Toleration and exclusion: Al-Shāfi'ī and al-Ghazālī on the treatment of apostates

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

Volumn 64, Issue 3, 2001, Pages

  Griffel, Frank ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 34249787185     PISSN: 0041977X     EISSN: 14740699     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0041977x01000192     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. The sources on 'Uthmān's murder are collected in Wilferd Madelung, The succession to Muhcombining dot belowammad: a study on the early caliphate (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 113-40, 373-8.
2. On the connection between the murderers of 'Uthmān and the early Khārijites, cf. W. M. Watt, The formative period of Islamic thought (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1973), 9-14.
3. On whether this was really the position of the radical Khārijite groups cf. Josef van Ess, Theologie und Gesellschaft im 2. und 3. Jahrhundert Hidschra. Eine Geschichte des religiösen Denkens im frühen Islam, 6 vols. (Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1991-97), vol. 2, 613ff.
4. and van Ess, Theologie und Gesellschaft, vol. 2, 224ff.
5. van Ess, Theologie und Gesellschaft, vol. 1, 8.
6. al-Sharq al-Awsatcombining dot below, 27 June 1983, 1.)
7. Cf. Heribert Busse, 'Salman Rushdie und der Islam', in Geschichte in Wissenschaft und Unterricht 4, 1990, 193-215.
8. Samil Khalil Samir, 'Le débat autour du délit d'apostasie dans l'Islam contemporain', in Faith, power and violence, ed. J. J. Donahue and C. W. Troll (Rome: Pontifico Istituto Orientale, 1998) (Orientalia Christiana Analecta) 115-40.
9. Kilian Bälz, 'Submitting faith to judicial scrutiny through the family trial', in Welt des Islams 37, 1997, 135-55;
10. Abdullahi Ahmed an-Na'im, 'The Islamic law of apostasy and its modern applicability: a case from the Sudan', in Religion, 16, 1986, 197-204;
11. Navid Kermani, 'Die Affäre Abū Zayd: eine Kritik am religiösen Diskurs und ihre Folgen', in Orient (Opladen), 35, 1994, 25-49
12. Ignaz Goldziher, Vorlesungen über den Islam. (Heidelberg: C. Winter, 1910), 182.
13. Cf. also Ignaz Goldziher, Muhammedanische Studien, 2 vols. (Halle: S. M. Niemeyer, 1889/90), vol. 2, 215f.
14. For Muslim literature on the development of the law of apostasy cf. Mahcombining dot belowmūd Shaltūt, al-Islām, 'aqīda wa sharī'a. (Beirut and Cairo: Dār al-Qalam, 14th edition, 1408/1988), 280f.;
15. Muhcombining dot belowammad Abū Zahra, Falsafat al-'uqūba fi l-fiqh al-Islāmī. Cairo: Ma'had al-Dirāsāt al-'Arabiyya al-'Āliyya, n.d., 192-208;
16. Mahmūd Fu'ād Jādallāh, Ahkām al-hcombining dot belowudūd fī l-sharī'a al-Islāmiyya. (Cairo: al-Hay'a al-Miscombining dot belowriyya al-'Āmma li-l-Kitāb, 1403/1984), 135-51;
17. and Abdur Rahim, The principles of Muhammedan jurisprudence according to the Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i and Hanbali School. (London and Madras: Luzac & Co., 1911), 249-54.
18. al-Bukhārī, Le recueil des traditions Mahométanes, ed. M. L. Krehl and T. W. Juynboll, 4 vols. (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1862-1908), vol. 4, 317, diyāt 6, and 322, diyāt 22;
19. The most important contribution on the subject is still Rudolph Peters and Gert J. J. de Vries, 'Apostasy in Islam', in Welt des Islam, 17, 1976/77, 1-25, which examines the judgement on apostates in Muslim jurisprudence valid for all the centuries of Islamic law and provides an overview of earlier literature on the subject.
20. Joel L. Kraemer, 'Apostates, rebels and brigands', in Israel Oriental Studies, 10, 1980, 34-73 attempts to detect developments within the sources.
21. For further contributions cf. Sami A. Aldeep Abu-Sahliah, 'Le délit d'apostasie aujourd'hui et ses conséquences en droit arabe et musulman', in Islamochristiana/Dirāsāt Islāmiyya Masīhcombining dot belowiyya, 20, 1994, 93-116, and in the same issue of this periodical, pp. 75-91,
22. Mahmoud Ayoub, 'Religious freedom and the law of apostasy in Islam';
23. Syed Barakat Ahmad, 'Conversion from Islam', in The Islamic world from classical to modern times: essays in honor of Bernhard Lewis, ed. C. E. Bosworth, C. Issawi, R. Savory and A. L. Udovitch. (Princeton: Darwin Press, second edition, 1991), 3-25;
24. H'mida Ennaïfer, 'De la foi à la conscience d'un paradoxe. Un cas de conflit entre le droit d'origine révélée et les droits de l'homme: le châtiment en cas d'apostasie d'Islam (le ridda)' in: Foi et justice: un défi pour le christianisme et pour l'Islam/GRIC Groupe de Recherches Islamo-Chrétien. (Paris: Centurion, 1993), 104-13;
25. Majid Khadduri, The law of war and peace in Islam. A study of Muslim international law. (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, second edition, 1955), 149-52;
26. Adel Theodor Khoury, Toleranz im Islam. (Munich: Kaiser, 1980), (Entwicklung und Frieden. Wissenschaftliche Reihe, 22), 110-15;
27. For an earlier examination of the judgement on apostates cf. Charles Hamilton, The Hedaya or guide. A commentary on the Mussulman laws, 4 vols. (London: W. H. Allen, second edition, 1870), vol. 1, 225-46;
28. Theodoor Willem Juynboll, Handleiding tot de kennis van de Mohammedaansche Wet volgens de leer der Sjafi'itische School. (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1903),
29. David Santillana, Instituzioni di diritto musulmano malichita con riguardo anche al sistema sciafiita, 2 vols. (Rome: Istituto per l'Oriente, 1925-38), vol. 1, 167f.;
30. Guillaume Fréderic Pijper, Fragmenta islamica: Studien over het Islamisme in Nederlandsch-Indie. (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1934), 79-94
31. and Léon Bercher, 'L'apostasie, le blasphème et la rébellion en droit Musulman malékite', in Revue Tunesienne, 30, 1923, 115-30.
32. From the perspective of Christian missionaries cf. Samuel M. Zwemer, The law of apostasy in Islam. (London: Marshall Brothers, 1924);
33. idem., 'The law of apostasy', in: Moslem World, 14, 1924, 373-91
34. and F. H. Ruxton, 'The convert's status in Maliki law', in Moslem World, 3, 1913, 37-40.
35. and Abū Yūsuf, Kitāb al-Kharāj, 179f.
36. English translation by G. Dodge, The Fihrist of al-Nadim, a tenth century survey of Muslim culture, 2 vols. New York: Columbia University Press, 1970, vol. 1, 517) mentions a 'Kitāb al-Murtadd al-kabīr' ('The long book on the apostate') and a 'Kitāb al-Murtadd al-scombining dot belowaghīr' ('The short book on the apostate') amongst the works of al-Shāfi'ī. The collectors of al-Shāfi'ī's works may have put the former into the chapter 'Bāb al-murtadd al-kabīr' ('Long chapter on the apostate') within the Kitāb al-Hcombining dot belowudūd. A 'short chapter' does not exist.
37. On legal questions related to apostasy cf. also 'Kitāb al-Qitāl ahl al-baghy wa-ahl al-ridda', in Kitāb al-Umm, vol. 6, 133-47
38. Cf. Majid Khadduri, The Islamic law of nations. Shaybānī's Siyar. (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1966), 23.
39. Richard W. Bulliet, Conversion to Islam in the medieval period: an essay in quantitative history. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), 82.
40. Cf. Joseph Schacht, The origins of Muhammadan jurisprudence. Oxford: Clarendon, 1950, 77.
41. cf. Schacht, The origins of Muhammadan jurisprudence, 15.
42. al-Shāfi'ī, Kitāb al-Umm, vol. 6, 145.
43. eadem, 'Accusations of zandaqa in al-Andalus', in: Quaderni di Studi Arabi, 5-6 (1987-88), 251-8
44. and eadem, 'Heresy in al-Andalus', in The legacy of Muslim Spain, ed. S. K. Jayyusi. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1992 (Handbuch der Orientalistik. Erste Abteilung. Der Nahe und der Mittlere Osten, 12), 895-908.
45. Cf. Laoust, La profession de foi, XCVI.
46. and idem., Kitāb al-Mu'tamad fi uscombining dot belowūl al-dīn, ed. W. Z. Haddad. (Beirut: Dar al-Machreq, 1974), 273.
47. and Verena Klemm, Die Mission des fātcombining dot belowimidischen Agenten al-Mu'ayyad fi 'd-dīn in Šīrāz. (Frankfurt: P. Lang), 1989 (Europäische Hochschulschriften, Reihe 27; Asiatische und Afrikanische Studien; 24).
48. Cf. Ignaz Goldziher, 'Das Prinzip der takijja im Islam', in Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 60, 1906, 213-26, 213-7
49. and Joseph Schacht, An introduction to Islamic law. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1964), 118.
50. In Ignaz Goldziher's edition Streitschrift des Gazālī gegen die Bātcombining dot belowinīya-Sekte. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1916 (Veröffentlichungen der de Goeje-Stiftung, 3) this chapter is in Arabic (pp. 51-4); German paraphrase (pp. 71-3).
51. Henri Laoust, La politique de Ġazālī. (Paris: Librarie Orientale Paul Geuthner 1970), (Bibliothèque d'études islamique, 1), 356-64 analyses the chapter.
52. al-Ghazālī, Tahāfut al-falāsifa, ed. S. Dunyā. Cairo: al-Hay'a al-Miscombining dot belowriyya al-'Āmma li-l-Kitāb, sixth edition, 1392/1972, 307-9;