Imaging of Neuroendocrine Tumors

Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America

Volumn 21, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 409-432

  Tamm, Eric P ^a   Kim, E Edmund ^a   Ng, Chaan S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GASTRIN; GLUCAGON; INSULIN; OCTREOTIDE; PANCREAS POLYPEPTIDE; PENTETIC ACID; PENTETREOTIDE IN 111; SOMATOSTATIN; VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL POLYPEPTIDE;

ANGIOGRAPHY; APUD CELL; APUDOMA; CARCINOID; CARCINOID SYNDROME; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; FLUOROSCOPY; GASTRINOMA; HUMAN; IMAGING; ISOTOPE LABELING; MAGNETIC RESONANCE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY; MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA; NEUROENDOCRINE TUMOR; NEUROIMAGING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; NUCLEAR MEDICINE; PANCREAS ISLET CELL TUMOR; PARAGANGLIOMA; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCINTIGRAPHY; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY;

CARCINOID TUMOR; CARCINOMA, NEUROENDOCRINE; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F18; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PANCREATIC NEOPLASMS; PARAGANGLIOMA; POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED;

EID: 34249667211     PISSN: 08898588     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2007.04.006     Document Type: Review

References (82)

1. Weatherall DJ, Ledingham JGG, Warrell DA. Oxford textbook of medicine. 2nd edition. Oxford: New York; 1987.
2. Buck J.L., and Sobin L.H. Carcinoids of the gastrointestinal tract. Radiographics 10 (1990) 1081
3. Horton K.M., Kamel I., Hofmann L., et al. Carcinoid tumors of the small bowel: a multitechnique imaging approach. AJR Am J Roentgenol 182 (2004) 559
4. Picus D., Glazer H.S., Levitt R.G., et al. Computed tomography of abdominal carcinoid tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol 143 (1984) 581
5. Sutton D, Isherwood I. A textbook of radiology and imaging, 5th edition, Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1993.
6. Pantongrag-Brown L., Buetow P.C., Carr N.J., et al. Calcification and fibrosis in mesenteric carcinoid tumor: CT findings and pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 164 (1995) 387
7. Paulson E.K., McDermott V.G., Keogan M.T., et al. Carcinoid metastases to the liver: role of triple-phase helical CT. Radiology 206 (1998) 143
8. Ng CS, Faria SC, Yao J, et al. Changes in dynamic contrast-enhanced CT (dceCT) parameters in patients with carcinoid liver metastases undergoing anti-vegf versus interferon therapy [abstract SSQ08-06]. Radiological Society of North America 91st Scientific Assembly and Annual Meeting. Chicago, November 26-December 2, 2005.
9. Liu G., Rugo H.S., Wilding G., et al. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging as a pharmacodynamic measure of response after acute dosing of AG-013736, an oral angiogenesis inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors: results from a phase I study. J Clin Oncol 23 (2005) 5464
10. Morgan B., Thomas A.L., Drevs J., et al. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging as a biomarker for the pharmacological response of PTK787/ZK 222584, an inhibitor of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, in patients with advanced colorectal cancer and liver metastases: results from two phase I studies. J Clin Oncol 21 (2003) 3955
11. Motta-Ramirez G.A., Remer E.M., Herts B.R., et al. Comparison of CT findings in symptomatic and incidentally discovered pheochromocytomas. AJR Am J Roentgenol 185 (2005) 684
12. Blake M.A., Kalra M.K., Maher M.M., et al. Pheochromocytoma: an imaging chameleon. Radiographics 24 Suppl 1 (2004) S87
13. Mukherjee J.J., Peppercorn P.D., Reznek R.H., et al. Pheochromocytoma: effect of nonionic contrast medium in CT on circulating catecholamine levels. Radiology 202 (1997) 227
14. Blake M.A., Krishnamoorthy S.K., Boland G.W., et al. Low-density pheochromocytoma on CT: a mimicker of adrenal adenoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 181 (2003) 1663
15. Brink I., Hoegerle S., Klisch J., et al. Imaging of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Fam Cancer 4 (2005) 61
16. van Gils A.P., Falke T.H., van Erkel A.R., et al. MR imaging and MIBG scintigraphy of pheochromocytomas and extraadrenal functioning paragangliomas. Radiographics 11 (1991) 37
17. Phan G.Q., Yeo C.J., Hruban R.H., et al. Surgical experience with pancreatic and peripancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: review of 125 patients. J Gastrointest Surg 2 (1998) 472
18. Bartsch D.K., Schilling T., Ramaswamy A., et al. Management of nonfunctioning islet cell carcinomas. World J Surg 24 (2000) 1418
19. Viola K.V., and Sosa J.A. Current advances in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic endocrine tumors. Curr Opin Oncol 17 (2005) 24
20. Noone T.C., Hosey J., Firat Z., et al. Imaging and localization of islet-cell tumours of the pancreas on CT and MRI. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 19 (2005) 195
21. Norton J.A., Alexander H.R., Fraker D.L., et al. Possible primary lymph node gastrinoma: occurrence, natural history, and predictive factors: a prospective study. Ann Surg 237 (2003) 650
22. Proye C.A., and Lokey J.S. Current concepts in functioning endocrine tumors of the pancreas. World J Surg 28 (2004) 1231
23. Breatnach E.S., Han S.Y., Rahatzad M.T., et al. CT evaluation of glucagonomas. J Comput Assist Tomogr 9 (1985) 25
24. Gritzmann N., Macheiner P., Hollerweger A., et al. CT in the differentiation of pancreatic neoplasms-progress report. Digestive Diseases 22 (2004) 6
25. Tjon A.T.R.T., Jansen J.B., Falke T.H., et al. MR, CT, and ultrasound findings of metastatic vipoma in pancreas. J Comput Assist Tomogr 13 (1989) 142
26. Kaplan L.M. Endocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. In: Isselbacher K.J., Martin J.B., Braunwald E., et al. (Eds). Harrison's principles of internal medicine 13th edition (1994), McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York 1535
27. Sheth S, Hruban RK, Fishman EK. Helical CT of islet cell tumors of the pancreas: typical and atypical manifestations. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002;179:725.
28. Sheth S., and Fishman E.K. Imaging of uncommon tumors of the pancreas. Radiol Clin North Am 40 (2002) 1273
29. Ichikawa T., Peterson M.S., Federle M.P., et al. Islet cell tumor of the pancreas: biphasic CT versus MR imaging in tumor detection. Radiology 216 (2000) 163
30. King A.D., Ko G.T., Yeung V.T., et al. Dual phase spiral CT in the detection of small insulinomas of the pancreas. Br J Radiol 71 (1998) 20
31. Fidler J.L., Fletcher J.G., Reading C.C., et al. Preoperative detection of pancreatic insulinomas on multiphasic helical CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 181 (2003) 775
32. Van Hoe L., Gryspeerdt S., Marchal G., et al. Helical CT for the preoperative localization of islet cell tumors of the pancreas: value of arterial and parenchymal phase images. AJR Am J Roentgenol 165 (1995) 1437
33. Stafford-Johnson D.B., Francis I.R., Eckhauser F.E., et al. Dual-phase helical CT of nonfunctioning islet cell tumors. J Comput Assist Tomogr 22 (1998) 335
34. Buetow P.C., Parrino T.V., Buck J.L., et al. Islet cell tumors of the pancreas: pathologic-imaging correlation among size, necrosis and cysts, calcification, malignant behavior, and functional status. AJR Am J Roentgenol 165 (1995) 1175
35. Vick C, Zech CJ, Hopfner S, et al. [Imaging of neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas]. Radiology 2003;43:293.
36. Semelka R.C., Cummings M., Shoenut J.P., et al. MRI of the pancreas-state of the art. Radiology 188 (1993) 593
37. Kraus B.B., and Ros P.R. Insulinoma: diagnosis with fat-suppressed MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 162 (1994) 69
38. Pamuklar E., and Semelka R.C. MR imaging of the pancreas. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 13 (2005) 313
39. Smith T.M., Semelka R.C., Noone T.C., et al. Islet cell tumor of the pancreas associated with tumor thrombus in the portal vein. Magn Reson Imaging 17 (1999) 1093
40. Ng C.S., Loyer E.M., Iyer R.B., et al. Metastases to the pancreas from renal cell carcinoma: findings on three-phase contrast-enhanced helical CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 172 (1999) 1555
41. Sotiropoulos G.C., Lang H., Liu C., et al. Surgical treatment of pancreatic metastases of renal cell carcinoma. JOP 6 (2005) 339
42. Scatarige J.C., Horton K.M., Sheth S., et al. Pancreatic parenchymal metastases: observations on helical CT. AJR. AJR Am J Roentgenol 176 (2001) 695
43. Sugimura H., Tamura S., Kodama T., et al. Metastatic pancreas cancer from the thyroid; clinical imaging mimicking non functioning islet cell tumor. Radiat Med 9 (1991) 167
44. Lertprasertsuke N., Kakudo K., Satoh S., et al. Rectal carcinoid tumor metastasizing to the thyroid and pancreas. An autopsy case exploiting immunohistochemistry for differentiation from tumors involving multiple endocrine organs. Acta Pathol Jpn 40 (1990) 352
45. Ferrozzi F., Bova D., Campodonico F., et al. Pancreatic metastases: CT assessment. Eur Radiol 7 (1997) 241
46. Friedman A.C., and Edmonds P.R. Rare pancreatic malignancies. Radiol Clin North Am 27 (1989) 177
47. Mulligan M.E., Fellows D.W., and Mullen S.E. Pancreatic metastasis from Ewing's sarcoma. Clin Imaging 21 (1997) 23
48. Fritscher-Ravens A., Sriram P.V., Krause C., et al. Detection of pancreatic metastases by EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration. Gastrointest Endosc 53 (2001) 65
49. Bassi C., Salvia R., Molinari E., et al. Management of 100 consecutive cases of pancreatic serous cystadenoma: wait for symptoms and see at imaging or vice versa?. World J Surg 27 (2003) 319
50. Mortele K.J., Mortele B., and Silverman S.G. CT features of the accessory spleen. AJR Am J Roentgenol 183 (2004) 1653
51. Brasca L.E., Zanello A., De Gaspari A., et al. Intrapancreatic accessory spleen mimicking a neuroendocrine tumor: magnetic resonance findings and possible diagnostic role of different nuclear medicine tests. Eur Radiol 14 (2004) 1322
52. Ahrendt S.A., Komorowski R.A., Demeure M.J., et al. Cystic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: is preoperative diagnosis possible?. J Gastrointest Surg 6 (2002) 66
53. Hammel P.R., Vilgrain V., Terris B., et al. Pancreatic involvement in von Hippel-Lindau disease. The Groupe Francophone d'Etude de la Maladie de von Hippel-Lindau. Gastroenterology 119 (2000) 1087
54. Furukawa H., Mukai K., Kosuge T., et al. Nonfunctioning islet cell tumors of the pancreas: clinical, imaging and pathological aspects in 16 patients. Jpn J Clin Oncol 28 (1998) 255
55. Sato T., Konishi K., Kimura H., et al. Strategy for pancreatic endocrine tumors. Hepatogastroenterology 47 (2000) 537
56. Ichikawa T., and Kumazaki T. 4D-CT: a new development in three-dimensional hepatic computed tomography. J Nippon Med Sch 67 (2000) 24
57. Kelekis N.L., and Semelka R.C. MRI of pancreatic tumors. Eur Radiol 7 (1997) 875
58. Semelka R.C., Custodio C.M., Cem Balci N., et al. Neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas: spectrum of appearances on MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 11 (2000) 141
59. Sreedharan S.P., Kodama K.T., Peterson K.E., et al. Distinct subsets of somatostatin receptors on cultured human lymphocytes. J Biol Chem 264 (1989) 949
60. Rohrer L., Raulf F., Bruns C., et al. Cloning and characterization of a fourth human somatostatin receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90 (1993) 4196
61. Lamberts S.W., Krenning E.P., and Reubi J.C. The role of somatostatin and its analogs in the diagnosis and treatment of tumors. Endocr Rev 12 (1991) 450
62. Reubi J.C., Laissue J., Krenning E., et al. Somatostatin receptors in human cancer: incidence, characteristics, functional correlates and clinical implications. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 43 (1992) 27
63. Wieland D.M., Wu J., Brown L.E., et al. Radiolabeled adrenergi neuron-blocking agents: adrenomedullary imaging with [131I]iodobenzylguanidine. J Nucl Med 21 (1980) 349
64. Shapiro B., Wieland D.M., Brown L.E., et al. I-131 meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) adrenal medullary scintigraphy: interventional studies. In: Spencer R.P. (Ed). Interventional nuclear medicine (1984), Grune and Stratton, New York 451
65. Khafagi F.A., Shapiro B., Fig L.M., et al. Labetalol reduces iodine-131 MIBG uptake by pheochromocytoma and normal tissues. J Nucl Med 30 (1989) 481
66. Virgolini I., Yang Q., Li S., et al. Cross-competition between vasoactive intestinal peptide and somatostatin for binding to tumor cell membrane receptors. Cancer Res 54 (1994) 690
67. Krenning E.P., Kwekkeboom D.J., Oei H.Y., et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in carcinoids, gastrinomas and Cushing's syndrome. Digestion 55 Suppl 3 (1994) 54
68. Kubo H., Chijiiwa Y., Akahoshi K., et al. Pre-operative staging of ampullary tumours by endoscopic ultrasound. Br J Radiol 72 (1999) 443
69. Kwekkeboom D.J., and Krenning E.P. Somatostatin receptor imaging. Semin Nucl Med 32 (2002) 84
70. Kwekkeboom D.J., van Urk H., Pauw B.K., et al. Octreotide scintigraphy for the detection of paragangliomas. J Nucl Med 34 (1993) 873
71. Kwekkeboom D.J., Krenning E.P., Bakker W.H., et al. Somatostatin analogue scintigraphy in carcinoid tumours. Eur J Nucl Med 20 (1993) 283
72. Kwekkeboom D.J., Reubi J.C., Lamberts S.W., et al. In vivo somatostatin receptor imaging in medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76 (1993) 1413
73. Postema P.T.E., de Herder W.W., Oei H.Y., et al. [In-111-DTPA-D-Phe] Octreotide scintigraphy (In-SMS) in non-medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Nucl Med 35 (1994) 163
74. Kaltsas G., Korbonits M., Heintz E., et al. Comparison of somatostatin analog and meta-iodobenzylguanidine radionuclides in the diagnosis and localization of advanced neuroendocrine tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 (2001) 895
75. Virgolini I., Raderer M., Kurtaran A., et al. 123I-vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor scanning: update of imaging results in patients with adenocarcinomas and endocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Nucl Med Biol 23 (1996) 685
76. Thakur M.L., Marcus C.S., Saeed S., et al. 99mTc-labeled vasoactive intestinal peptide analog for rapid localization of tumors in humans. J Nucl Med 41 (2000) 107
77. Sundin A., Eriksson B., Bergstrom M., et al. PET in the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1014 (2004) 246
78. Li S., and Beheshti M. The radionuclide molecular imaging and therapy of neuroendocrine tumors. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 5 (2005) 139
79. Bombardieri E., Seregni E., Villano C., et al. Position of nuclear medicine techniques in the diagnostic work-up of neuroendocrine tumors. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 48 (2004) 150
80. Virgolini I., Britton K., Buscombe J., et al. In- and Y-DOTA-lanreotide: results and implications of the MAURITIUS trial. Semin Nucl Med 32 (2002) 148
81. Kwekkeboom D.J., Teunissen J.J., Bakker W.H., et al. Radiolabeled somatostatin analog [177Lu-DOTA0,Tyr3]octreotate in patients with endocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors. J Clin Oncol 23 (2005) 2754
82. Kwekkeboom D.J., Mueller-Brand J., Paganelli G., et al. Overview of results of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with 3 radiolabeled somatostatin analogs. J Nucl Med 46 Suppl 1 (2005) 62S