarch2005.html〉.
74. Donna Miles' US Must Confront Terrorism in Africa' American Forces Information Services, 16 June 2004: 〈http://www.defenselink.mil/news/ Jun2004/n06162004_200406163.html〉.
75. Ian Mason, 'A Growing Source For Oil Is Also A Target: West Africa, a Big Exporter to the US, Demonstrates the "Paradox of Plenty" ', San Francisco Chronicle, 19 September 2004.
76. Human Rights Watch, Colombia, undated: 〈http://www.hrw.org/ americas/colombia.php〉.
77. United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, The Human Rights Situation in Colombia, 17 February 2004, p. 21.
78. United Nations, Informe del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos sobre la situación de los derechos humanos en Colombia, E/CN.4/2004/13, 17 de febrero de 2004, Anexo II, paragraphs 2 and 3. Accessed at Center for International Policy, Blueprint for a New Colombia Policy, March 2005: 〈http://www.ciponline.org/colombia/0503blueprint. pdf〉.
79. Center for International Policy, Blueprint for a New Colombia Policy, March 2005: 〈http://www.ciponline.org/colombia/0503blueprint. pdf〉.
80. Maria Cristina Caballero, 'In Colombia: Military Crimes Point To A Growing Problem', The Providence Journal, 25 June 2006.
81. Human Rights Watch/Americas Human Rights Watch Arms Project, Colombia's Killer Networks: The Military-Paramilitary Partnership and the United States (London: Human Rights Watch, 1996), p. 28-9. In the same report Human Rights Watch have provided the original documents of the order in both Spanish and English. Sec pp. 105-50.
82. US Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, Supporting Human Rights and Democracy: The US Record 2003-2004 (2004): 〈http://www. usembassy.uz/home/index.aspx?&=&mid=387&11d=l〉; The US has been asked to leave the Karshi-Khanabad airfield in Uzbekistan by the regime of President Islam Karimov. The US criticised him after world media attention was focused on Karimov following the shooting of hundreds of civilians during an anti-government demonstration. See: 〈http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/07/ 31/news/uzbek.php〉 for more on this. For more on Georgia see 〈http://hrp.org/english/docs/2004/02/24/georgi7650.htm#P58_5798).
83. US Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Nigeria 2004, 28 February 2004: 〈http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/ 2004/41620.htm〉.
84. For more on private military contractors, see Peter Singer, Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003).
85. European Commission, EU-Colombia trade, undated: 〈http://trado-info.coc.eu.int/doclih/html/113367.htm〉.
86. Roger F. Noriega, Statement Before the House Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere, Washington, DC, 6 April 2005: 〈http://www.state. gov/p/wha/rls/rm/2005/q2/44375.htm〉.
87. British Petroleum, British Petroleum Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2006: 〈http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/ globalbp_uk_english/publications/energy_reviews_2005/STAGING/local_assets/ downloads/pdf/statistical_review_of_worlcLenergy_full_report_2005.pdf), p. 1.2.
88. European Commission, EU/Russia Energy Partnership, 30 October 2000: 〈http://europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/127055.htm〉;
89. see also Peter Gowan, 'US Hegemony Today', Monthly Review, 55:3 (July/August 2003), pp. 30-50.
90. For a liberal critique of the Bush Administration, see G. John Ikenberry, 'America's Imperial Ambition', Foreign Affairs (September-October, 2002): 〈http://sobek.colorado.edu/~brahnVcourses/PSCI2223Fall2002/ ImperialAmbition.pdf.〉
91. This article is based on preliminary research for my new book Transnational Conflict and US Primacy (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009).
92. For more on Iraq, the role of counter-insurgency and state formation, see Eric Herring and Glen Rangwala, Iraq In Fragments: The Occupation and its Legacy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006).
93. Richard Cheriey, The Vice President appears on Meet the Press with Tim Russen, 16 September 2001; 〈http://www.whitehouse.gov/vicepresident/ news-speeches/speeches/vp20010916.html〉.
94. There are ongoing debates as to whether the US economy is in decline in relation to other core powers. For a selection see Giovanni Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Times (London: Verso, 1994);
95. David Harvey, The New Imperialism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003):
96. Peter Gowan, 'Peter Gowan and the Capitalist. World Empire', Journal of World-Systems Research, 10:2 (2004), pp. 471-539;
97. Leo Panitch and Sam Gindin, Global Capitalism and American Empire (London: Merlin Press, 2003);
98. Giovanni Arrighi, 'Hegemony Unravelling', New Left Review, 32 (March/April, 2005): 〈http://www.newleftreview.net/Issue32.asp?Article= 02〉.