The lactate paradox: Does acclimatization to high altitude affect blood lactate during exercise?

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise

Volumn 39, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 749-755

  Wagner, Peter D ^a   Lundby, Carsten ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO   (United States)

^b AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

LACTIC ACID;

ACCLIMATIZATION; ADRENALIN BLOOD LEVEL; ALTITUDE; CITRIC ACID CYCLE; EXERCISE; EXERCISE TEST; GLYCOLYSIS; HUMAN; HYPOXIA; LACTATE BLOOD LEVEL; MITOCHONDRION; MUSCLE MASS; OXIDATION; OXYGEN BLOOD LEVEL; OXYGEN SATURATION; OXYGEN TENSION; REVIEW; SEA LEVEL;

ALTITUDE; EXERCISE; HUMANS; LACTIC ACID;

EID: 34249052567     PISSN: 01959131     EISSN: 15300315     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318047ba.30     Document Type: Review

References (34)

1. BAICHENKO, I. P., and A. N. KRESTOWNIKOFF. Über den gehalt an milchsäure im blut auf einer höhe von 4200 m. Arbeitsphysiologie 6:373-375, 1933.
2. BROOKS, G. A., E. E. WOLFEL, B. M. GROVES, et al. Muscle accounts for glucose disposal but not blood lactate appearance during exercise after acclimatization to 4,300 m. J. Appl. Physiol. 72:2435-2445, 1992.
3. CALBET, J. A., R. BOUSHEL, G. RADEGRAN, H. SONDERGAARD, P. D. WAGNER, and B. SALTIN. Why is V̇O2max after altitude acclimatization still reduced despite normalization of arterial O2 content? Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 284:R304-R316, 2003.
4. CERRETELLI, P., and M. SAMAJA. Acid-base balance at exercise in normoxia and in chronic hypoxia. Revisiting the "lactate paradox." Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 90:431-448, 2003.
5. CYMERMAN, A., J. T. REEVES, J. R. SUTTON, et al. Operation Everest II: maximal oxygen uptake at extreme altitude. J. Appl. Physiol. 66:2446-2453, 1989.
6. DEMPSEY, J. A., H. V. FORSTER, M. L. BIRNBAUM, et al. Control of exercise hyperpnea under varying durations of exposure to moderate hypoxia. Respir. Physiol. 16:213-231, 1972.
7. DILL, D. B., H. T. EDWARDS, A. FÖLLING, S. A. OBERG, A. M. PAPPENHEIMER, and J. H. TALBOTT. Adaptations of the organism to changes in oxygen pressure. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 71:47-63, 1931.
8. GLADDEN, L. B. Exercise: regulation and integration of multiple systems. In: Handbook of Physiology, L. B. ROWELL and J. T. SHEPHERD (Eds.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 615-648, 1996.
9. GLADDEN, L. B.Lactate metabolism: a new paradigm for the third millennium. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 558:5-30, 2004.
10. GRASSI, B., M. MARZORATI, B. KAYSER. Peak blood lactate and blood lactate vs. workload during acclimatization to 5,050 m and in deacclimatization. J. Appl. Physiol. 80:685-692, 1996.
11. HOCHACHKA, P. W. The lacate paradox: analysis of underlying mechanisms. Ann. Sport 4:188, 1988.
12. JUEL, C., C. LUNDBY, M. SANDER, J. A. CALBET, and G. HALL. Human skeletal muscle and erythrocyte proteins involved in acid-base homeostasis: adaptations to chronic hypoxia. J. Physiol. 548:639-648, 2003.
13. KAYSER, B. Lactate during exercise at high altitude. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 74:195-205, 1996.
14. KLAUSEN, K., S. ROBINSON, E. D. MICAHEL, and L. G. MYHRE. Effect of high altitude on maximal working capacity. J. Appl. Physiol. 21:1191-1194, 1966.
15. LUNDBY, C., B. SALTIN, and G. VAN HALL. The 'lactate paradox', evidence for a transient change in the course of acclimatization to severe hypoxia in lowlanders. Acta Physiol. Scand. 170:265-269, 2000.
16. LUNDBY, C., and G. VAN HALL. Substrate utilization in sea level residents during exercise in acute hypoxia and after 4 weeks of acclimatization to 4100 m. Acta Physiol. Scand. 176:195-201, 2002.
17. LUNDBY, C., and G. VAN HALL. Lactate metabolism at high altitude. High Alt. Med. Biol. 5:195-196, 2004.
18. LUNDBY, C., H. PILEGAARD, J. L. ANDERSEN, G. VAN HALL, M. SANDER, and J. A. CALBET. Acclimatization to 4100 m does not change capillary density or mRNA expression of potential angiogenesis regulatory factors in human skeletal muscle. J. Exp. Biol. 207:3865-3871, 2004.
19. LUNDBY, C., M. SANDER, G. VAN HALL, B. SALTIN, and J. A. L. CALBET. Maximal exercise and muscle oxygen extraction in acclimatizing lowlanders and high altitude natives. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 573:535-547, 2006.
20. MACRAE, H. S. H., S. C. DENNIS, A. N. BOSCH, and T. D. NOAKES. Effects of training on lactate production and removal during progressive exercise in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 72:1649-1656, 1992.
21. PRONK, M., I. TIEMESSEN, M. D. W. HUPPERETS, et al. Persistence of the lactate paradox over 8 weeks at 3800 m. High Alt. Med. Biol. 4:431-443, 2003.
22. REEVES, J. T., E. E. WOLFEL, H. GREEN, et al. Oxygen transport during exercise at altitude and the lactate paradox: lessons from Operation Everest II and Pikes Peak. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 20:275-296, 1992.
23. RICHARDSON, R. S., E. A. NOYSZEWSKI, K. F. KENDRICK, J. S. LEIGH, and P. D. WAGNER. Myoglobin O2 desaturation during exercise: evidence of limited O2 transport. J. Clin. Invest. 96:1916-1926, 1995.
24. RICHARDSON, R. S., E. A. NOYSZEWSKI, J. S. LEIGH, and P. D. WAGNER. Lactate efflux from exercising human skeletal muscle: role of intracellular PO2. J. Appl. Physiol. 85:627-634, 1998.
25. ROBACH, P., D. BIOU, J. P. HERRY, et al. Recovery processes after repeated supramaximal exercise at the altitude of 4,350 m. J. Appl. Physiol. 82:1897-1904, 1997.
26. SALTIN, B., and P. D. GOLLNICK. Skeletal muscle adaptability: significance for metabolism and performance. In: Handbook of Physiology. Skeletal Muscle, L. D. PEACHEY, R. H. ADRIAN, and S. R. GEIGER (Eds.). Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society, pp. 555-631, 1983.
27. SUTTON, J. R., J. T. REEVES, P. D. WAGNER, et al. Operation Everest II: oxygen transport during exercise at extreme simulated altitude. J. Appl. Physiol. 64:1309-1321, 1988.
28. VAN HALL, G., J. A. L. CALBET, H. SONDERGAARD, and B. SALTIN. The re-establishment of the normal blood lactate response to exercise in humans after prolonged acclimatization to altitude. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 536:963-975, 2001.
29. VAN HALL, G., J. A. CALBET, H. SONDERGAARD, and B. SALTIN. Similar carbohydrate but enhanced lactate utilization during exercise after 9 wk of acclimatization to 5,620 m. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 283:E1203-E1213, 2002.
30. WAGNER, P. D., G. E. GALE, R. E. MOON, J. R. TORRE-BUENO, B. W. STOLP, and H. A. SALTZMAN. Pulmonary gas exchange in humans exercising at sea level and simulated altitude. J. Appl. Physiol. 61:260-270, 1986.
31. WAGNER, P. D., M. ARAOZ, R. BOUSHEL, et al. Pulmonary gas exchange and acid-base state at 5,260 m in high-altitude Bolivians and acclimatized lowlanders. J. Appl. Physiol. 92:1393-1400, 2002.
32. WARD, M. P., J. S. MILLEDGE, and J. B. WEST. High Altitude Medicine and Physiology. London, UK: Arnold Press, 2000.
33. WEST, J. B. Lactate during exercise at extreme altitude. Fed. Proc. 45:2953-2957, 1986.
34. West, J. B. The lactate paradox does occur during exercise at high altitude. J. Appl. Physiol. (January 2007). doi.10.1152/japplphysiol. 0039.2007.