Eighteenth-century prescriptivism in English: A re-evaluation of its effects on actual language usage

Multilingua

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 317-341

  Auer, Anita ^a   González Díaz, Victorina ^b  

^a LEIDEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34248697564     PISSN: 01678507     EISSN: 16133684     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1515/mult.2005.24.4.317     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Ash, John (1775). The New and Complete Dictionary of the English Language. London. - (1796). Grammatical Institutes, or an easy introduction to Dr. Lowth's English Grammar: designed for the Use of Schools, and to lead young Gentlemen and Ladies into the Knowledge of the first Principles of the English Language. London
2. Auer, Anita (2004). The treatment of the subjunctive in eighteenth-century grammars of English. Paradigm 2(8), 3-18
3. - (2005). Language standardisation and prescription in the eighteenth century. The subjunctive in English and (Austrian) German. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Manchester
4. Baker, Robert (1770/1968). Reflections on the English Language. Alston, Robin C. (ed.), English Linguistics 1500-1800, a collection of facsimile reprints, vol. 87, Menston: Scolar Press
5. Barber, Charles (1997). Early Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
6. Bayly, Anselm(1758). An introduction to languages, literary and philosophical. London: Rivington
7. - (1772). A plain and complete grammar of the English language, to which is prefixed The English Accedence. London: J. Ridley
8. Berry, Ralph (1988). Shakespeare and Social Class. New Jersey: Humanities Press International
9. Biber, Douglas, Edward Finegan and D. Atkinson (1994). ARCHER and its challenges: compiling and exploring a representative corpus of historical English registers. In Fries, U., G. Tottie and P. Schneider (eds.), Creating and Using English Language Corpora. Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi
10. Biber, Douglas, Stig. Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad and Edward Finegan (1999). Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Longman
11. Blake, Norman F. (1996). A History of the English Language. Basingstoke: Macmillan
12. - (2002). A Grammar of Shakespeare's Language. Houndmills: Palgrave
13. Braunmüller, A. R. (1990). The arts of the dramatist. In Braunmuller, A. R. and M. Hattaway (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to English Renaissance Drama. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 53-90
14. Brightland, John and Charles Gidon (1711/1967). A Grammar of the English Tongue. Alston, Robin C. (ed.), English Linguistics 1500-1800, a collection of facsimile reprints, vol. 25, Menston: Scolar Press
15. Brooks, Harold F. (ed.) (1979). A Midsummer Night's Dream. London: Methuen
16. Buchanan, James (1762/1968). The British grammar, or, An essay, in four parts, towards speaking and writing the English language grammatically and inditing elegantly. Alston, Robin C. (ed.), English Linguistics 1500-1800, a collection of facsimile reprints, vol. 97, Menston: Scolar Press
17. Campbell, George (1776). The Philosophy of Rhetoric. 2 vols. Edinburgh
18. Chambers, J. K. and Peter Trudgill (1994). Dialectology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
19. Crane, Milton (1951). Shakespeare's Prose. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
20. Crowley, Tony (1989). The Politics of Discourse: The Standard Language Question in British Cultural Debates. Basingstoke: Macmillan
21. Dalton, J. (1803). Elements of English Grammar: or A new system of grammatical instruction for the use of schools and academies. London: Ostell
22. Denison, David (1998). Syntax. In Romaine, Suzanne (ed.), The Cambridge History of the English Language, vol. 4: 1776-1997. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 92-329
23. rd ed. London
24. Dilworth, Thomas (1751/1967). A New Guide to the English Tongue. Alston, Robin C. (ed.), English Linguistics 1500-1800, a collection of facsimile reprints, vol. 4, Leeds: Scolar Press
25. Dryden, John (1672/1966). Defence of the epilogue. In Bolton, Whitney F. (ed.), The English Language. Essays by English and American men of letters 1490-1839. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 55-69
26. Edwards, Mrs M. C. (1796). A Short Compendium of English Grammar. Brentford
27. Elspaß, Stephan (2005). Language norm and language reality. Effectiveness and limits of prescriptivism in New High German. In Langer, Nils and Winifred Davies (eds.), Linguistic Purism in the Germanic Languages. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter
28. Fenning, Daniel (1771/1967). A new grammar of the English language, or an easy introduction to the art of speaking and writing English with propriety and correctness. Alston, Robin C. (ed.), English Linguistics 1500-1800, a collection of facsimile reprints, vol. 19. Menston: Scolar Press
29. Fisher, Ann (1750/1968). A new grammar: being the more easy guide to speaking and writing the English language properly and correctly. Alston, Robin C. (ed.), English Linguistics 1500-1800, a collection of facsimile reprints, vol. 130. Menston: Scolar Press
30. - (1762). The new English tutor: or, modern preceptor. London: Richardson
31. Fitzmaurice, Susan (2000). The Spectator, the politics of social networks, and language standardization in eighteenth-century England. In Wright, Laura (ed.), The Development of Standard English, 1300-1800: Theories, Descriptions, Conflicts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 195-218
32. - (2003). The grammar of stance in Early Eighteenth-Century English epistolary language. In Leistyna, Pepi and Charles F. Meyer (eds.), Corpus Analysis. Language Structure and Language Use. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 107-131
33. Gardiner, Jane (1799). The young ladies' English grammar; adapted to the different classes of learners. York
34. González-Diaz, Victorina (2003). The Evolution of the Comparative Degree in English: A Corpus-based Study. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Manchester
35. - (2004). Adjectival double periphrastic comparison in EModE: A socio-stylistic analysis. Folia Linguistica Historica 25, 177-210
36. Görlach, Manfred (1999). Regional and social variation. In Lass, Roger (ed.), The Cambridge History of the English Language, vol. III: 1476-1776. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 459-538
37. - (2001). Eighteenth-century English. Heidelberg: C. Winter
38. Gough, James (1754). A Practical Grammar of the English Tongue. Dublin: Isaac Jackson
39. Greaves, Paul (1594/1969). Grammatica anglicana. In Alston, Robin C. (ed.), English Linguistics 1500-1800, a collection of facsimile reprints, vol. 169. Menston: Scolar Press
40. Greenwood, James (1711/1729/1968). An Essay towards a Practical English Grammar. In Alston, Robin C. (ed.), English linguistics 1500-1800, a collection of facsimile reprints, vol. 128. Menston: Scolar Press
41. Harris, James (1751/1968). Hermes. Alston, Robin C. (ed.), English linguistics 1500- 1800, a collection of facsimile reprints, vol. 55. Menston: Scolar Press
42. Hussey, Stanley S. (1982). The Literary Language of Shakespeare. London: Longman
43. Jespersen, Otto (1931). A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 4: Syntax (third volume). London: Allen and Unwin
44. Johnson, Samuel (1755). A Dictionary of the English Language. London
45. Jonson, Benjamin (1640). The English Grammar. London: The Lanston Monotype Corporation
46. Kirkby, John (1746). A New English Grammar, or, guide to the English tongue. London
47. Konopka, Marek (1996). Strittige Erscheinungen der deutschen Syntax im 18. Jahrhundert. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag
48. Kytö, Merja (1996). The best and most excellentest way: The rivalling forms of adjective comparison in late Middle and early Modern English. In Svartvik, Jan (ed.), Words. Proceedings of an International Symposium, Lund, 25-26 August 1995. Stockholm: Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien, 124-144
49. Kytö, Merja and Suzanne Romaine (1997). Competing forms of adjective comparison in Modern English: what could be more quicker and easier and more effective? In Nevalainen, Terttu. and Leena Kahlas-Tarkka (eds.), To Explain the Present: Studies in the Changing English Language in Honour of Matti Rissanen. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 329-352
50. - (2000). Adjective comparison and standardization processes in American and British English from 1620 to the present. In Wright, Laura (ed.), The Development of Standard English, 1300-1800. Theories, Descriptions, Conflicts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 171-194
51. Labov, William (1972). Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press
52. Langer, Nils (2001). Linguistic Purism in Action. How Auxiliary tun was Stigmatized in Early New High German. Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter
53. Lennie, William (1870). The Principles of English Grammar: comprising the substance of all the most approved English grammars extant, briefly defined, and neatly arranged; with copious exercises in parsing and syntax. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd
54. Lowth, Robert (1762/1967). A Short Introduction to English Grammar. In Alston, Robin C. (ed.), English Linguistics 1500-1800, a collection of facsimile reprints, vol. 18, Menston: Scolar Press
55. MacKay, Donald G. (1980). On the goals, principles, and procedures for prescriptive grammar: Singular they. Language in Society 9, 349-367
56. Maittaire, Michael (1712). The English Grammar. London: Printed by W. B. for H. Clements at the Half-Moon in St. Paul's Church-Yard
57. Martin, Benjamin (1748). Institutions of Language. London
58. Mcintosh, Carey (1994). Prestige norms in stage plays, 1600-1800. In Stein, Dieter and Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade (eds.), Towards a Standard English 1600-1800. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 63-80
59. - (1998). The Evolution of English Prose, 1700-1800. Style, Politeness, and Print Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
60. Michael, Ian (1970). English Grammatical Categories and the Tradition to 1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
61. Milroy, James. (2005). Purist ideologies on historical descriptions of English. In Langer, Nils and Winifred Davies (eds.), Linguistic Purism in the Germanic Languages. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 324-342
62. Moon, George W. (1871). Bad English Exposed: a series of criticisms on the errors and inconsistencies of Lindley Murray and other grammarians. London: Hatchards
63. Murray, Lindley (1795/1968). English Grammar, Adapted to the Different Classes of Learner. In Alston, Robin C. (ed.), English Linguistics 1500-1800, a collection of facsimile reprints, vol. 130, Menston: Scolar Press
64. - (1842). An English Grammar: Comprehending the principles and rules of the language, illustrated by appropriate exercises and a key to the exercises. York: Wilson and sons
65. Nesfield, J. C. (1898). English Grammar, Past and Present. London: Macmillan
66. Nevalainen, Terttu and Helena Raumolin-Brunberg (1996). Sociolinguistics and Language History. Studies Based on the Corpus of Early English Correspondence. Amsterdam and Atlanta: Rodopi
67. - (2003). Historical Sociolinguistics. London: Longman
68. th Century. Uppsala: Almqvist and Wiksell International
69. Pickbourn, James (1789/1968). A Dissertation on the English Verb Grammar. In Alston, Robin C. (ed.), English Linguistics 1500-1800, a collection of facsimile reprints, vol. 107, Menston: Scolar Press
70. Priestley, Joseph (1761). The Rudiments of English Grammar: Adapted to the use of schools; with notes and observations, for the use of those who have made some proficiency in the language. London: T. Johnson
71. Rissanen, Matti, Merja Kytö and Minna Palander-Collin (eds.) (1993). Early English in the Computer Age: Explorations through the Helsinki Corpus. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter
72. Rhodes, Benjamin (1795). A Concise English Grammar: Rendered easy to every capacity, so that (without any other help) a person may acquire the knowledge of the English language. Birmingham: J. Belcher
73. Scott, William (1828). Lessons in Elocution, or, A selection of pieces in prose and verse, for the improvement of youth in reading and speaking, as well as for the perusal of persons of taste. Edinburgh: Stirling and Kennedy
74. th ed. York and Manchester
75. Strang, Barbara (1970). A History of English. London: Methuen
76. Takada, Hieroyuki (1998). Grammatik und Sprachwirklichkeit von 1640-1700. Zur Rolle deutscher Grammatiker im schriftsprachlichen Ausglechsprozeß. Tübingen: Niemeyer
77. Tibbetts, A. M. (1966). Were nineteenth-century textbooks really prescriptive? College English 27, 309-315
78. Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid (1987). Negative do in eighteenth-century English: The power of prestige. In Bunt, Gerrit H. V. et al. (eds.), One Hundred Years of English Studies in Dutch Universities. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 157-171
79. - (1991). Samuel Richardson's role as linguistic innovator: A sociolinguistic analysis. In Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid and John Frankis (eds.), Language Usage and Description. Amsterdam and Atlanta, GA: Rodopi, 47-57
80. - (1994). Standard and non-standard pronominal usage in English, with special reference to the eighteenth century. In Stein, Dieter and Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade (eds.), Towards a Standard English 1600-1800. Berlin and New York: de Gruyter, 217-241
81. Traugott, Elizabeth C. (1972). A History of English Syntax. A Transformational Approach to the History of English Sentence Structure. London; New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston
82. Turner, John F. (1980). The marked subjunctive in contemporary English. Studia Neophilologica 52, 271-77
83. Vickers, Brian (1968). The Artistry of Shakespeare's Prose. London: Methuen
84. Ward, William (1767). A Grammar of the English Language, in Two Treatises. York: C. Etherington
85. Watts, Richard (2000). Mythical strands in the ideology of prescriptivism. Wright, Laura (ed.), The Development of Standard English, 1300-1800: Theories, Descriptions, Conflicts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 29-48
86. White, James (1761). The English Verb. London: EL 135
87. Wright, Susan (1994). A communicative corpus of eighteenth century texts. In Kytö, Merja, Matti Rissanen and Susan Wright (eds.), Corpora across the Centuries. Amsterdam: Rodopi