메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 73, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 263-285

Assessing managers' ethical decision-making: An objective measure of managerial moral judgment

Author keywords

Ethical decision making; Manager; Measurement; Moral judgment

Indexed keywords


EID: 34249067382     PISSN: 01674544     EISSN: 15730697     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10551-006-9206-2     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (63)

References (74)
  • 3
    • 0009083772 scopus 로고
    • Moral Judgment Development of College Students
    • Biggs, D. and R. Barnett: 1981, 'Moral Judgment Development of College Students', Research in Higher Education 14, 91-102.
    • (1981) Research in Higher Education , vol.14 , pp. 91-102
    • Biggs, D.1    Barnett, R.2
  • 4
    • 0001489667 scopus 로고
    • Validity of Personnel Decisions: A Conceptual Analysis of the Inferential and Evidential Issues
    • Binning, J. F. and G. V. Barrett: 1989, 'Validity of Personnel Decisions: A Conceptual Analysis of the Inferential and Evidential Issues', Journal of Applied Psychology 74, 478-494.
    • (1989) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.74 , pp. 478-494
    • Binning, J.F.1    Barrett, G.V.2
  • 5
    • 26444469425 scopus 로고
    • Bridging Moral Cognition and Moral Action: A Critical Review of the Literature
    • Blasi, A.: 1980, 'Bridging Moral Cognition and Moral Action: A Critical Review of the Literature', Psychological Bulletin 88, 1-45.
    • (1980) Psychological Bulletin , vol.88 , pp. 1-45
    • Blasi, A.1
  • 6
    • 84956408710 scopus 로고
    • More Progress Toward a Taxonomy of Managerial Performance Requirements
    • Borman, W. C. and D. H. Brush: 1993, 'More Progress Toward a Taxonomy of Managerial Performance Requirements', Human Performance 6(1), 1-21.
    • (1993) Human Performance , vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-21
    • Borman, W.C.1    Brush, D.H.2
  • 7
    • 0002798931 scopus 로고
    • Ethical Characteristics of Whistle Blowers
    • Brabeck, M.: 1984, 'Ethical Characteristics of Whistle Blowers', Journal of Research in Personality 18, 41-53.
    • (1984) Journal of Research in Personality , vol.18 , pp. 41-53
    • Brabeck, M.1
  • 9
    • 0002131866 scopus 로고
    • School Teachers' Moral Reasoning
    • J. R. Rest and D. Narvaez eds, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ
    • Chang, F.: 1994, 'School Teachers' Moral Reasoning', in J. R. Rest and D. Narvaez (eds.) Moral Development in the Professions (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ).
    • (1994) Moral Development in the Professions
    • Chang, F.1
  • 11
    • 11944254274 scopus 로고
    • Personality Structure: Emergence of the Five-factor Model
    • Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews
    • Digman, J. M.: 1990, 'Personality Structure: Emergence of the Five-factor Model', Annual Review of Psychology 41, 417-440. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.
    • (1990) Annual Review of Psychology , vol.41 , pp. 417-440
    • Digman, J.M.1
  • 12
    • 0019753964 scopus 로고
    • An Economical Method for Evaluation of General Intelligence in Adults
    • Dodrill, C. B.: 1981, 'An Economical Method for Evaluation of General Intelligence in Adults', Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 49, 668-673.
    • (1981) Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , vol.49 , pp. 668-673
    • Dodrill, C.B.1
  • 13
    • 0002496464 scopus 로고
    • Education for Ethical Nursing Practice
    • J. R. Rest and D. Narvaez eds, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ
    • Duckett, L. J. and M. B. Ryden: 1994, 'Education for Ethical Nursing Practice', in J. R. Rest and D. Narvaez (eds.) Moral Development in the Professions (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ).
    • (1994) Moral Development in the Professions
    • Duckett, L.J.1    Ryden, M.B.2
  • 14
    • 84973742082 scopus 로고
    • Moral Reasoning in Groups: Leaders Make a Difference
    • Dukerich, J. M., M. L. Nichols, D. R. Elm and D. A. Vollrath: 1990, 'Moral Reasoning in Groups: Leaders Make a Difference', Human Relations 43(5), 473-493.
    • (1990) Human Relations , vol.43 , Issue.5 , pp. 473-493
    • Dukerich, J.M.1    Nichols, M.L.2    Elm, D.R.3    Vollrath, D.A.4
  • 17
    • 0002579501 scopus 로고
    • Construction and Validation of a Simplified, Group-Administerable Equivalent to the Moral Judgment Interview
    • Gibbs, J. C., K. F. Widaman and A. Colby: 1982, 'Construction and Validation of a Simplified, Group-Administerable Equivalent to the Moral Judgment Interview', Child Development 53(4), 895-910.
    • (1982) Child Development , vol.53 , Issue.4 , pp. 895-910
    • Gibbs, J.C.1    Widaman, K.F.2    Colby, A.3
  • 18
    • 0025657489 scopus 로고
    • Personality Correlates of Logical and Sociomoral Judgment
    • Gibson, D. R.: 1990, 'Personality Correlates of Logical and Sociomoral Judgment', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59(6), 1296-1300.
    • (1990) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.59 , Issue.6 , pp. 1296-1300
    • Gibson, D.R.1
  • 19
    • 0000891506 scopus 로고
    • In a Different Voice: Women's Conceptions of the Self and Morality
    • Gilligan, C.: 1982, 'In a Different Voice: Women's Conceptions of the Self and Morality', Harvard Educational Review 47, 481-517.
    • (1982) Harvard Educational Review , vol.47 , pp. 481-517
    • Gilligan, C.1
  • 20
    • 0001659505 scopus 로고
    • Looking Fair vs. Being Fair: Managing Impressions of Organizational Justice
    • Greenberg, J.: 1990, 'Looking Fair vs. Being Fair: Managing Impressions of Organizational Justice', Research in Organizational Behavior 12, 111-157.
    • (1990) Research in Organizational Behavior , vol.12 , pp. 111-157
    • Greenberg, J.1
  • 21
    • 0036743702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Who Stole the Money, and When? Individual and Situational Determinants of Employee Theft
    • Greenberg, J.: 2002, 'Who Stole the Money, and When? Individual and Situational Determinants of Employee Theft', Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 89(1), 985-1003.
    • (2002) Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , vol.89 , Issue.1 , pp. 985-1003
    • Greenberg, J.1
  • 23
    • 0000783576 scopus 로고
    • WAIS-R Validation of the Wonderlic Personnel Test as a Brief Measure in a Psychiatric Sample
    • Hawkins, K. A., S. V. Faraone, J. R. Pepple, L. J. Seidman and M. T. Tsuang: 1990, 'WAIS-R Validation of the Wonderlic Personnel Test as a Brief Measure in a Psychiatric Sample', Psychological Assessment 2, 198-201.
    • (1990) Psychological Assessment , vol.2 , pp. 198-201
    • Hawkins, K.A.1    Faraone, S.V.2    Pepple, J.R.3    Seidman, L.J.4    Tsuang, M.T.5
  • 24
    • 0002301073 scopus 로고
    • The Relationship of Moral Atmosphere to Judgments of Responsibility
    • J. L. Kurtines and W. M. Gewirtz eds, Wiley, New York, pp
    • Higgins, A., C. Power and L. Kohlberg: 1984, 'The Relationship of Moral Atmosphere to Judgments of Responsibility', in J. L. Kurtines and W. M. Gewirtz (eds.) Morality, Moral Behavior, and Moral Development (Wiley, New York), pp. 74-106.
    • (1984) Morality, Moral Behavior, and Moral Development , pp. 74-106
    • Higgins, A.1    Power, C.2    Kohlberg, L.3
  • 25
    • 22944472837 scopus 로고
    • A Review of Scale Development Practices in the Study of Organizations
    • Hinkin, T. R.: 1995, 'A Review of Scale Development Practices in the Study of Organizations', Journal of Management 21(5), 967-988.
    • (1995) Journal of Management , vol.21 , Issue.5 , pp. 967-988
    • Hinkin, T.R.1
  • 27
    • 0000069381 scopus 로고
    • Ethical Decision Making by Individuals in Organizations: An Issue-contingent Model
    • Jones, T. M.: 1991, 'Ethical Decision Making by Individuals in Organizations: An Issue-contingent Model', Academy of Management Review 16(2), 366-395.
    • (1991) Academy of Management Review , vol.16 , Issue.2 , pp. 366-395
    • Jones, T.M.1
  • 29
    • 34249106211 scopus 로고
    • Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development: Critical Analysis of Validation Studies with the Defining Issues Test
    • Kay, S. R.: 1982, 'Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development: Critical Analysis of Validation Studies with the Defining Issues Test', International Journal of Psychology 17, 27-42.
    • (1982) International Journal of Psychology , vol.17 , pp. 27-42
    • Kay, S.R.1
  • 30
    • 0001851459 scopus 로고
    • Stage and Sequence: The Cognitive Development Approach to Socialization
    • D. A. Goslin eds, Rand McNally, Chicago, pp
    • Kohlberg, L.: 1969, 'Stage and Sequence: The Cognitive Development Approach to Socialization', in D. A. Goslin (eds.) Handbook of Socialization Theory. (Rand McNally, Chicago), pp. 347-480.
    • (1969) Handbook of Socialization Theory , pp. 347-480
    • Kohlberg, L.1
  • 32
    • 34249085731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lawrence, J. A.: 1979, The Component Procedure of Moral Judgment Making. Dissertation Abstracts International 40: 896B (University Microfilms no. 7918350).
    • Lawrence, J. A.: 1979, The Component Procedure of Moral Judgment Making. Dissertation Abstracts International 40: 896B (University Microfilms no. 7918350).
  • 33
    • 0002371713 scopus 로고
    • What's Wrong with Psychology Anyway?
    • D. Chiccetti and W. Grove eds, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, pp
    • Lykken, D. T.: 1991, 'What's Wrong with Psychology Anyway?', in D. Chiccetti and W. Grove (eds.) Thinking Clearly About Psychology (University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis), pp. 3-39.
    • (1991) Thinking Clearly About Psychology , pp. 3-39
    • Lykken, D.T.1
  • 34
    • 0030306014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • None of Your Business: Parameters of Biodata Invasiveness
    • Mael, F. A., M. Connerly and R. A. Morath: 1996, 'None of Your Business: Parameters of Biodata Invasiveness', Personnel Psychology 49, 613-650.
    • (1996) Personnel Psychology , vol.49 , pp. 613-650
    • Mael, F.A.1    Connerly, M.2    Morath, R.A.3
  • 35
    • 0024021249 scopus 로고
    • The Validity and Reliability of a Clinical Performance Rating Scale
    • Meetz, H. K., M. J. Bebeau and S. J. Thoma: 1988, 'The Validity and Reliability of a Clinical Performance Rating Scale', Journal of Dental Education 52(6), 290-297.
    • (1988) Journal of Dental Education , vol.52 , Issue.6 , pp. 290-297
    • Meetz, H.K.1    Bebeau, M.J.2    Thoma, S.J.3
  • 36
    • 0003893884 scopus 로고
    • A Longitudinal Study of Student Change in Cognitive Development and Generic Abilities in an Outcome-centered Liberal Arts Curriculum
    • No. 6. Office of Research and Evaluation, Alverno College, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
    • Mentkowski, M. and M. Strait: 1983, A Longitudinal Study of Student Change in Cognitive Development and Generic Abilities in an Outcome-centered Liberal Arts Curriculum. Final Report to the National Institute of Education, No. 6. Office of Research and Evaluation, Alverno College, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
    • (1983) Final Report to the National Institute of Education
    • Mentkowski, M.1    Strait, M.2
  • 37
    • 0002530369 scopus 로고
    • Review of the Defining Issues Test
    • J. V. Mitchell eds, The University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE, pp
    • Moreland, K. L.: 1985, 'Review of the Defining Issues Test', in J. V. Mitchell (eds.) The Ninth Mental Measurements Yearbook (The University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE), pp. 440-442.
    • (1985) The Ninth Mental Measurements Yearbook , pp. 440-442
    • Moreland, K.L.1
  • 38
    • 84965410204 scopus 로고
    • High Achieving Students and Moral Judgment
    • Narvaez, D.: 1993, 'High Achieving Students and Moral Judgment', Journal for the Education of the Gifted 16(3), 268-279.
    • (1993) Journal for the Education of the Gifted , vol.16 , Issue.3 , pp. 268-279
    • Narvaez, D.1
  • 40
    • 84984260909 scopus 로고
    • Auditor Underreporting of Time and Moral Reasoning: An Experimental-lab Study
    • Ponemon, L.: 1992, 'Auditor Underreporting of Time and Moral Reasoning: An Experimental-lab Study', Contemporary Accounting Research 9, 171-189.
    • (1992) Contemporary Accounting Research , vol.9 , pp. 171-189
    • Ponemon, L.1
  • 41
    • 0002528771 scopus 로고
    • Ethical Reasoning Research in the Accounting and Auditing Professions
    • J. Rest and D. Narvaez eds, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp
    • Ponemon, L. and D. R. L. Gabhart: 1994, 'Ethical Reasoning Research in the Accounting and Auditing Professions', in J. Rest and D. Narvaez (eds.) Moral Development in the Professions: Psychology and Applied Ethics (Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ), pp. 101-119.
    • (1994) Moral Development in the Professions: Psychology and Applied Ethics , pp. 101-119
    • Ponemon, L.1    Gabhart, D.R.L.2
  • 42
    • 0004048289 scopus 로고
    • Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
    • Rawls, J.: 1971, A Theory of Justice (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).
    • (1971) A Theory of Justice
    • Rawls, J.1
  • 43
    • 0001306487 scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal Study of the Defining Issues Test: A Strategy for Analyzing Developmental Change
    • Rest, J. R.: 1975, 'Longitudinal Study of the Defining Issues Test: A Strategy for Analyzing Developmental Change', Developmental Psychology 11, 738-748.
    • (1975) Developmental Psychology , vol.11 , pp. 738-748
    • Rest, J.R.1
  • 47
    • 0031514387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Designing and Validating a Measure of Moral Development: Stage Preference and Stage Consistency Approaches
    • Rest, J., S. Thoma and L. Edwards: 1997, 'Designing and Validating a Measure of Moral Development: Stage Preference and Stage Consistency Approaches', Journal of Educational Psychology 89(1), 5-28.
    • (1997) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.89 , Issue.1 , pp. 5-28
    • Rest, J.1    Thoma, S.2    Edwards, L.3
  • 49
    • 0032346287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Impact of Response Distortion on Pre-employment Personality Testing and Hiring Decisions
    • Rosse, R. D., M. D. Stecher, J. L. Miller and R. A. Levin: 1998, 'The Impact of Response Distortion on Pre-employment Personality Testing and Hiring Decisions', Journal of Applied Psychology 83(4), 634-644.
    • (1998) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.83 , Issue.4 , pp. 634-644
    • Rosse, R.D.1    Stecher, M.D.2    Miller, J.L.3    Levin, R.A.4
  • 50
    • 0034337710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Development of a Measure of Desired Moral Approbation
    • Ryan, L. V. and C. M. Riordan: 2000, 'The Development of a Measure of Desired Moral Approbation', Educational and Psychological Measurement 60(3), 448-462.
    • (2000) Educational and Psychological Measurement , vol.60 , Issue.3 , pp. 448-462
    • Ryan, L.V.1    Riordan, C.M.2
  • 51
    • 34250084536 scopus 로고
    • Applicant Reactions to Alternative Selection Procedures
    • Rynes, S. L. and M. L. Connerly: 1992, 'Applicant Reactions to Alternative Selection Procedures', Journal of Business Psychology 4, 261-277.
    • (1992) Journal of Business Psychology , vol.4 , pp. 261-277
    • Rynes, S.L.1    Connerly, M.L.2
  • 52
    • 0001365167 scopus 로고
    • Constructs and Assessment Center Dimensions: Some Troubling Empirical Findings
    • Sackett, P. R. and G. F. Dreher: 1982, 'Constructs and Assessment Center Dimensions: Some Troubling Empirical Findings', Journal of Applied Psychology 67, 401-410.
    • (1982) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.67 , pp. 401-410
    • Sackett, P.R.1    Dreher, G.F.2
  • 53
    • 21844485368 scopus 로고
    • Does the Defining Issues Test Measure Psychological Phenomena Distinct from Verbal Ability? An Examination of Lykken's Query
    • Sanders, C. E., D. Lubinski and C. P. Benbow: 1995, 'Does the Defining Issues Test Measure Psychological Phenomena Distinct from Verbal Ability? An Examination of Lykken's Query', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69(3), 498-504.
    • (1995) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.69 , Issue.3 , pp. 498-504
    • Sanders, C.E.1    Lubinski, D.2    Benbow, C.P.3
  • 54
    • 34249079532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saville & Holdsworth Limit: 1989, Validation Review (SHL, London).
    • Saville & Holdsworth Limit: 1989, Validation Review (SHL, London).
  • 55
    • 84970382152 scopus 로고
    • Does Moral Education Improve Moral Judgment? A Meta-analysis of Intervention Studies Using the Defining Issues Test
    • Schlaefli, A., J. R. Rest and S. J. Thoma: 1985, 'Does Moral Education Improve Moral Judgment? A Meta-analysis of Intervention Studies Using the Defining Issues Test', Review of Educational Research 55(3), 319-352.
    • (1985) Review of Educational Research , vol.55 , Issue.3 , pp. 319-352
    • Schlaefli, A.1    Rest, J.R.2    Thoma, S.J.3
  • 59
    • 70350631751 scopus 로고
    • Review of the Defining Issues Test
    • J. J. Kramer and J. C. Conoley eds, The University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln NE, pp
    • Sutton, R. E.: 1992, 'Review of the Defining Issues Test', in J. J. Kramer and J. C. Conoley (eds.) The Eleventh Mental Measurements Yearbook (The University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln NE), pp. 268-269.
    • (1992) The Eleventh Mental Measurements Yearbook , pp. 268-269
    • Sutton, R.E.1
  • 61
    • 0002926683 scopus 로고
    • Moral Judgment and Moral Action
    • J. Rest and D. Narvaez eds, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp
    • Thoma, S. J.: 1994, 'Moral Judgment and Moral Action', in J. Rest and D. Narvaez (eds.) Moral Development in the Professions (Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ), pp. 199-211.
    • (1994) Moral Development in the Professions , pp. 199-211
    • Thoma, S.J.1
  • 62
    • 0345881683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does the Defining Issues Test Measure Psychological Phenomena Distinct from Verbal Ability? Some Relevant Data
    • Manuscript submitted for publication
    • Thoma, S. J., D. Narvaez and J. Rest: 1998, Does the Defining Issues Test Measure Psychological Phenomena Distinct from Verbal Ability? Some Relevant Data. Manuscript submitted for publication.
    • (1998)
    • Thoma, S.J.1    Narvaez, D.2    Rest, J.3
  • 63
    • 0000591376 scopus 로고
    • Ethical Decision Making in Organizations: A Person-situation Interactionist Model
    • Treviño, L. K.: 1986, 'Ethical Decision Making in Organizations: A Person-situation Interactionist Model', Academy of Management Review 11(3), 601-617.
    • (1986) Academy of Management Review , vol.11 , Issue.3 , pp. 601-617
    • Treviño, L.K.1
  • 64
    • 0011547514 scopus 로고
    • Moral Reasoning and Business Ethics: Implications for Research, Education, and Management
    • Treviño, L. K.: 1992, 'Moral Reasoning and Business Ethics: Implications for Research, Education, and Management', Journal of Business Ethics 11, 445-459.
    • (1992) Journal of Business Ethics , vol.11 , pp. 445-459
    • Treviño, L.K.1
  • 65
    • 33750685033 scopus 로고
    • Bad Apples in Bad Barrels: A Causal Analysis of Ethical Decision-making Behavior
    • Treviño, L. K. and S. A. Youngblood: 1990, 'Bad Apples in Bad Barrels: A Causal Analysis of Ethical Decision-making Behavior', Journal of Applied Psychology 75(4), 378-385.
    • (1990) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.75 , Issue.4 , pp. 378-385
    • Treviño, L.K.1    Youngblood, S.A.2
  • 66
    • 0001936787 scopus 로고
    • Social Knowledge and Action: The Coordination of Domains
    • W. M. Kurtines and J. L. Gewirtz eds, Wiley, New York, pp
    • Turiel, E. and J. Smetana: 1984, 'Social Knowledge and Action: The Coordination of Domains', in W. M. Kurtines and J. L. Gewirtz (eds.) Morality, Moral Behavior, and Moral Development (Wiley, New York), pp. 261-282.
    • (1984) Morality, Moral Behavior, and Moral Development , pp. 261-282
    • Turiel, E.1    Smetana, J.2
  • 68
    • 9744222169 scopus 로고
    • Extra-role Behaviors: In Pursuit of Construct and Definitional Clarity (A Bridge Over Muddied Waters)
    • Van Dyne, L. V., L. L. Cummings and J. M. Parks: 1995, 'Extra-role Behaviors: In Pursuit of Construct and Definitional Clarity (A Bridge Over Muddied Waters)', Research in Organizational Behavior 17, 215-285.
    • (1995) Research in Organizational Behavior , vol.17 , pp. 215-285
    • Van Dyne, L.V.1    Cummings, L.L.2    Parks, J.M.3
  • 69
    • 11644250109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Effects of Social Desirability and Faking on Personality and Integrity Assessment for Personnel Selection
    • Viswesvaran, C. and D. S. Ones: 1998, 'The Effects of Social Desirability and Faking on Personality and Integrity Assessment for Personnel Selection', Human Performance 11(2-3), 245-269.
    • (1998) Human Performance , vol.11 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 245-269
    • Viswesvaran, C.1    Ones, D.S.2
  • 70
    • 84973812631 scopus 로고
    • Managers' Moral Reasoning: Assessing Their Responses to Three Moral Dilemmas
    • Weber, J.: 1990, 'Managers' Moral Reasoning: Assessing Their Responses to Three Moral Dilemmas', Human Relations 43(7), 687-702.
    • (1990) Human Relations , vol.43 , Issue.7 , pp. 687-702
    • Weber, J.1
  • 71
    • 0000405646 scopus 로고
    • Scenarios in Business Ethics Research: Review, Critical Assessment, and Recommendations
    • Weber, J.: 1992, 'Scenarios in Business Ethics Research: Review, Critical Assessment, and Recommendations', Business Ethics Quarterly 2(2), 137-159.
    • (1992) Business Ethics Quarterly , vol.2 , Issue.2 , pp. 137-159
    • Weber, J.1
  • 74
    • 34249037835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wonderlic & Associates: 1998, Wonderlic Personnel Test and Scholastic Level Exam User's Manual (E. F. Wonderlic & Associates, Northfield, IL).
    • Wonderlic & Associates: 1998, Wonderlic Personnel Test and Scholastic Level Exam User's Manual (E. F. Wonderlic & Associates, Northfield, IL).


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.