The democratic dribbler: Football clubs, neoliberal globalization, and buenos aires' municipal election of 2003

Public Culture

Volumn 19, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 85-116

  Forment, Carlos A ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 34249847373     PISSN: 08992363     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/08992363-2006-026     Document Type: Review

References (93)

1. Interview 14.
2. Interview 14.
3. Isaiah Berlin, Four Essays on Liberty (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969), 122-73.
4. Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basic Books, 1973), 93-95.
5. Saskia Sassen, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo (New York: Random House, 1999);
6. James Houston, Cities and Citizenship (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1999).
7. Maristella Svampa, La sociedad excluyente: La Argentina bajo el signo del neoliberalismo (Buenos Aires: Taurus, 2005).
8. T. H. Marshall, Class, Citizenship, and Social Development (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964).
9. Leandro Gutiérrez and Luís A. Romero, Sectores populares y cultura política. Buenos Aires en la entreguerra (Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana, 1995);
10. Luciano de Privitello, Vecinos y ciudadanos: Político y sociedad en la Buenos Aires de entreguerras (Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI, 2003), 105-83;
11. Omar Acha, "Sociedad civil y sociedad política durante el primer peronismo," Desarrollo económico 44, no. 174 (2004): 199-230;
12. Luciano de Privitello and Luís Alberto Romero, "Organizaciones de la sociedad civil, tradiciones cívicas y cultura política: El caso de Buenos Aires, 1912-1976," Revista de historia, 1-1 (Fall 2005): 1 -34.
13. The number of first-division teams in Buenos Aires varies slightly from year to year due to the system of relegation-ascension based on the number of points accumulated by each squad during the season. Other football-centered cities (Sao Paulo; Milan, Rome, and Turin; London, Manchester, and Liverpool) have two first-division teams, one or two stadiums, and rarely host more than sixty games per season. Rio de Janeiro is an exception, with four clubs, three stadiums, and eighty or so games per season. But Rio has a population of six million. For information on football clubs around the world, see Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, wikipedia.org.
14. Subsecretaría de seguridad en espectáculos futbolísticos, 2004; Una año más par un fútbol en paz (Buenos Aires: Ministerio del Interior, 2005).
15. Gaspar Zímerman, "Un país con los ojos llenos de fútbol," Clarín, March 19, 1997;
16. "Sobredosis de fútbol en TV," Clarín, October 1, 1996;
17. Adriana Martínez Vivot and Eduardo Ovalles, "Fútbol como fenómeno social," in Nueva Mayoría: Investigaciones, ed. Rosendo Fraga (Buenos Aires: Centro de Estudios de la Nueva Mayoría, 1997), 3-6.
18. Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures, 412-54.
19. Ariel Scher, "Las manos de unos pocos," Página 12, July 15, 1994.
20. F. C. Schalke in the German city of Gelsenkirchen, along with F. C. Barcelona and Real Madrid in Spain, remain Europe's only member-owned civic associations.
21. For a detailed description, see the annual reports (Memorias y Balances) published between 1995 and 2002 by Boca, River Plate, Vélez-Sarsfield, Huracán, Independiente, and San Lorenzo.
22. Gustavo Rozano and Leonardo Morales, "Voces y contactes," Clarín, March 11, 2000.
23. Juan Manuel Compte, "El fútbol local no seduce a los inversores grandes," Clarín, February 12, 2001. Argentina's top twenty football clubs owe a combined total of U.S.$ 341 million. Most of them are behind schedule in paying their debts.
24. Gustavo Veiga, Fútbol limpio, negocios turbios (Buenos Aires: Astralib, 2002).
25. As of 2004, Boca Juniors had roughly sixty-one thousand dues-paying members in addition to the many more thousands of loyal fans who, because of the crisis, could no longer afford to pay their monthly dues but who regularly attended matches. Situated in the poor neighborhood of La Boca, this club remains identified with the working poor (its rival, River Plate Club, located in the neighborhood of Nuñez, is identified with the middle class) although many of its affluent and middle-class members have adopted the club's plebeian identity as their own.
26. Any Ventura, "Mauricio Macri: contra la pared," El Gráfico, March 29, 2000.
27. "El conventillo," Página 12, December 14, 1995;
28. "Soñar es un gran proyecto," El Gráfico, December 26,1995.
29. Miguel A. Rubio, "¿Macri: como sigue este partido?" El Gráfico, December 17, 1996.
30. Natalio Gorín, "Soy un tano calentón," El Gráfico, July 9, 1996.
31. "Que fácil ganan la plata," Página 12, May 2, 1996.
32. Adriana Martínez Vivot and Eduardo Ovalles, "El 39% es hincha de Boca y el 26% de River," in Nueva Mayoría: Investigacions, ed. Rosendo Fraga (Buenos Aires: Centro de Estudios de la Nueva Mayoría, 2004), 2-5.
33. "Los palcos del castigo," Clarín, May 21, 1996.
34. "Denuncian discriminación," Noticias, September 23, 1999.
35. "La Xeneize cotiza en la Boisa," Página 12, December 7, 1996.
36. Carlos Voto, "No alcanza con ser presidente," El Gráfico, May 26, 1998. The Macri family, owner of the holding company Macri Commercial Enterprises (SOCMA), has controlling shares in fifty agro-industrial firms that generate four billion U.S. dollars in profit per year and provide employment to roughly twenty-three thousand persons. Under President Menem, Macri's father, Franco, president of the company, was reputed to have been involved in several shady deals and had to testify in various high-profile court cases dealing with corruption. He was convicted of tax evasion and of smuggling cars and car parts into the country. Macri's company also benefited, during Menem's government, from the privatization of several state-owned firms, including the Central Post Office, Cuyana Gas, and Autopistas del Sol.
37. "Le rechazaron el balance a Macri," Clarín, October 3, 1997.
38. Matías Aldo, "Macri: 100 por 100," El Gráfico, July 1, 1997.
39. Christian Leblebidjian, "Boca también juega afuera de la cancha," La Nación, September 18, 2004.
40. Javier Castrilli, "La difi cil construcción de un espectador del futuro," La Voz del Interior, July 15, 2004.
41. Adriana Martínez Vivot and Eduardo Ovalles, "Dos tercios de los socios de los clubes de fútbol son hinchas del mismo equipo que sus padres," in Nueva Mayoría: Investigacions, ed. Rosendo Fraga (Buenos Aires: Centro de Estudios de la Nueva Mayoría, 2005), 2-4.
42. Salomon Brothers, "UK Football Clubs: Valuable Assets?" Global Equity Research: Leisure (London: Salomon Brothers, 1997), 9.
43. Pablo Abiad, "Vivir de préstamos," Clarín, October 14, 1995.
44. Daniel Popowski, "Dados Vuelta," Mística, November 28, 1998.
45. José Miguel Jaque, "La pequeña sociedad de Fontanarrosa," La Nación (Santiago, Chile), November 7, 2004.
46. Catterberg y asociados, "Intención de voto a jefe de gobierno" (press release, Buenos Aires, August 2003), 1-3.
47. Catterberg y asoeiados, "Intención de voto," 1-3.
48. Santiago Rodríguez, "No hay mucha diferencia entre Macri y Barrionuevo," Página 12, September 3, 2002.
49. Mauricio Macri, "La obligación del estado," Clarín, July 14, 2003.
50. For official data on the elections, see Ministerio del Interior, Elecciones de Jefe de Gobierno de la ciudad de Buenos Aires, 2003 (Buenos Aires: Dirección Nacional Electoral, 2003).
51. After exiting from the booth, election officials stamp the identity card of each voter. Those whose cards remain unmarked risk having to pay a penalty fee whenever they have to present their card in order to complete an official transaction (change of domicile, passport renewal, marriage license). This law is enforced randomly, which does not make it any less threatening.
52. Marcelo Helfgot, "Ibarra, con el apoyo total del gobierno, Clarín, August 15, 2003;
53. and his "Kirchner visito una villa y le dió a Ibarra un nuevo espaldazo," Clarín, August 21, 2003.
54. Interview 23.
55. Interview 18.
56. Interview 27.
57. Interview 27.
58. Interview 9.
59. Fernando Riva Zucchelli, "Macri-Rodríguez Larreta: Un lanzamiento preparado con la precisión de un misil inteligente," Noticias Urbanas, March 27, 2003.
60. Zucchelli, "Marci-Rodríguez Larreta."
61. Ana Gerschenson, "Contra la guerra sucia del oficialismo," Clarín, June 23, 2003.
62. For other town meetings and focus groups, see the following articles by Enrique Colombano published in Noticias Urbanas: "Macri se reunió con sindicalistas municipales," July 23, 2003;
63. "Macri presentó su plan para combatif el delito," August 6, 2003;
64. "Macri habló para los empresarios Porteños," August 11, 2003;
65. "Macri hizo campaña con uno de los temas fuertes de Ibarra," August 19, 2003;
66. and "Macri presentó; su plan de desarrollo urbano," August 22, 2003.
67. Enrique Colombo, "La campaña llevó a Macri a lugares insospechados," Noticias Urbanas, August 14, 2003.
68. Colombo, "La campaña llevó."
69. Ignacio Silvera, "Macri sintió en Pompeya el folclore del pueblo peronista," Noticias Urbanas, June 28, 2003.
70. Ana Gershenson, "La campaña porteña, a todo vapor," Clarín, June 29, 2003.
71. "Respaldo del PDP a Ibarra," Clarín, December 6, 1999.
72. Horacio Ríos, "Moscariello se fue con Macri y dijo que Ibarra gobierna para los medios," Noticias Urbanas, August 26, 2002.
73. Ríos, "Moscariello se fue."
74. Marcelo Helfgot and Mariano Thieberger, "Ibarra y Macri cosechan piropos y palos cuando caminan los barrios," Clarín, September 7, 2003.
75. Ana Gerschenson, "El la recta final, apareció el macrimovil," Clarín, August 19, 2003.
76. Daniela Santelices, "Los Buenos Aires de Macri," Qué pasa, August 15, 2003.
77. Marcelo Heredia, "Los socialistas de La Boca patéan contra el arco," Noticias Urbanas, April 22, 2003.
78. Verónica Bonacchi, "Elecciones," La Nación, August 19, 2003.
79. Ricardo Ríos, "Macri va a la justicia para denunciar al oficialismo," Clarín, July 14, 2003.
80. Santiago Rodríguez, "Con la cabeza en el segundo tiempo," Página 12, August 25, 2003.
81. "Ahora, el ballottage: Incidentes en Boca se metieron en la campaña porteña," Terra, September 1, 2003, www.terra.com.ar/canales/politica/76/76060.html.
82. "Ahora, el ballottage."
83. Mariano Thieberger, "El fútbol también juega su partido," Clarín, July 27, 2003;
84. Ana Gerschenson, "Macri apuesta a goberandores de PJ," Clarín, July 20, 2003.
85. Lucio Fernández Moores, "Estalló la guerra de las calcomanías," Clarín, August 5, 2003.
86. During the first quarter of the last century, Boca was enveloped in clouds of putrid odor that emanated from cow and horse manure-fed ovens that were used to bake clay bricks.
87. Helfgot and Thieberger, "Ibarra y Macri cosechan piropos y palos."
88. José Rodolfo Oliveto, "El vivir en aguante: Pasión y goce en el hincha," Efdeportes; revista digital 5 (November 2000): 27, www.efdeportes.com/efd27aguante.htm.
89. Mariano Thieberger, "El fútbol también juega su partido," Clarín, July 27, 2003.
90. Charles Taylor, "Irreducibly Social Goods," in Rationality, Individualism, and Public Policy, ed. G. Brennan and C. Walsh (Canberra: Centre for Research on Federal Financial Relations, Australian National University, 1990), 54-55. Goods of this type "cannot be reduced to a set of acts, choices or, indeed, other predicates of individuals."
91. Liliana Lalanne, "Eduardo Anguita en la esquina," La esquina del sur, June 4, 2006, www.laesquinadelsur.com.ar.
92. Hannah Arendt, On Revolution (New York: Penguin, 1963), 215-83.
93. Paul Ginsborg, Silvio Berlusconi: Television, Power, and Patrimony (New York: Verso, 2004).