International region-building: Development of the arctic as an international region

Cooperation and Conflict

Volumn 42, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 187-205

  Keskitalo, Carina ^a  

^a UMEÅ UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Arctic; Construction; Discourse; International region; Region building

Indexed keywords

EID: 34249014442     PISSN: 00108367     EISSN: 14603691     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0010836707076689     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. ACIA (Arctic Climate Impact Assessment) (2004) Impacts of a Warming Arctic Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2. AMAP (Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme) (1997) Arctic Pollution Issues: A State of the Arctic Environment Report. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, Oslo. Available at: http://www.grida.no/amap/assess/soaer- cn.htm ; accessed on 20 February 2001.
3. AMAP (Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme) (1998) AMAP Assessment Report: Arctic Pollution Issues. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, Oslo.
4. AMAP [Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme] (2002) Arctic Pollution 2002. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, Oslo. Available at: http://www.amap.no/assessAP2002-pdf.html ; accessed 28 April 2003 ).
5. Anderson, B. (1996) Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London and New York: Verso.
6. Archer, C. (1992) ' Arctic Cooperation ', in J. Kknen (ed.) Vulnerable Arctic: Need for an Alternative Reorientation. Tampere: Tampere Peace Research Institute.
7. Armstrong, T., Rogers, G. and Rowley, G. (1978) The Circumpolar North: A Political and Economic Geography of the Arctic and Sub-Arctic. London: Methuen.
8. Arnaudo, R.V. (1990) ' Letter to Dr. Oran Young and Dr. Frank Griffiths, Working Group on Arctic International Relations, from Raymond V. Arnuado, Acting Director, Office of Oceans Affairs, United States Department of State '. Reproduced as Appendix C to Young, O.R. (1996) ' The Work of the Working Group on Arctic International Relations ', Northern Notes, no. IV (December 1996 ).
9. Bloom, E. (1999) ' Establishment of the Arctic Council', Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs Archive Site for State Department. Available at: http://www.state.gov/www./global/oes/oceans/ arctic_council_est.html ; accessed 5 August 2001.
10. Chaturvedi, S. (1996) The Polar Regions: A Political Geography. Chichester and New York: John Wiley.
11. Declaration on the Establishment of the Arctic Council (1996) Ottawa, Canada, 19 September 1996.
12. Fogelson, N. (1992) Arctic Exploration International Relations 19001932: A Period of Expanding National Interests. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press.
13. Foucault, M. (1974) The Archaeology of Knowledge. London: Tavistock.
14. Gamble, A. and Payne, A. (1996) ' Conclusion: The New Regionalism ', in A. Gamble and A. Payne (eds) Regionalism and World Order. London: Macmillan.
15. Gorbachev, M. (1987) ' New Thinking in Arms Control: Speech in Murmansk at the Ceremonial Meeting on the Occasion of the Presentation of the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star to the City of Murmansk ', Murmansk, 1 October 1987. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Internet Database. Available at: http://projects.sipri.se/SAC/871001.html ; accessed on 20 February 2001 ).
16. Griffiths, F. (1988) ' Introduction: The Arctic as an International Political Region ', in K. Mttl (ed.) The Arctic Challenge: Nordic and Canadian Approaches to Security and Cooperation in an Emerging International Region. Boulder, CO and London: Westview.
17. Heininen, L. (1990) ' An Introduction ', in L. Heininen (ed.) Arctic Environmental Problems. Tampere: Tampere Peace Research Institute.
18. Heininen, L. (1992). National Approaches to the Arctic ', in J. Kknen (ed.) Vulnerable Arctic: Need for an Alternative Reorientation. Tampere: Tampere Peace Research Institute.
19. Heininen, L. (1999) Euroopan pohjoinen 1990-luvulla. Moniulotteisten ja ristiriitaisten intressien alue (PhD dissertation) (with summary in English) Rovaniemi: University of Lapland.
20. Heininen, L. and Kknen, J. (1998) ' Introduction: What New Northern Europe? ', in L. Heininen and J. Kknen (eds) The New North of Europe: Perspectives on Northern Dimension. Tampere: Tampere Peace Research Institute.
21. Henrikson, A.K. (1992) ' Wings for Peace: Open Skies and Transpolar Civil Aviation ', in J. Kknen (ed.) Vulnerable Arctic: Need for an Alternative Reorientation. Tampere: Tampere Peace Research Institute.
22. Higuchi, K. (1989) [Review of Arctic Air Pollution. Edited by B. Stonehouse. London: Cambridge University Press, 1987 ]. Arctic 42 (2) (June 1989). 175 - 6.
23. Hitchins, D.R.M. and Liander, B. (1991) ' Cooperation, Conflict or Compromise? Superpower Responses to Canadian and Nordic Policies in the Arctic ', in P. Seyersted (ed.) The Arctic: Canada and the Nordic Countries. Lund: Studentlitteratur.
24. Hoel, A.H. (1993) Arctic Development: Economic and Environmental Aspects. Resources, Development and Environment in the Arctic. Reykjavik: Nordic Council.
25. Holland, G. (2002) ' The Arctic Ocean the Management of Change in the Northern Seas', Ocean Coastal Management 45: 841 51.
26. Holland, C. (1994) Arctic Exploration and Development c. 500 B.C. to 1915: An Encyclopedia. New York and London: Garland.
27. Horensma, P. (1991) The Soviet Arctic. London and New York: Routledge.
28. Huebert, R. (1997) ' The Canadian Arctic and the International Environmental Regime ', in J. Oakes and R. Riewe (eds) Issues in the North, vol. 2. Edmonton: Canadian Circumpolar Institute.
29. Hurrell, A. (1995) ' Regionalism in Theoretical Perspective ', in L. Fawcett and A. Hurrell (eds) Regionalism in World Politics: Regional Organization and International Order. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
30. Karlqvist, A. and Heintzenberg, J. (1992) ' Arctic Pollution and the Greenhouse Effect ', in F. Griffiths (ed.) Arctic Alternatives: Civility or Militarism in the Circumpolar North. Toronto: Samuel Stevens.
31. Keskitalo, E.C.H. (2004) Negotiating the Arctic: The Construction of an International Region. New York and London: Routledge.
32. Kettlewell, P.Z. (1995) ' The Rovaniemi Process and Other Arctic Environmental Initiatives '. Appendix to L. Heininen (1995) ' Barentsin Euro-arktisen alueen ympristselvitys Suomen Barentsin alueen ympristpolitiikka (unpublished report). Rovaniemi: University of Lapland.
33. Koivurova,T. and Heinmki, L. (2006) ' The Participation of Indigenous Peoples in International Norm-making in the Arctic ', Polar Record 42 (221). 101 9.
34. Kknen, J. and Lhteenmki, K. (1995) Regionalization and the Theory of International Relations. Tampere: Tampere Peace Research Institute.
35. Lyck, L. (1996) ' Introduction ', in L. Lyck and V. I. Boyko (eds) Management, Technology and Human Resources Policy in the Arctic (the North). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
36. McGoodwin, J.R. (2007) ' Effects of Climatic Variability on Three Fishing Economies in High-Latitude Regions: Implications for Fisheries Policies ', Marine Policy 31: 40 55.
37. Myrjord,A. (2003) ' Governance Beyond the Union: EU Boundaries in the Barents Euro-Arctic Region ', European Foreign Affairs Review 8: 239 57.
38. Neumann, I. (1992) ' From a Nordic Region to What?', in S. Jervell, M. Kukk and P. Joenniemi (eds) The Baltic Sea Area: A Region in the Making Karlskrona: The Baltic Institute.
39. Neumann, I.B. (1996) Russia and the Idea of Europe: A Study in Identity and International Relations. London: Routledge.
40. Neumann, I.B. (1999) Uses of the Other: The East in European Identity Formation. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
41. Niemi, E. (1997) ' Sami History and the Frontier Myth: A Perspective on Northern Sami Spatial and Rights History ', in H. Gaski (ed.) Sami Culture in a New Era: The Norwegian Sami Experience. Karasjok: Davvi Girji OS.
42. Osherenko, G. and Young, O. (1989) The Age of the Arctic: Hot Conflicts and Cold Realities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
43. Pharand, D. (1991) ' Draft Arctic Treaty: An Arctic Region Council ', Northern Perspectives 19 (Summer).
44. Pharand, D. (1992) ' The Case for an Arctic Region Council and a Treaty Proposal', R.G.D. 23 (1992). 163-95.
45. Purver, R. (1988) ' Arctic Security: The Murmansk Initiative and Its Impact ', Current Research on Peace and Violence XI, no. 4.
46. Riffenburgh, B. (1993) The Myth of the Explorer: The Press, Sensationalism, and Geographic Discovery. London and New York: Belhaven Press.
47. Riseth, J.. (2006) ' Smi Reindeer Herd Managers: Why Do They Stay in a Low-Profit Business ?' British Food Journal 106: 541 59.
48. Robertson, R. (1992) Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture. London: Sage.
49. Roginko, A.Y. (1990) ' Arctic Environmental Cooperation: Prospects and Possibilities ', in L. Heininen (ed.) Arctic Environmental Problems. Tampere: Tampere Peace Research Institute.
50. Roots, E.F. (1992) ' Cooperation in Arctic Science: Background and Requirements ', in F. Griffiths (ed.) Arctic Alternatives: Civility or Militarism in the Circumpolar North. Toronto: Samuel Stevens.
51. Rothwell, D.R. (1996) The Polar Regions and the Development of International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
52. Schrank, W.E. (2007) ' The ACIA, Climate Change and Fisheries ', Marine Policy 31: 5 18.
53. Scrivener, D. (1996) ' Environmental Cooperation in the Arctic: From Strategy to Council'. Paper submitted for publication to the Norwegian Atlantic Committee, Oslo, 18 January 1996.
54. Shields, R. (1991) Places on the Margin: Alternative Geographies of Modernity. London and New York: Routledge.
55. Staples, L. (1998) ' Looking Back, Looking Forward: Sustainable Development for the Arctic', WWF Arctic Bulletin 2: 14 15.
56. Stenlund, P. (2002) ' Lessons in Regional Cooperation from the Arctic', Ocean Coastal Management 45: 835 9.
57. Tennberg, M. (2000) Arctic Environmental Cooperation: A Study in Governmentality. Aldershot: Ashgate.
58. UNEP/GRID-Arendal (2005) Boundaries of the Arctic. In UNEP/GRID-Arendal Maps and Graphics Library. Retrieved 17:18, August 17, 2006 from http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/boundaries_of_thearctic
59. Working Group on the North and Canada's International Relations (1988) The North and Canada's International Relations. Ottawa: Canadian Arctic Resources Committee.
60. Young, O.R. (1986) ' The Age of the Arctic', Foreign Policy 61: 160 79.
61. Young, O.R. (1992) ' The Political Dynamics of International Regions: The Arctic as a Multiple-Use Region ', ch. 5. [Prepared under the sponsorship of the MacArthur Foundation to draw lessons from the work of the Working Group on Arctic International Relations. An earlier version of the essay was presented at the conference 'Arctic Perspectives: The Changing Role of the United States in the Circumpolar North', Fairbanks, 1214 August 1992 ].
62. Young, O.R. (1996) ' The Work of the Working Group on Arctic International Relations ', Northern Notes IV (December).
63. Young, O.R. (1998) Creating Regimes: Arctic Accords and International Governance. Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press.
64. Young, O.R. (2000). The Structure of Arctic Cooperation: Solving Problems /Seizing Opportunities '. Paper prepared at the request of Finland in preparation for the Fourth Conference of Parliamentarians of the Arctic Region, Rovaniemi, 2729 August 2000, and the Finnish Chairmanship of the Arctic Council during the period 200002'. Available at: http: www.grida.no/parl/sac/sac1.htm ; accessed 16 January 2002.
65. Young, O.R. and Chekasov, A.I. (1992) ' International Cooperation in the Arctic: Opportunities and Constraints ', in F. Griffiths (ed.) Arctic Alternatives: Civility or Militarism in the Circumpolar North. Toronto: Samuel Stevens.