Levels and differentials in childhood mortality in South Africa, 1977-1998

Journal of Biosocial Science

Volumn 39, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 613-632

  Nannan, Nadine ^a   Timæus, Ian M ^b   Laubscher, Ria ^a   Bradshaw, Debbie ^a  

^a SOUTH AFRICAN MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL   (South Africa)

^b LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CHILD; CHILDHOOD MORTALITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; EDUCATION; EPIDEMIC; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFANT; INFANT MORTALITY; MATERNAL ATTITUDE; POPULATION RESEARCH; RACE DIFFERENCE; SOUTH AFRICA;

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CENSUSES; CHILD; CHILD MORTALITY; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DEMOGRAPHY; EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT MORTALITY; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PREJUDICE; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 34249113078     PISSN: 00219320     EISSN: 14697599     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0021932006001702     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Adetunji, J. (2000) Trends in under-5 mortality rates and the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 78(10), 1172-1282.
2. Bachmann, M., London, L. & Barron, P. (1996) Infant mortality rate inequalities in the Western Cape province of South Africa. International Journal of Epidemiology 25(5), 966-972.
3. Benatar, S. R. (2004) Health care reform and the crisis of HIV and AIDS in South Africa. New England Journal of Medicine 351(1), 81-92.
4. Botha, J. L. & Bradshaw, D. (1985) African vital statistics - a black hole? South African Medical Journal 67(24), 977-981.
5. Bradshaw, D., Masiteng, K. & Nannan, N. (2000) Health status and determinants. In South African Health Review 2000. Health Systems Trust 2000, pp. 89-124.
6. Bradshaw, D. & Nannan, N. (2004) Health Status. In South African Health Review 2003/04. Health Systems Trust 2004, pp. 45-56.
7. Brass, W. & Coale, A. J. (1968) Methods of analysis and estimation. In Brass, W., Coale, A. J., Demeny, P., Heisel, D. F., Lorimer, F., Romaniuk, A. & van de Walle, E. (eds) The Demography of Tropical Africa. Princeton University Press, pp. 88-139.
8. Burgard, S. A. & Treiman, D. J. (2006) Trends and racial differences in infant mortality in South Africa. Social Science and Medicine 62(5), 1126-1137.
9. Case, A. & Deaton, A. (1998) Large cash transfers to the elderly in South Africa. Economic Journal 108(450), 1330-1361.
10. Cebu Study Team (1991) Underlying and proximate determinants of child health: the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Study. American Journal of Epidemiology 133, 185-201.
11. Cleland J., Bicego, G. & Fegan, G. (1992) Socioeconomic inequalities in childhood mortality: the 1970s to the 1980s. Health Transition Review 2(1), 1-18.
12. Coale, A. J., Demeny, P. & Vaughan, B. (1983) Regional Model Life Tables and Stable Population (2nd edn). Academic Press, New York.
13. Collumbien, M. & Sloggett, A. (2001) Adjustment methods for bias in the indirect childhood mortality estimates. In Zaba, B. & Blacker, J. (eds) Brass Tacks. Essays in Medical Demography. Athlone Press, pp. 21-42.
14. Department of Health, South Africa (2002) South Africa Demographic and Health Survey 1998. Full Report. Department of Health, Pretoria.
15. Department of Health, South Africa (2005) National HIV and Syphilis Antenatal Survey in South Africa 2004. Department of Health, Pretoria.
16. Dorrington, R., Moultrie, T. A. & Timæus, I. M. (2004) Estimation of Mortality using the South African Census 2001 Data. Monograph 11. Centre for Actuarial Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town.
17. El-Badry, M. A. (1961) Failure of enumerators to make entries of zero errors in recording childless cases in population censuses. Journal of the American Statistical Association 56(296), 909-924.
18. Fernandez Castilla, R. (1989) The effects of maternal age, birth order and birth spacing on indirect estimation of child mortality. International Population Conference, New Delhi. International Union for the Scientific Study of Population, Liege, pp. 65-86.
19. Greene, M. L. (1998) Contraceptive use for birth spacing in sub-Saharan Africa. PhD dissertation, Princeton University, NJ.
20. Henderson, R. (1916). Note on graduation by adjusted average. Transactions of the American Society of Actuaries 17, 43-48.
21. Hobcraft, J. (1993). Women's education, child welfare and child survival: a review of the evidence. Health Transition Review 3(2), 159-175.
22. Hobcraft, J., McDonald, J. & Rutstein, S. (1985) Demographic determinants of infant and early child mortality: a comparative analysis. Population Studies 39(3), 363-385.
23. Klugman, B. (1994) Population Policy in South Africa: Where to From Here? Policy Working Paper No. 31. Development Bank of Southern Africa, Midrand.
24. Louw, H. H., Khan, M. B., Woods, D. L., Power, M. & Thompson M. C. (1995) Perinatal mortality in the Cape Province, 1989-1991. South African Journal of Medicine 85(5), 352-355.
25. Marston, M., Zaba, B., Salomon, J. A., Brahmbhatt, H. & Bagenda, D. (2005) Estimating the net effect of HIV on child mortality in African populations affected by generalized HIV epidemics. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 38(2), 219-227.
26. Mazur, R. E. (1995) Population Structure, Fertility and Childhood Mortality in South Africa: Lessons to be Learned from Analysis of the Poverty Survey. Centre for Epidemiological Research in Southern Africa, Medical Research Council, South Africa.
27. Mosley, H. W. & Chen, L. C. (1984). An analytical framework for the study of child survival in developing countries. Population and Development Review 10 (supplement), 25-45.
28. Moultrie, T. A. & Timæus, I. M. (2002) Trends in South African Fertility between 1970 and 1998: An Analysis of the 1996 Census and the 1998 Demographic and Health Survey. Burden of Disease Research Unit Technical Report. Medical Research Council, South Africa, pp. x+81. http://www.mrc.ac.za/researchreports/trends.pdf.
29. Moultrie, T. A. & Timæus, I. M. (2003) The South African fertility decline: evidence from two censuses and a Demographic and Fertility Survey. Population Studies 57(3), 265-283.
30. Nannan, N., Bradshaw, D., Mazur, R. & Maphumalo, S. (1998) What is the infant mortality rate in South Africa? The need for improved data. South African Medical Journal 88(12), 1583-1587.
31. Pick, W. M., Bourne, D. E. & Sayed, A. R. (1996) Race, income and infant mortality in Cape Town, South Africa. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 42(4), 250-251.
32. Rossouw, J. P. H. & Hofmeyr, B. E. (1990) Infant and child mortality in South Africa: Levels, differentials and determinants. In Mostert, W. P. & Lotter, J. M. (eds) South Africa's Demographic Future. Human Science Research Council, Pretoria, pp. 34-44.
33. Rossouw, J. P. H. & Jordaan, A. (1997) Infant Mortality and Child Health in South Africa 1988-1992: Findings from a Series of Demographic and Health Surveys. Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria.
34. Rutstein, S. O. (2000) Factors associated with trends in infant and child mortality in developing countries during the 1990s. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 78(10), 1256-1270.
35. STATA Corp (2005a) Survival Analysis and Epidemiological Tables Reference Manual. STATA Corporation, College Station, TX.
36. STATA Corp (2005b) Survey Data Reference Manual. STATA Corporation, College Station, TX.
37. Statistics South Africa (2000) Measuring Poverty. Statistics South Africa, Pretoria.
38. Statistics South Africa (2003) Census 2001: Census in Brief. Report No. 03-02-03 (2001). Statistics South Africa, Pretoria.
39. Sullivan, J. M., Bicego, G. T. & Rutstein, S. O. (1990) Assessment of the quality of data used for the direct estimation of infant and child mortality in the Demographic and Health Surveys. In An Assessment of DHS-I Data Quality. Demographic and Health Surveys Methodological Reports No. 1. Institute for Resource Development/Macro Systems Inc., Columbia, MD, pp. 113-143.
40. Terreblanche, S. (2003) A History of Inequality in South Africa, 1652-2002 (Chapter 2). University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg, pp. 25-49.
41. Treiman, D. J., Mckeever, M. & Fodor, E. (1996) Racial differences in occupational status and income in South Africa, 1980 and 1991. Demography 33(1), 111-132.
42. United Nations (1983) Manual X: Indirect Techniques for Demographic Estimation (Chapter 3). United Nations, New York.
43. United Nations (2000) Millennium Development Goals. http://www.who.int/mdg/goals/en/ (accessed 7th May 2006).
44. United Nations Development Program (2001) Human Development Report, South Africa. Oxford University Press, New York.
45. Victora, C. G., Wagstaff, A., Armstrong Schellenberg, J., Gwatkin, D., Claeson, M. & Habicht, J-P. (2003) Applying an equity lens to child health and mortality: more of the same is not enough. Lancet 362, 233-241.
46. Woods, R. (2005) The measurement of historical trends in fetal mortality in England and Wales. Population Studies 59(2), 147-162.
47. World Health Organization (1978) Report of the International Conference on Primary Health Care. Alma-Ata, Sept 6th-12th World Health Organization, Geneva.
48. World Health Organization (1983) Apartheid and Health. World Health Organization, Geneva.
49. Wyndham, C. H. (1981) The loss from premature deaths of economically active manpower in the various populations of the RSA. South African Medical Journal 60(12), 411-419.
50. Wyndham, C. H. & Irwig, L. M. (1979) A comparison of the mortality rates of various population groups in the Republic of South Africa. South African Medical Journal 55(20), 796-802.
51. Yach, D. (1988) Infant mortality rates in urban areas of South Africa, 1981-1985. South African Medical Journal 73(4), 232-234.
52. Yach, D., Klopper, J. M. & Taylor, S. P. (1987) Use of indicators in achieving 'Health for All' in South Africa, 1987. South African Medical Journal 72(11), 805-807.