Amphibian metamorphosis

Developmental Biology

Volumn 306, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 20-33

  Brown, Donald D ^a   Cai, Liquan ^a  

^a GEOPHYSICAL LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

Amphibian metamorphosis; Deiodinase; Gene expression; Tadpole; Thyroid hormone; Thyroid hormone receptor; Xenopus leavis

Indexed keywords

DNA; THYROID HORMONE; THYROID HORMONE RECEPTOR;

AMPHIBIA; BRAIN; BRAIN GROWTH; DNA REPLICATION; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; ERYTHROCYTE; GENE EXPRESSION; IMMUNE SYSTEM; INTESTINE; LIMB; LIMB DEVELOPMENT; LIVER; METAMORPHOSIS; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MUSCLE; NONHUMAN; PANCREAS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESEARCH; REVIEW; SKIN; TADPOLE;

AMPHIBIA; XENOPUS LAEVIS;

EID: 34249341147     PISSN: 00121606     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.03.021     Document Type: Review

References (155)

1. Allen B.M. The effects of extirpation of the thyroid and pituitary glands upon the limb development of anurans. J. Exp. Zool. 42 (1925) 13-30
2. Allen B.G., and Weeks D.L. Transgenic Xenopus laevis embryos can be generated using phiC31 integrase. Nat. Methods 2 (2005) 975-979
3. Atkinson B.G., Helbing C., and Chen Y. Reprogramming of genes expressed in amphibian liver during metamorphosis. In: Gilbert L.I., Tata J.R., and Atkinson B.G. (Eds). Metamorphosis (1996), Academic Press, New York 539-566
4. Atkinson B.G., Warkman A.S., and Chen Y. Thyroid hormone induces a reprogramming of gene expression in the liver of premetamorphic Rana catesbeiana tadpoles. Wound Repair Regen. 6 (1998) 323-337
5. Becker K.B., Stephens K.C., Davey J.C., Schneider M.J., and Galton V.A. The type 2 and type 3 iodothyronine deiodinases play important roles in coordinating development in Rana catesbeiana tadpoles. Endocrinology 138 (1997) 2989-2997
6. Benbassat J. The transition from tadpole to frog hemoglobin during natural amphibian metamorphosis. J. Cell Sci. 15 (1974) 347-357
7. Benedict C.L., and Kearney J.F. Increased junctional diversity in fetal B cells results in a loss of protective anti-phosphorylcholine antibodies in adult mice. Immunity 10 (1999) 607-617
8. Bernal J. Thyroid hormones and brain development. Vitam. Horm. 71 (2005) 95-122
9. Berry D., Scwartzman R., and Brown D.D. The expression pattern of thyroid hormone response genes in the tadpole tail identifies multiple resorption programs. Dev. Biol. 203 (1998) 12-23
10. Berry D., Rose C., Remo B., and Brown D.D. The expression pattern of thyroid hormone genes in remodeling tadpole tissue defines distinct growth and resorption gene expression programs. Dev. Biol. 203 (1998) 24-35
11. Bertrand S., Brunet F.G., Escriva H., Parmentier G., Laudet V., and Robinson-Rechavi M. Evolutionary genomics of nuclear receptors: from twenty-five ancestral genes to derived endocrine systems. Mol. Biol. Evol. 21 (2004) 1923-1937
12. Bevins C.L., and Zasloff M. Peptides from frog skin. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 59 (1990) 395-414
13. Blumberg B., Mangelsdorf D.J., Dyck J.A., Bittner D.A., Evans R.M., and De Robertis E.M. Multiple retinoid-responsive receptors in a single cell: families of retinoid "X" receptors and retinoic acid receptors in the Xenopus egg. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 89 (1992) 2321-2325
14. Brooks A.R., Sweeney G., and Old R.W. Structure and functional expression of a cloned Xenopus thyroid hormone receptor. Nucleic Acids Res. 17 (1989) 9395-9405
15. Brown D.D. The role of thyroid hormone in zebrafish and axolotl development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94 (1997) 13011-13016
16. Brown D.D. The role of deiodinases in amphibian metamorphosis. Thyroid 15 (2005) 815-821
17. Brown D.D., Wang Z., Furlow J.D., Kanamori A., Schwartzman R.A., Remo B.F., and Pinder A. The thyroid hormone-induced tail resorption program during Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93 (1996) 1924-1929
18. Brown D.D., Cai L., Das B., Marsh-Armstrong N., Schreiber A.M., and Juste R. Thyroid hormone controls multiple independent programs required for limb development in Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102 (2005) 12455-12458
19. Buchholz D.R., Hsia S.C., Fu L., and Shi Y.-B. A dominant-negative thyroid hormone receptor blocks amphibian metamorphosis by retaining corepressors at target genes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23 (2003) 6750-6758
20. Buchholz D.R., Paul B.D., and Shi Y.-B. Gene-specific changes in promoter occupancy by thyroid hormone receptor during frog metamorphosis. Implications for developmental gene regulation. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 41222-41228
21. Buchholz D.R., Paul B.D., Fu L., and Shi Y.-B. Molecular and developmental analyses of thyroid hormone receptor function in Xenopus laevis, the African clawed frog. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 145 (2006) 1-19
22. Buchholz D.R., Heimeier R.A., Das B., Washington T., and Shi Y.-B. Pairing morphology with gene expression in thyroid hormone-induced intestinal remodeling and identification of a core set of TH-induced genes across tadpole tissues. Dev. Biol. 303 (2007) 576-590
23. Buckbinder L., and Brown D.D. Thyroid hormone-induced gene expression changes in the developing frog limb. J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992) 25786-25791
24. Buckbinder L., and Brown D.D. Cloning and developmental expression of Xenopus laevis prolactin and thyrotropin genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 90 (1993) 3820-3824
25. Cai L., and Brown D.D. Expression of type II iodothyronine deiodinase marks the time that a tissue responds to thyroid hormone-induced metamorphosis in Xenopus laevis. Dev. Biol. 266 (2004) 87-95
26. Cai L., Das B., and Brown D.D. Changing a limb muscle growth program into a resorption program. Dev. Biol. 304 (2007) 260-271
27. Callery E.M., Fang H., and Elinson R.P. Frogs without polliwogs: evolution of anuran direct development. BioEssays 23 (2001) 233-241
28. Cameron J.A., and Fallon J.F. Evidence for polarizing zone in the limb buds of Xenopus laevis. Dev. Biol. 55 (1977) 320-330
29. Coen L., du Pasquier D., Le Mevel S., Brown S., Tata J., Mazabraud A., and Demeneix B.A. Xenopus Bcl-X(L) selectively protects Rohon-Beard neurons from metamorphic degeneration. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98 (2001) 7869-7874
30. Cooper D.S., Kiefer J.D., Saxe V., Mover H., Maloof F., and Ridgway E.C. Methimazole pharmacology in man: studies using a newly developed radioimmunoassay for methimazole. Endocrinology 114 (1984) 786-793
31. Das B., and Brown D.D. Controlling transgene expression to study Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101 (2004) 4839-4842
32. Das B., Schreiber A.M., Huang H., and Brown D.D. Multiple thyroid hormone-induced muscle growth and death programs during metamorphosis in Xenopus laevis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99 (2002) 12230-12235
33. Das B., Cai L., Carter M.G., Piao Y.-L., Sharov A.A., Ko M.S.H., and Brown D.D. Gene expression changes at metamorphosis induced by thyroid hormone in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Dev. Biol. 291 (2006) 342-355
34. de Luze A., Sachs L., and Demeneix B. Thyroid hormone-dependent transcriptional regulation of exogenous genes transferred into Xenopus tadpole muscle in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 90 (1993) 7322-7326
35. Denver R.J., Pavgi S., and Shi Y.-B. Thyroid hormone-dependent gene expression program for Xenopus neural development. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 8179-8188
36. Dodd M.H.I., and Dodd J.M. The biology of metamorphosis. In: Lofts B. (Ed). Physiology of the Amphibia vol. 3 (1976), Academic Press, New York 467-599
37. Du Pasquier L., and Flajnik M. Expression of MHC Class II antigens during Xenopus development. Dev. Immunol. 1 (1990) 85-95
38. Du Pasquier L., Robert J., Courtet M., and Mussmann R. B-cell development in the amphibian Xenopus. Immunol. Rev. 175 (2000) 201-213
39. Eliceiri B.P., and Brown D.D. Quantitation of endogenous thyroid hormone receptors α and β during embryogenesis and metamorphosis in Xenopus laevis. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 24459-24465
40. Elinson R.P., Remo B., and Brown D.D. Novel structural elements during tail resorption in Xenopus metamorphosis: lessons from tailed frogs. Dev. Biol. 215 (1999) 243-252
41. Escriva H., Bertrand S., and Laudet V. The evolution of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Essays Biochem. 40 (2004) 11-26
42. Fox H. Tissue degeneration: an electron microscope study of thepronephros of Rana temporaria. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 24 (1970) 139-157
43. Fujimoto K., Nakajima K., and Yaoita Y. One of the duplicated matrix metalloproteinase-9 genes is expressed in regressing tail during anuran metamorphosis. Dev. Growth Differ. 48 (2006) 223-241
44. Furlow J.D., and Brown D.D. In vivo and in vitro analysis of the regulation of a transcription factor gene by thyroid hormone during Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. Mol. Endocrinol. 13 (1999) 2076-2089
45. Furlow J.D., and Kanamori A. The transcription factor basic transcription element-binding protein 1 is a direct thyroid hormone response gene in the frog Xenopus laevis. Endocrinology 143 (2002) 3295-3305
46. Furlow J.D., and Neff E.S. A developmental switch induced by thyroid hormone: Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 17 (2006) 40-47
47. Furlow J.D., Berry D.L., Wang Z., and Brown D.D. A set of novel tadpole specific genes expressed only in the epidermis are down-regulated by thyroid hormone during Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. Dev. Biol. 182 (1997) 284-298
48. Furlow J.D., Yang H.Y., Hsu M., Lim W., Ermio D.J., Chiellini G., and Scanlan T.S. Induction of larval tissue resorption in Xenopus laevis tadpoles by the thyroid hormone receptor agonist GC-1. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 26555-26562
49. Galton V. The role of 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine in the physiological action of thyroxine in the premetamorphic tadpole. Endocrinology 124 (1989) 2427-2433
50. Gargioli C., and Slack J.M.W. Cell lineage tracing during Xenopus tail regeneration. Development 131 (2004) 2669-2679
51. Gaillard C., Levivray H., Theze N., Cooper B., Lepetit D., Mohun T., and Thiebaud P. Differential expression of two skeletal muscle beta-tropomyosin mRNAs during Xenopus laevis development. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 43 (1999) 175-178
52. Gross J. How tadpoles lose their tails: pathto discovery of the first matrix metalloproteinase. Matrix Biol. 23 (2004) 3-13
53. Gross J., and LaPiere C.M. Collagenolytic an amphibian tissues: a tissue culture assay. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 48 (1962) 1014-1022
54. Gross J., and Pitt-Rivers R. The identification of 3:5:3′-l-triiodothyronine in human plasma. Lancet 1 (1952) 439-441
55. Gudernatsch J.F. Feeding experiments on tadpoles: I. The influence of specific organs given as food on growth and differentiation. A contribution to the knowledge of organs with internal secretion. Wilhelm Roux Arch. Entwicklungsmech. Organismen. 35 (1912) 457-483
56. Haas K., Jensen K., Sin W.C., Foa L., and Cline H.T. Targeted electroporation in Xenopus tadpoles in vivo-From single cells to the entire brain. Differentiation 70 (2002) 148-154
57. Harington C.R. Chemistry of thyroxine: isolation of thyroxine from the thyroid gland. Biochem. J. 20 (1926) 293-299
58. Havis E., Le Mevel S., Morvan Dubois G., Demeneix B.A., and Sachs L.M. Unliganded thyroid hormone receptor is essential for Xenopus laevis eye development. EMBO J. 25 (2006) 4943-4951
59. Helbing C.C., Werry K., Crump D., Domanski D., Veldhoen N., and Bailey C.M. Expression profiles of novel thyroid hormone-responsive genes and proteins in the tail of Xenopus laevis tadpoles undergoing precocious metamorphosis. Mol. Endocrinol. 17 (2003) 1395-1409
60. Higgs D.M., and Burd G.D. Neuronal turnover in the Xenopus laevis olfactory epithelium during metamorphosis. J. Comp. Neurol. 433 (2001) 124-130
61. Hiroi Y., Kim H.H., Ying H., Furuya F., Huang Z., Simoncini T., Noma K., Ueki K., Nguyen N.H., Scanlan T.S., Moskowitz M.A., and Liao S.Y. Rapid nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 103 (2006) 14104-14149
62. Holbrook K.A. Structure and function of the developing human skin. In: Goldsmith L.A. (Ed) (1983), Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford 64-101
63. Hoskins S.G. Control of the development of the ipsilateral retinothalamic projection in Xenopus laevis by thyroxine: results and speculation. J. Neurobiol. 17 (1986) 203-229
64. Hsu E., and Du Pasquier L. Changes in the amphibian antibody repertoire are correlated with metamorphosis and not with age and size. Dev. Immunol. 2 (1992) 1-6
65. Huang H., and Brown D.D. Prolactin is not a juvenile hormone in Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97 (2000) 195-199
66. Huang H., Marsh-Armstrong N., and Brown D.D. Metamorphosis is inhibited in transgenic Xenopus laevis tadpoles that over-express type III deiodinase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 96 (1999) 962-967
67. Huang H., Cai L., Remo B., and Brown D.D. Timing of metamorphosis and the onset of the negative feedback loop between the thyroid gland and the pituitary is controlled by type II iodothyronine deiodinase in Xenopus laevis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98 (2001) 7348-7353
68. Hughes A. Cell degeneration in the larval ventral horn of Xenopus laevis (Daudin). J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 9 (1961) 269-284
69. Ikuzawa M., Yasumasu S., Kobayashi K., Inokuchi T., and Iuchi I. Stomach remodeling-associated changes of H+/K+-ATPase beta subunit expression in Xenopus laevis and H+/K+-ATPase-dependent acid secretion in tadpole stomach. J. Exp. Zool., A Comp. Exp. Biol. 301 (2004) 992-1002
70. Ishizuya-Oka A., and Shi Y.-B. Molecular mechanisms for thyroid hormone-induced remodeling in the amphibian digestive tract: a model for studying organ regeneration. Dev. Growth Differ. 47 (2005) 601-607
71. Ishizuya-Oka A., and Shimozawa A. Inductive action of epithelium on differentiation of intestinal connective tissue of Xenopus laevis tadpoles during metamorphosis in vitro. Cell Tissue Res. 277 (1994) 427-436
72. Ishizuya-Oka A., Stolow M.A., Ueda S., and Shi Y.-B. Temporal and spatial expression of an intestinal Na1/PO432 cotransporter correlates with epithelial transformation during thyroid hormone-dependent frog metamorphosis. Dev. Genet. 20 (1997) 53-66
73. Ishizuya-Oka A., Shimizu K., Sakakibara S., Okano H., and Ueda S. Thyroid hormone-upregulated expression of Musashi-1 is specific for progenitor cells of the adult epithelium during amphibian gastrointestinal remodeling. J. Cell Sci. 116 (2003) 3157-3164
74. Ishizuya-Oka A., Hasebe T., Shimizu K., Suzuki K., and Ueda S. Shh/BMP-4 signaling pathway is essential for intestinal epithelial development during Xenopus larval-to-adult remodeling. Dev. Dyn. 235 (2006) 3240-3249
75. Izutsu Y., and Yoshizato K. Metamorphosis-dependent recognition of larval skin as non-self by inbred adult frogs (Xenopus laevis). J. Exp. Zool. 266 (1993) 163-167
76. Jung J.C., Leco K.J., Edwards D.R., and Fini M.E. Matrix metalloproteinases mediate the dismantling of mesenchymal structures in the tadpole tail during thyroid hormone-induced tail resorption. Dev. Dyn. 223 (2002) 402-413
77. Jurd R.D., and Maclean N. An immunofluorescent study of the haemoglobins in metamorphosing Xenopus laevis. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 23 (1970) 299-309
78. Kanamori A., and Brown D.D. The regulation of thyroid hormone receptor b genes by thyroid hormone in Xenopus laevis. J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992) 739-745
79. Kanamori A., and Brown D.D. Cultured cells as a model for amphibian metamorphosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 90 (1993) 6013-6017
80. Kawahara A., Kohara S., and Amano M. Thyroid hormone directly induces hepatocyte competence for estrogen-dependent vitellogenin synthesis during the metamorphosis of Xenopus laevis. Dev. Biol. 132 (1989) 73-80
81. Kawahara A., Baker B.S., and Tata J.R. Developmental and regional expression of thyroid hormone receptor genes during Xenopus metamorphosis. Development 112 (1991) 933-943
82. Kikuyama S., Kawamura K., Tanaka S., and Yamamoto K. Aspects of amphibian metamorphosis: hormonal control. Int. Rev. Cytol. 145 (1993) 105-148
83. Kollros J.J. Transitions in the nervous system during amphibian metamorphosis. In: Gilbert L.I., and Frieden E. (Eds). Metamorphosis. 2nd edition (1981), Plenum Press, New York 445-459
84. Kroll K.L., and Amaya E. Transgenic Xenopus embryos from sperm nuclear transplantations reveal FGF signaling requirements during gastrulation. Development 122 (1996) 3173-3183
85. Lee A., and Hsu E. Isolation and characterization of the Xenopus terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. J. Immunol. 152 (1994) 4500-4507
86. Leloup J., and Buscaglia M. La triiodothyronine: hormone de la metamorphose des amphibians. C.R. Acad. Sci. 284 (1977) 2261-2263
87. Leone F., Lambert-Gardini S., Sartori C., and Scapin S. Ultrastructural analysis of some functional aspects of Xenopus laevis pancreas during development and metamorphosis. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 36 (1976) 711-724
88. Lim W., Nguyen N.H., Yang H.Y., Scanlan T.S., and Furlow J.D. A thyroid hormone antagonist that inhibits thyroid hormone action in vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 35664-35670
89. Maake C., Hanke W., and Reinecke M. An immunohistochemical and morphometric analysis of insulin, insulin-like growth factor I, glucagon, somatostatin, and PP in the development of the gastro-entero-pancreatic system of Xenopus laevis. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 110 (1998) 182-195
90. Maniatis G.M., and Ingram V.M. Erythropoiesis during amphibian metamorphosis: 1. Site of maturation of erythrocytes in Rana catesbeiana. J. Cell Biol. 49 (1971) 372-378
91. Mann F., and Holt C.E. Control of retinal growth and axon divergence at the chiasm: lessons from Xenopus. BioEssays 23 (2001) 319-326
92. Marklew S., Smith D.P., Mason C.S., and Old R.W. Isolation of a novel RXR from Xenopus that most closely resembles mammalian RXR beta and is expressed throughout early development. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1218 (1994) 267-272
93. Marsh-Armstrong N., Huang H., Berry D.L., and Brown D.D. Germline transmission of transgenes in Xenopus laevis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 96 (1999) 14389-14393
94. Marsh-Armstrong N., Huang H., Remo B.F., Liu T.T., and Brown D.D. Asymmetric growth and development of the Xenopus laevis retina during metamorphosis is controlled by type-III deiodinase. Neuron 24 (1999) 871-878
95. Marsh-Armstrong N., Cai L., and Brown D.D. Thyroid hormone controls the development of connections between the spinal cord and limbs during Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 101 (2004) 165-170
96. Mathisen P.M., and Miller L. Thyroid hormone induction of keratin genes: a two-step activation of gene expression during development. Genes Dev. 1 (1987) 1107-1117
97. McAvoy J.W., and Dixon K.E. Cell specialization in the small intestinal epithelium of adult Xenopus laevis: structural aspects. J. Anat. 125 (1978) 155-169
98. Miyatani S., Winkles J.A., Sargent T.D., and Dawid I.B. Stage-specific keratins in Xenopus laevis embryos and tadpoles: the XK81 gene family. J. Cell Biol. 103 (1986) 1957-1965
99. Morvan Dubois G., Sebillot A., Kuiper G.G.J.M., Verhoelst C.H.J., Darras V.M., Visser T.J., and Demeneix B.A. Deiodinase activity is present in Xenopus laevis during early embryogenesis. Endocrinology 147 (2006) 4941-4949
100. Moskaitis J.E., Sargent T.D., Smith Jr. L.H., Pastori R.L., and Schoenberg D.R. Xenopus laevis serum albumin: sequence of the complementary deoxyribonucleic acids encoding the 68- and 74-kilodalton peptides and the regulation of albumin gene expression by thyroid hormone during development. Mol. Endocrinol. 3 (1989) 464-473
101. Nakajima K., and Yaoita Y. Dual mechanisms governing muscle cell death in tadpole tail during amphibian metamorphosis. Dev. Dyn. 227 (2003) 246-255
102. Nicolas N., Gallien C.-L., and Chanoine C. Expression of myogenic regulatory factors during muscle development of Xenopus: myogenin mRNA accumulation is limited strictly to secondary myogenesis. Dev. Dyn. 213 (1998) 309-321
103. Nieuwkoop P.D., and Faber J. Normal Table of Xenopus laevis (Daudin) (1956), Elsevier/North-Holland, New York
104. Nishikawa A., and Hayashi H. Isoform transition of contractile proteins related to muscle remodeling with an axial gradient during metamorphosis in Xenopus laevis. Dev. Biol. 165 (1994) 86-94
105. Nishikawa A., and Hayashi H. T3-hydrocortisone synergism on adult-type erythroblast proliferation and T3-mediated apoptosis of larval-type erythroblasts during erythropoietic conversion in Xenopus laevis. Histochem. Cell Biol. 111 (1999) 325-334
106. Nishikawa A., and Yoshizato K. Hormonal regulation of growth and life span of bullfrog tadpole tail epidermal cells cultured in vitro. J. Exp. Zool. 237 (1986) 221-230
107. Ogino H., McConnell W.B., and Grainger R.M. Highly efficient transgenesis in Xenopus tropicalis using I-SceI meganuclease. Mech. Dev. 123 (2006) 103-113
108. Paik W.K., and Cohen P.P. Biochemical studies on amphibian metamorphosis: I. The effect of thyroxine on protein synthesis in the tadpole. J. Gen. Physiol. 43 (1960) 683-696
109. Pan F.C., Chen Y., Loeber J., Henningfeld K., and Pieler T. I-SceI meganuclease-mediated transgenesis in Xenopus. Dev. Dyn. 235 (2006) 247-252
110. Paul B.D., Fu L., Buchholz D.R., and Shi Y.-B. Coactivator recruitment is essential for liganded thyroid hormone receptor to initiate amphibian metamorphosis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 25 (2005) 5712-5724
111. Rabelo E.M., Baker B.S., and Tata J.R. Interplay between thyroid hormone and estrogen in modulating expression of their receptor and vitellogenin genes during Xenopus metamorphosis. Mech. Dev. 45 (1994) 49-57
112. Regard E., Taurog A., and Nakashima T. Plasma thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels in spontaneously metamorphosing Rana catesbeiana tadpoles and in adult anuran amphibia. Endocrinology 102 (1978) 674-684
113. Ranjan M., Wong J., and Shi Y.-B. Transcriptional repression of Xenopus TR beta gene is mediated by a thyroid hormone response element located near the start site. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 24699-24705
114. Robertson J.C., and Kelley D.B. Thyroid hormone controls the onset of androgen sensitivity in Xenopus laevis. Dev. Biol. 176 (1996) 108-123
115. Rollins-Smith L.A. Metamorphosis and the amphibian immune system. Immunol. Rev. 166 (1998) 221-230
116. Rot-Nikcevic I., and Wassersug R.J. Tissue sensitivity to thyroid hormone in athyroid Xenopus laevis larvae. Dev. Growth Differ. 45 (2003) 321-325
117. Rowe I., Coen L., Le Blay K., Le Mevel S., and Demeneix B.A. Autonomous regulation of muscle fibre fate during metamorphosis in Xenopus tropicalis. Dev. Dyn. 224 (2002) 381-390
118. Sachs L.M., Jones P.L., Havis E., Rouse N., Demeneix B.A., and Shi Y.-B. Nuclear receptor corepressor recruitment by unliganded thyroid hormone receptor in gene repression during Xenopus laevis development. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22 (2002) 8527-8538
119. Sap J., Munoz A., Damm K., Goldberg Y., Ghysdael J., Leutz A., Beug H., and Vennstrom B. The c-erb-A protein is a high-affinity receptor for thyroid hormone. Nature 324 (1986) 635-640
120. Schlosser G., Koyano-Nakagawa N., and Kintner C. Thyroid hormone promotes neurogenesis in the Xenopus spinal cord. Dev. Dyn. 225 (2002) 485-498
121. Schreiber A.M., and Brown D.D. Tadpole skin dies autonomously in response to thyroid hormone at metamorphosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100 (2003) 1769-1774
122. Schreiber A.M., Cai L., and Brown D.D. Remodeling of the intestine during metamorphosis of Xenopus laevis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102 (2005) 3720-3725
123. Schreiber A.M., Das B., Huang H., Marsh-Armstrong N., and Brown D.D. Diverse developmental programs of Xenopus laevis metamorphosis are inhibited by expressing a dominant negative thyroid hormone receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98 (2001) 10739-10744
124. Shi Y.-B. Amphibian metamorphosis. From Morphology to Molecular Biology (2000), Wiley-Liss, New York 288
125. Shi Y.-B., and Brown D.D. Developmental and thyroid hormone-dependent regulation of pancreatic genes in Xenopus laevis. Genes Dev. 4 (1990) 1107-1113
126. Shi Y.-B., and Brown D.D. The earliest changes in gene expression in tadpole intestine induced by thyroid hormone. J. Biol. Chem. 268 (1993) 20312-20317
127. Shi Y.-B., and Hayes W.P. Thyroid hormone-dependent regulation of the intestinal fatty acid-binding protein gene during amphibian metamorphosis. Dev. Biol. 161 (1994) 48-58
128. Shi Y.-B., Yaoita Y., and Brown D.D. Genomic organization and alternative promoter usage of the two thyroid hormone receptor genes in Xenopus laevis. J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992) 733-738
129. Shizu-Nishikawa K., Shibota Y., Takei A., Kuroda M., and Nishikawa A. Regulation of specific developmental fates of larval- and adult-type muscles during metamorphosis of the frog Xenopus. Dev. Biol. 251 (2002) 91-104
130. Stolow M.A., and Shi Y.-B. Xenopus sonic hedgehog as a potential morphogen during embryogenesis and thyroid hormone-dependent metamorphosis. Nucleic Acids Res. 23 (1995) 2555-2562
131. Suzuki K., Sato K., Katsu K., Hayashita H., Kristensen D.B., and Yoshizato K. Novel Rana keratin genes and their expression during larval to adult epidermal conversion in bullfrog tadpoles. Differentiation 68 (2001) 44-54
132. Tata J.R. Requirement for RNA and protein synthesis for induced regression of the tadpole tail in organ culture. Dev. Biol. 13 (1966) 77-94
133. Tata J.R. Amphibian metamorphosis as a model for the developmental actions of thyroid hormone. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 246 (2006) 10-20
134. Tazawa I., Shimizu-Nishikawa K., and Yoshizato K. A novel Xenopus laevis larval keratin gene, xlk2: its gene structure and expression during regeneration and metamorphosis of limb and tail. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1759 (2006) 216-224
135. Thermes V., Grabher C., Ristoratore F., Bourrat F., Choulika A., Wittbrodt J., and Joly J.S. I-SceI meganuclease mediates highly efficient transgenesis in fish. Mech. Dev. 118 (2002) 91-98
136. Thompson C.C., and Bottcher M.C. The product of a thyroid hormone-responsive gene interacts with thyroid hormone receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94 (1997) 8527-8532
137. Trueb L., and Hanken J. Skeletal development in Xenopus laevis. J. Mophol. 214 (1992) 1-41
138. Veldhoen N., Crump D., Werry K., and Helbing C.C. Distinctive gene profiles occur at key points during natural metamorphosis in the Xenopus laevis tail. Dev. Dyn. 225 (2002) 457-468
139. Wakahara M. Heterochrony and neotenic salamanders: possible clues for the understanding the animal development and evolution. Zool. Sci. 13 (1996) 765-776
140. Wang Z., and Brown D.D. A gene expression screen. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 88 (1991) 11505-11509
141. Wang Z., and Brown D.D. The thyroid hormone-induced gene expression program for amphibian tail resorption. J. Biol. Chem. 268 (1993) 16270-16278
142. Watanabe Y., Kobayashi H., Suzuki K., Kotani K., and Yoshizato K. New epidermal keratin genes from Xenopus laevis: hormonal and regional regulation of their expression during anuran skin metamorphosis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1517 (2001) 339-350
143. Weber R. Induced metamorphosis in isolated tails of Xenopus larvae. Experientia 15 (1962) 84-85
144. Weber R. Switching of globin genes during anuran metamorphosis. In: Gilbert L.I., Tata J.R., and Atkinson B.G. (Eds). Metamorphosis (1996), Academic Press, New York 567-597
145. Weinberger C., Thompson C.C., Ong E.S., Lebo R., Gruol D.J., and Evans R.M. The c-erb-A gene encodes a thyroid hormone receptor. Nature 324 (1986) 641-646
146. Widmer H.J., Hosbach H.A., and Weber R. Globin gene expression in Xenopus laevis: anemia induces precocious globin transition and appearance of adult erythroblasts during metamorphosis. Dev. Biol. 99 (1983) 50-60
147. Wong J., and Shi Y.-B. Coordinated regulation of and transcriptional activation by Xenopus thyroid hormone and retinoid X receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 270 1 (1995) 8479-8483
148. Yaoita Y., and Brown D.D. A correlation of thyroid hormone receptor gene expression with amphibian metamorphosis. Genes Dev. 4 (1990) 1917-1924
149. Yaoita Y., and Nakajima K. Induction of apoptosis and CPP32 expression by thyroid hormone in a myoblastic cell line derived from tadpole tail. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 5122-5127
150. Yaoita Y., Shi Y.-B., and Brown D.D. Xenopus laevis α and β thyroid hormone receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 87 (1990) 7090-7094
151. Yen P.M., Feng X., Flamant F., Chen Y., Walker R.L., Weiss R.E., Chassande O., Samarut J., and Refetoff S. Effects of ligand and thyroid hormone receptor isoforms on hepatic gene expression profiles of thyroid hormone receptor knockout mice. EMBO Rep. 4 (2003) 581-587
152. Yoshizato K. Biochemistry and cell biology of amphibian metamorphosis with a special emphasis on the mechanism of removal of larval organs. Int. Rev. Cytol. 119 (1989) 97-149
153. Yoshizato K. Death and transformation of larval cells during metamorphosis of anura. Dev. Growth Differ. 34 (1992) 607-612
154. Yoshizato K. Cell death and histolysis in amphibian tail during metamorphosis. In: Gilbert L.I., Tata J.R., and Atkinson B.G. (Eds). Metamorphosis (1996), Academic Press, New York 647-671
155. Yousson J.H. First metamorphosis in fish. In: Hoar W.S., and Randall D.J. (Eds). Fish Physiology XI Part B (1988), Academic Press, San Diego 135-184