Animal models of fulminant hepatic failure;Modelos animales de fallo hepático fulminante

Nutricion Hospitalaria

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 199-209

  Tuñón, María Jesús ^a   Alvarez M ^a   Culebras, J M ^b   Gonzalez Gallego J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEÓN   (Spain)

^b Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León   (Spain)

Author keywords

Chemical models; Fulminant hepatic failure; Surgical models; Viral models

Indexed keywords

GALACTOSAMINE; PARACETAMOL; THIOACETAMIDE;

BLEEDING; DEVASCULARIZATION; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; LIVER FAILURE; LIVER RESECTION; LIVER TOXICITY; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; NONHUMAN; RABBIT; REVIEW; VIRUS HEPATITIS;

ANIMALS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; LIVER FAILURE, ACUTE;

ANIMALIA; ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS;

EID: 34248635445     PISSN: 02121611     EISSN: 16995198     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. Lee WR. Acute liver failure. New Engl J Med 1993; 324: 273-275.
2. Nussler A, Konig S, Ott M y cols. Present status and perspectives of cell-based therapies for liver diseases. J Hepatol 2006; 45: 144-159.
3. Santana-Cabrera L, O'Shanahan-Navarro G, García-Martul M, Ramírez Rodríguez A, Sánchez-Palacios M, Hernández-Medina E. Quality of artificial nutritional support in an intensive care unit. Nutr Hosp 2006; 21: 661-666.
4. Trey C, Davidson LS. The management of fulminant hepatic failure. En: Popper H, Schaffner F, eds. Progress in liver diseases. New York: Grune and Stratton 1970; 282-298.
5. O'Grady JG, Williams R. Classification of acute liver failure. Lancet 1993; 342: 743.
6. Bernuau J, Reuff B, Benhamou JP. Fulminant and subfulminant liver failure: definitions and causes. Semin Liver Dis 1986; 6: 97-106.
7. Bernuau J, Benhamou JP. Classifying acute liver failure. Lancet 1993; 342: 252-253.
8. Peláez-Luna M, Martínez-Salgado J, Olivera-Martínez MA. Utility of the MAYO End-Stage Liver Disease score, King's College Criteria, and a new in-hospital mortality score in the prognosis of in-hospital mortality in acute liver failure. Transplant Proc 2006; 38: 927-929.
9. Detry O, Arkadopoulos N, Ting P y cols. Intracranial pressure during liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure. Transplantation 1999; 67: 767-770.
10. Luedde T, Liedtke C, Manns MP, Trautwein C. Losing balance: cytokine signaling and cell death in the context of hepatocyte injury and hepatic failure. Eur Cytokine Netw 2002; 13: 377-383.
11. Tost JR. The Spanish Group for the Study of ALF. Characteristics of acute liver failure (ALF) in Spain. J Hepatol 2000; 32: 57.
12. O'Grady JG, Alexander GJ, Hayllar KM, Williams R. Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure. Gastroenterology 1989; 97: 439-445.
13. Fernández JA, Robles R, Marín C y cols. Fulminant hepatic failure and liver transplantation: experience of Virgen de la Arrixaca Hospital. Transplant Proc 2003; 35:1852-1854.
14. Papaevangelou G, Tassopoulos N, Roumeliotou-Karayannis A, Richardson C. Etiology of fulminant viral hepatitis in Greece. Hepatology 1984; 4: 369-372.
15. Ramalingaswami V, Purcell RH. Waterborne non-A, non-B hepatitis. Lancet 1988; 1: 571-573.
16. O'Grady JG. Acute liver failure. Postgrad Med J 2005; 81: 148-154.
17. Ibáñez L, Pérez E, Vidal X, Laporte JR. Grup d'Estudi Multicenteric d'Hepatotoxicitat Aguda de Barcelona (GEMHAB). Prospective surveillance of acute serious liver disease unrelated to infectious, obstructive, or metabolic diseases: epidemiological and clinical features, and exposure to drugs. J Hepatol 2002; 37: 592-600.
18. Holubek WJ, Kalman S, Hoffman RS. Acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure: results of a United States multicenter, prospective study. Hepatology 2006; 43: 880.
19. Andrade RJ, Lucena MI, Fernandez MC, y cols.; Spanish Group for the Study of Drug-Induced Liver Disease. Drug-induced liver injury: an analysis of 461 incidences submitted to the Spanish registry over a 10-year period. Gastroenterology 2005; 129: 512-521.
20. Lewis JH, Ahmed M, Shobassy A, Palese C. Drug- induced liver disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2006; 22, 223-233.
21. Grabhorn E, Richter A, Burdelski M, Rogiers X, Ganschow R. Neonatal hemochromatosis: long-term experience with favorable outcome. Pediatrics 2006; 118: 2060-2065.
22. Nakazawa H, Ito T, Makishima H y cols. Adenovirus fulminant hepatic failure: disseminated adenovirus disease after unrelated allogeneic stem cell transplantation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Intern Med 2006; 45: 975-980.
23. Córdoba J, Crespin J, Gottstein J, Blei AT. Mild hypothermia modifies ammonia-induced brain edema in rats after portcaval anastomosis. Gastroenterology 1999; 116: 686-693.
24. Rose C, Michalak A, Rma KV, Quack G, Kircheis G, Butterworth RF. L-ornothine-L-aspartate lowers plasma and cerebrospinal fluid ammonia and prevents brain edema in rats with acute liver failure. Hepatology 1999; 30: 636-640.
25. O'Grady J. Personal view: current role of artificial liver support devices. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 23: 1549-1557.
26. Izumi S, Langley PG, Wendom J y cols. Coagulation factor V levels as prognostic indicator in fulminant hepatic failure. Hepatology 1996; 23: 1507-1511.
27. Palmes D, Skawran S, Spielgel HU. Acute liver failure: from bench to bedside. Transplant Proc 2005; 37: 1628-1631.
28. Leifeld L, Dumoulin FL, Purr I y cols. Early up-regulation of chemokine expression in fulminant hepatic failure. J Pathol 2003; 199: 335-344.
29. Mullen KD, Szauter KM, Kaminsky-Russ K. "Endogenous" benzodiazepine activity in body fluids of patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Lancet 1990; 376: 81-83.
30. Michalak A, Butterworth RF. Selective increases of extracellular brain concentrations of aromatic and branched-chain amino acids in relation to deterioration of neurological status in acute (ischemic) liver failure. Metab Brain Dis 1997; 12: 259-265.
31. Zwingmann C, Chatauret N, Leibfritz D, Butterworth RF. Selective increase of brain lactate synthesis in experimental acute liver failure: results of a [H-C] nuclear magnetic resonance study. Hepatology 2003; 37: 420-428.
32. Schiodt FV, Balko J, Schilsky M, Harrison ME, Thornton A, Lee WM. Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Thrombopoietin in acute liver failure. Hepatology 2003; 37: 558-561.
33. Fischer JE, Funovics JM, Aguirre A, y cols. The role of plasma amino acids in hepatic encephalopathy. Surgery 1975; 78: 276-290.
34. Swain M, Butterworth RF, Blei AT. Ammonia and related amino acids in the pathogenesis of brain edema in acute ischemic liver failure in rats. Hepatology 1992; 15: 449-453.
35. Sielaff TD, Hu MY, Rollins MD, y cols. An anaesthetized model of lethal canine galactosamine fulminant hepatic failure. Hepatology 1995; 21: 769-804.
36. Fausto N, Campbell JS, Riehle KJ. Liver regeneration. Hepatology 2006; 43: 45-53.
37. Fausto N. Hepatocyte replication and liver regeneration. En: Acute liver failure. Lee WM y Williams R, Ed. Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-9, 1997.
38. Riordan SM, Williams R. Acute liver failure: targeted artificial and hepatocyte-based support of liver regeneration and reversal of multiorgan failure. J Hepatol 2000; 32: 63-76.
39. Miwa Y, Harrison PM, Farzaneh F, Langley PG, Williams R, Hughes RD. Plasma levels and hepatic mRNA expression of transforming growth factor-β1 in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. J Hepatol 1997; 27: 780-788.
40. Lyons RM, Keski-Oja J, Moses HL. Proteolytic activation of latent transforming growth factor β from fibroblast-conditioned medium. J Cell Biol 1988; 106: 1059-1065.
41. Newsome PN, Nelson LJ, Ansell I, Ross J, Hayes PC, Plevris JN. The inhibition of growth due to fulminant hepatic failure serum is not due to increased apoptosis/necrosis. J Hepatol 2000a; 32: 59.
42. Limaye PB, Bhave VS, Palkar PS y cols. Upregulation of calpastatin in regenerating and developing rat liver: role in resistance against hepatotoxicity. Hepatology 2006; 44: 379-388.
43. Jalan R. Acute liver failure: current management and future prospects. J Hepatol 2005; 42: 115-123.
44. Chiu A, Fan ST. MARS in the treatment of liver failure: controversies and evidence. Int J Artif Organs 2006; 29: 660-667.
45. Allen JW, Hassanein T, Bathia SN. Advances in bioartificial liver devices. Hepatology 2001; 34: 447-455.
46. Li LJ, Du WB, Zhang YM y cols. Evaluation of a bioartificial liver based on a nonwoven fabric bioreactor with porcine hepatocytes in pigs. J Hepatol 2006; 44: 317-324.
47. Khan SA, Shah N, Williams R, Jalan R. Acute liver failure: a review. Clin Liver Dis 2006; 10: 239-258.
48. Newsome PN, Plevris JN, Nelson LJ, Hayes PC. Animal models of fulminant hepatic failure: a critical evaluation. Liver Transplantation 2000b; 6: 21-31.
49. Rahman TM, Hodgson HJF. Animal models of acute hepatic failure. Int J Exp Pathol 2000; 81: 145-157.
50. Terblanche J, Hickman R. Animal models of fulminant hepatic failure. Dig Dis Sci 1991; 36: 770-774.
51. Mann FC. Studies in the physiology of the liver: I. Technique and general effects of removal. Am J Med Sci 1921; 161: 37-42.
52. Filipponi F, Fabbri LP, Marsili M y cols. A new surgical model of acute liver failure in the pig: experimental procedure and analysis of liver injury. Eur Surg Res 1991; 23: 58-64.
53. He Y, Zhou J, Dou KF, Chen Y. A rat model for acute hepatic failure. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2003; 2: 423-425.
54. Makino H, Togo S, Kubota T, y cols. A good model of hepatic failure after excessive hepatectomy in mice. J Surg Res 2005; 127: 171-176.
55. Eguchi S, Lilja H, Hewitt WR, Middleton Y, Demetriou AA, Rozga J. Loss and recovery of liver regeneration in rats with fulminant hepatic failure. J Surg Res 1997; 72: 112-122.
56. Filipponi F, Boggi U, Meacci L y cols. A new technique for total hepatectomy in the pig for testing liver support devices. Surgery 1999; 125: 448-455.
57. Morita T, Togo S, Kubota T, y cols. Mechanism of postoperative liver failure after excessive hepatectomy investigated using a cDNA microarray. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2002; 9: 352-359.
58. Sosef MN, van Gulik TM. Total hepatectomy model in pigs: revised method for vascular reconstruction using a rigid vascular prosthesis. Eur Surg Res 2004; 36: 8-12.
59. Liu ZC, Chang TM. Transdifferentiation of bioencapsulated bone marrow cells into hepatocyte-like cells in the 90% hepatectomized rat model. Liver Transpl 2006; 12: 566-572.
60. Ytrebo LM, Nedredal GI, Langbakk B, Revhaug A. An experimental large animal model for the assessment of bioartificial liver support systems in fulminant hepatic failure. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002; 37: 1077-1088.
61. Gao Y, Mu N, Xu XP, Wang Y. Porcine acute liver failure model established by two-phase surgery and treated with hollow fiber bioartificial liver support system. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 5468-5474.
62. Sen S, Rose C, Ytrebo LM y cols. Effect of albumin dialysis on intracranial pressure increase in pigs with acute liver failure: a randomized study. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 158-164.
63. Ytrebo LM, Korvald C, Nedredal GI, Elvenes OP, Nielsen Grymyr OJ, Revhaug A. N-acetylcysteine increases cerebral perfusion pressure in pigs with fulminant hepatic failure. Crit Care Med 2001; 29: 1989-1995.
64. Ryska M, Kieslichova E, Pantoflicek T y cols. Devascularization surgical model of acute liver failure in minipigs. Eur Surg Res 2004; 36: 179-184.
65. Nakazawa K, Ijima H, Fukuda J y cols. Development of a hybrid artificial liver using polyurethane foam/hepatocyte spheroid culture in a preclinical pig experiment. Int J Artif Organs 2002; 25: 51-60.
66. Totsuka O, Takeyoshi I, Tsutsumi H y cols. The effects of a bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist in extended liver resection with ischemia in dogs. Hepatogastroenterology 2004; 51: 1771-1775.
67. Chen Z, Ding YT. Functional evaluation of a new bioartificial liver system in vitro and in vitro. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 1312-1316.
68. Ladurner R, Hochleitner B, Schneeberger S y cols. Extended liver resection and hepatic ischemia in pigs: a new, potentially reversible model to induce acute liver failure and study artificial liver support systems. Eur Surg Res 2005; 37: 365-369.
69. Fruhauf NR, Oldhafer KJ, Westermann S, Sotiropoulos GC, Kaiser GM. Acute hepatic failure in swine: hepatectomy versus vascular occlusion. J Invest Surg 2004; 17: 163-171.
70. Gunawan BK, Liu ZX, Han D, Hanawa N, Gaarde WA, Kaplowitz N. c-Jun N-terminal kinase plays a major role in murine acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Gastroenterology 2006; 131: 165-178.
71. Gregus Z, Madhu C, Klaassen CD. Species variation in toxication and detoxication of acetaminophen in vivo: a comparative study of biliary and urinary excretion of acetaminophen metabolites. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1988; 244: 91-99.
72. Rahman TM, Selden AC, Hodgson JF. A novel model of acetaminophen-induced acute hepatic failure in rabbits. J Surg Res 2002; 106: 264-272.
73. Sakai H, Park SS, Kikkawa Y. Differential oxidase activity of hepatic and pulmonary microsomal cytochrome P-450 isozymes after treatment with cytochrome P-450 inducers. Biochem. Biophys Res Commun 1992; 187: 1262.
74. Miller DJ, Hickman R, Fratter R, Terblanche J, Saunders SJ. An animal model of fulminant hepatic failure: a feasibility study. Gastroenterology 1976; 71: 109-113.
75. Francavilla A, Makowka L, Polimeno L y cols. A dog model for acetaminophen-induced fulminant hepatic failure. Gastroenterology 1989; 96: 470-478.
76. Doering CB, Parker ET, Nichols CE, Lollar P. Decreased factor VIII levels during acetaminophen-induced murine fulminant hepatic failure. Blood 2003; 102: 1743-1744.
77. James LP, Simpson PM, Farrar HC y cols. Cytokines and toxicity in acetaminophen overdose. J Clin Pharmacol 2005; 45: 1165-1171.
78. Nguyen TH, Mai G, Villiger P y cols. Treatment of acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure in the mouse with conditionally immortalized human hepatocytes. J Hepatol 2005; 43: 1031-1037.
79. Keppler D, Lesch R, Reutter W, Decker K. Experimental hepatitis induced by D-galactosamine. Exp Mol Pathol 1968; 9: 279-290.
80. Blitzer BL, Waggoner JG, Jones EA y cols. A model of fulminant hepatic failure in the rabbit. Gastroenterology 1978; 74: 664-671.
81. Horowitz ME, Schafer DF, Molnar P y cols. Increased blood-brain transfer in a rabbit model of acute liver failure. Gastroenterology 1983; 84: 1003-1011.
82. Kalpana K, Ong HS, Soo KC, Tan SY, Prema Raj J. An improved model of galactosamine-induced fulminant hepatic failure in the pig. J Surg Res 1999; 82: 121-130.
83. Anand R, Harry D, Holt S y cols. Endothelin is an important determinant of renal function in a rat model of acute liver and renal failure. Gut 2002; 50: 111-117.
84. Arai K, Berthiaume F, Tompkins RG, Yarmush ML. Intrahepatic amino acid and glucose metabolism in a D-galactosamine-induced rat liver failure model. Hepatology 2001; 34: 360-371.
85. Galun E, Zeira E, Pappo O, Peters M, Rose-John S. Liver regeneration induced by a designer human IL-6/sIL-6R fusion protein reverses severe hepatocellular injury. FASEB J 2000; 14: 1979-1987.
86. Ho DW, Yang ZF, Lau CK y cols. Therapeutic potential of cardiotrophin 1 in fulminant hepatic failure: dual roles in antiapoptosis and cell repair. Arch Surg 2006; 141: 1077-1084.
87. Cuesta E, Boada J, Calafell R, Perales JC, Roig T, Bermúdez J. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate prevented endotoxemia, macrophage activation, and liver injury induced by D-galactosamine in rats. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 807-814.
88. Jáuregui HO, Mullon CJ, Trenkler D y cols. In vivo evaluation of a hollow fiber liver assist device. Hepatology 1995; 21: 460-469.
89. Shinoda M, Tilles AW, Kobayashi N y cols. A bioartificial liver device secreting interleukin-1 receptor antagonist for the treatment of hepatic failure in rats. J Surg Res 2007; 137: 130-140.
90. Yamamoto S, Steers JL, Wharen RE Jr, Eckman CB, Nguyen JH. Cerebrospinal fluid drainage and cranial decompression prolong survival in rats with fulminant hepatic failure. Transpl Int 2006; 19: 675-682.
91. Pavanato A, Tuñón MJ, Sánchez-Campos S y cols. Effects of quercetin on liver damage in rats with carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci 2003; 48: 824-829.
92. Shi Z, Wakil AE, Rockey DC. Strain-specific differences in mouse hepatic wound healing are mediated by divergent T helper cytokine responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 10663-10668.
93. Brattin WJ, Glende EA Jr, Recknagel RO. Pathological mechanisms in carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity. J Free Radic Biol Med 1985; 1: 27-38.
94. Clawson GA. Mechanisms of carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity. Pathol Immunopathol Res 1989; 8: 104-112.
95. Hickman R, Alp MH. A predictable pathophysiological model of porcine hepatic failure. Eur Surg Res 1986; 18: 283-292.
96. Taniguchi M, Takeuchi T, Nakatsuka R, Watanabe T, Sato K. Molecular process in acute liver injury and regeneration induced by carbon tetrachloride. Life Sci 2004; 75: 1539-1549.
97. Weber LW, Boll M, Stampfl A. Hepatotoxicity and mechanism of action of haloalkanes: carbon tetrachloride as a toxicological model. Crit Rev Toxicol 2003; 33: 105-136.
98. López-Díazguerrero NE, Luna-López A, Gutiérrez-Ruiz MC, Zentella A, Konigsberg M. Susceptibility of DNA to oxidative stressors in young and aging mice. Life Sci 2005; 77: 2840-2854.
99. Kobayashi N, Ito M, Nakamura J, Cai J, Hammel JM, Fox IJ. Treatment of carbon tetrachloride and phenobarbital-induced chronic liver failure with intrasplenic hepatocyte transplantation. Cell Transplant 2000; 9: 671-673.
100. Mikami K, Goto T, Miura K y cols. Gabexate mesilate, a synthetic protease inhibitor, attenuates carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rats. J Gastroenterol 2005; 40: 260-265.
101. Takada Y, Ishiguro S, Fukunaga K. Large-animal models of fulminant hepatic failure. J Artif Organs 2003; 6: 9-13.
102. Ishiguro S, Takada Y, Gu M y cols. Auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation for fulminant hepatitis: regeneration of the diseased native liver in a pig model. Transplantation 2003; 75: 1901-1904.
103. Chieli E, Malvaldi G. Role of the microsomal FAD-containing monooxygenase in the liver toxicity of thioacetamide S-oxide. Toxicology 1984; 31: 41-52.
104. Pallottini V, Martini C, Bassi AM, Romano P, Nanni G, Trentalance A. Rat HMGCoA reductase activation in thioacetamide-induced liver injury is related to an increased reactive oxygen species content. J Hepatol 2006; 44: 368-374.
105. Shapiro H, Ashkenazi M, Weizman N, Shahmurov M, Aeed H, Bruck R. Curcumin ameliorates acute thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 21: 358-366.
106. Margeli AP, Papadimitriou L, Ninos S, Manolis E, Mykoniatis MG, Theocharis SE. Hepatic stimulator substance administration ameliorates liver regeneration in an animal model of fulminant hepatic failure and encephalopathy. Liver Int 2003; 23: 171-178.
107. Chu CJ, Hsiao CC, Wang TF y cols. Prostacyclin inhibition by indomethacin aggravates hepatic damage and encephalopathy in rats with thioacetamide-induced fulminant hepatic failure. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 232-236.
108. Chu CJ, Chang CC, Wang TF y cols. Detrimental effects of nitric oxide inhibition on hepatic encephalopathy in rats with thioacetamide-induced fulminant hepatic failure: role of nitric oxide synthase isoforms. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 21: 1194-1199.
109. Matkowskyj K.A. Marrero JA, Carroll RE, Danilkovich AV, Green RM, Benya RV. Azoxymethane-induced fulminant hepatic failure in C57BL/6J mice: characterization of a new animal model. Am J Physiol 1999; 277: 455-462.
110. Belanger M, Cote J, Butterworth RF. Neurobiological characterization of an azoxymethane mouse model of acute liver failure. Neurochem Int 2006; 48: 434-440.
111. Nakayama Y, Shimizu Y, Hirano K y cols. CTLA-4Ig suppresses liver injury by inhibiting acquired immune responses in a mouse model of fulminant hepatitis. Hepatology 2005; 42: 915-924.
112. Namisaki T, Yoshiji H, Kojima H y cols. Salvage effect of the vascular endothelial growth factor on chemically induced acute severe liver injury in rats. J Hepatol 2006; 44: 568-575.
113. Ishizawa Y, Totsuka E, Umehara M, Nishimura A, Ono H, Sasaki M. Efficacy of double-filtration plasmapheretic cross-circulation with a high-permeability membrane using canine harvested liver in porcine fulminant hepatic failure model. Transplant Proc 2004; 36: 2344-2348.
114. Ando K, Moriyama T, Guidotti LG y cols. Mechanisms of class I restricted immunopathology. A transgenic mouse model of fulminant hepatitis. J Exp Med 1993; 178: 1541-1554.
115. Ding JW, Ning Q, Liu MF y cols. Fulminat hepatic failure in murine hepatitis virus strain 3 infection: tissue specific expression of a novel fgl2 prothrombinase. J Virol 1997; 71: 9923-9930.
116. Tuñón MJ, Sánchez-Campos S, García-Ferreras J, Álvarez M, Jorquera F, González-Gallego J. Rabbit hemorrhagic viral disease: characterization of a new animal model of fulminant liver failure. J Lab Clin Med 2003; 141: 272-278.
117. Liu SJ, Xue HP, Pu BQ, Quian NH. A new viral disease in rabbits. Anim Hus Vet Med 1984; 16: 253-255.
118. Mikami O. Hepatic lesions in young rabbits experimentally infected with rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus. Res Vet Sci 1999; 66: 237-242.
119. Gould AR, Kattenbelt JA, Lenghaus C y cols. The complete nucleotide sequence of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (Czech strain V351): use of the polymerase chain reaction to detect replication in Australian vertebrates and analysis of viral population sequence variation. Virus Res 1997; 47: 7-17.
120. Prieto JM, Fernández F, Álvarez V y cols. Immunohistochemical localisation of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus VP-60 antigen in early infection of young and adult rabbits. Res Vet Sci 2000; 68: 181-187.
121. Alonso C, Oviedo JM, Martín-Alonso JM, Díaz E, Boga JA, Parra F. Programmed cell death in the pathogenesis of rabbit hemorrhagic disease. Arch Virol 1998; 143: 321-332.
122. San-Miguel B, Álvarez M, Culebras JM, Gon zález-Gallego J, Tuñón MJ. N-acetyl-cysteine protects liver from apoptotic death in an animal model of fulminant hepatic failure. Apoptosis 2006; 11: 1945-1957.
123. Muto Y, Nouri-Aria KT, Meager A, Alexander GJ, Eddleston AL, Williams R. Enhanced tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-1 in fulminant hepatic failure. Lancet 1988; 2: 72-74.
124. Webber EM, Bruix J, Pierce Rh, Fausto N. Tumor necrosis factor primes hepatocytes for DNA replication in the rat. Hepatology 1998; 28: 1126-234.
125. Fausto N. Liver regeneration. J Hepatol 2000; 32: 19-31.
126. Sánchez-Campos S, Álvarez M, Culebras JM, González-Gallego J, Tuñón MJ. Pathogenic molecular mechanisms in an animal model of fulminant hepatic failure: rabbit hemorrhagic viral disease. J Lab Clin Med 2004; 144: 215-222.