The history and current policies on gender testing in elite athletes

International SportMed Journal

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 225-230

  Ljungqvist, Arne ^a   Martínez Patiño, Maria José ^b   Martínez Vidal, Aurora ^b   Zagalaz Sánchez, Luisa ^c   Díaz Pereira, Pino ^b   Mateos Padorno, Covadonga ^d  

^a Academic Medical Center VU University Medical Center   (Sweden)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VIGO   (Spain)

^c UNIVERSITY OF JAÉN   (Spain)

^d UNIVERSITY OF LAS PALMAS DE GRAN CANARIA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Gender identity; Gender verification; Sex determination; Sex discrimination; Sport

Indexed keywords

EID: 34248532259     PISSN: None     EISSN: 15283356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (18)

1. Elsas LJ, Ljunqvist A, Ferguson-Smith MA., et al. Gender verification of female athletes. Genetics in Medicine 2000; 2: 249-254.
2. Simpson JL, Ljungqvist A., Ferguson-Smith MA., et al. Gender verification in the Olympics. JAMA 2000; 284: 1568-1569.
3. Simpson JL. Gender testing in the Olympics. JAMA 1986; 256:1938
4. Ferguson-Smith MA, Ferris EA. Gender verification in sport: The need for change? Br J Sports Med 1991; 25:17-20.
5. Ljungqvist A, Simpson JL. Medical examination for health of all athletes replacing the need for gender verification in international sport. JAMA 1992; 267: 850-852.
6. Simpson JL, Ljungqvist A, de la Chapelle A, et al. Gender verification in competitive sports. Sports Med. 1993; 16: 305-315.
7. Genel M; Ljungqvist A. Gender verification of female athletes. Lancet 2005; 366 Suppl 1: S41
8. Martinez-Patiño MJ. Personal account: A woman tried and tested. Lancet 2005; 366 Suppl 1 S38
9. Carlson A. Essay: Suspect sex. Lancet 2005; 366 Suppl 1 S39
10. Carlson A. "When is a woman not a woman?" Women's Sport & Fitness, March 1991: 24-29
11. De la Chapelle A. Why sex chromatin should be abandoned as a screening method for "gender verification" of female athletes. New Studies in Athletics (London) 1(2) Apr1986; 2: 49-53
12. De la Chapelle A. The use and misuse of sex chromatin screening for "gender identification" of female athletes. JAMA 1986; 256:1920-1923
13. Ferguson-Smith MA. Olympic row over sex testing. Nature 1992; 355:10
14. Gender verification of female athletes. Lancet 1987; 2:1265-1266
15. Hay E. Sex determination in putative female athletes. JAMA 1972; 4: 39-41
16. Ljungqvist A. Gender verification. In: International Encyclopaedia of Women and Sports. Macmillan Reference USA, 2001, pp 447-451
17. Ljungqvist A. Women in sport. In: Drinkwater BL (Ed.). Olympic Encyclopaedia, Vol. III. Oxford: Blackwell Science, Ltd., 2000: 183-193
18. International Olympic Commission. Women and Sport Progress Report. 3rd World Conference on Women and Sport;2004 March 7-9; Marrakech, Morocco