Newer hormonal therapies: Lower doses; oral, transdermal, and vaginal formulations

Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

Volumn 74, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 369-375

  Sivanandy, Mala S ^a   Masimasi, Nziavake ^a   Thacker, Holly L ^a,b  

^a LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34249300133     PISSN: 08911150     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.74.5.369     Document Type: Review

References (12)

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2. Mattsson LA, Skouby SO, Heikkinen J, et al. A low-dose start in hormone replacement therapy provides a beneficial bleeding profile and few side-effects: randomized comparison with a conventional-dose regimen. Climacteric 2004; 7:59-69.
3. Ettinger B. Vasomotor symptom relief versus unwanted effects: role of estrogen dosage. Am J Med 2005; 19:118(suppl 12B):74-78.
4. Tarlatzis BC, Zepiridis L. Perimenopausal conception. Ann NY Acad Sci 2003; 997:93-104.
5. Utian WH, Speroff L, Ellman H, Dart C. Comparative controlled trial of a novel oral estrogen therapy, estradiol acetate, for relief of menopause symptoms. Menopause 2005; 12:708-715.
6. Utian WH, Lederman SA, Williams BM, et al. Relief of hot flushes with new plant-derived 10-component synthetic conjugated estrogens. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 103:245-253.
7. Ettinger B, Ensrud KE, Wallace R, et al. Effects of ultralow-close transcdermal estradiol on bone mineral density: a randomized clinical trial. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 104:443-451.
8. Johnson SR, Ettinger B, Macer JL, et al. Uterine and vaginal effects of unopposed ultra low-dose transdermal estradiol. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 105:779-787.
9. Simon JA. Estradiol in micellar nanoparticles: the efficacy and safety of a novel transdermal drug-delivery technology in the management of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms. Menopause 2006; 13:222-231.
10. Naunton M, Al Hadithy AF, Brouwers JR, et al. Estradiol gel: review of the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety in menopausal women. Menopause 2006; 13:517-527.
11. Masimasi N, Sivanandy MS, Thacker HL. Update on hormonal contraception. Cleve Clin J Med 2007; 74:186-198.
12. Canonico M, Oger E, Plu-Bureau G, et al; Estrogen and Thromboembolism Risk (ESTHER) Study Group. Hormone therapy and venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women: impact of the route of estrogen administration and progestogens: the ESTHER study. Circulation 2007; 115:840-845.