Women and representation: Self-government and role change

Political Research Quarterly

Volumn 34, Issue 1, 1981, Pages 46-59

  Schramm, Sarah Slavin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34248494833     PISSN: 10659129     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/106591298103400105     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. See Jessie Bernard, Women and the Public Interest (Chicago: Aldine-Atherton, 1971 ), p. 237;
2. see also Else Frenkel-Brunswik, “Interaction of Psychological and Sociological Factors in Political Behavior,” American Political Science Review 46 (March 1952): 44-65.
3. Janet Saltzman Chafetz, Masculine/Feminine or Human? (Itaska: Peacock, 1974 ), p. 146;
4. Helen Hacker Mayer, “Women as a Minority Group: 20 Years Later,” in Who Discriminates Against Women? (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1974 ), p. 125.
5. Robert N. Stern, Walter R. Gove and Omer R. Galle, “Equality for Blacks and Women: An Essay on Relative Progress,” Social Science Quarterly 56 (March 1976): 644-72.
6. See for example M. Kent Jennings and Norman Thomas, “Men and Women in Party Elites: Social Roles and Political Resources,” Midwest Journal of Political Science 12 (November 1968): 491.
7. Maureen Fiedler, “The Participation of Women in American Politics,” paper presented to the 1975 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco; Susan Welch, “Women as Political Animals? A Test of Some Explanations for Male-Female Differences,” American Journal of Political Science 21 (November 1977): 711-30.
8. Virginia Sapiro and Barbara G. Farah, “New Pride and Old Prejudice: Political Ambition and Role Orientations Among Female Partisan Elites,” Women and Politics 1 (Spring 1980): 13-36.
9. For an overview of such perceptions see Bonnie Cook Freeman, “Power, Patriarchy, and ‘Political Primitives,’ ” in Joan I. Roberts, ed., Beyond Intellectual Sexism (New York: McKay, 1976 ), pp. 251-52;
10. Diane D. Kincaid, “Over His Dead Body: A New Perspective and Some Feminist Notes on Widows in the U.S. Congress” Western Political Quarterly 31 (March 1978): 96-104.
11. Jeane Kirkpatrick, The New Presidential Elite (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1976 ), p. 422.
12. Jeane J. Kirkpatrick, Political Women (New York: Basic Books, 1974 ), pp. 154-59.
13. See for example Kay Boals, “Political Science,” Signs 1 (Fall 1975): 162.
14. See Virginia Sapiro, “News from the Front: Inter-sex and Inter-generational Conflict Over the Status of Women,” Western Political Quarterly 33 (June 1980): 260-77.
15. Jean Lipman-Blumen, “Role De-Differentiation as a System Response to Crisis: Occupational and Political Roles of Women,” Sociological Inquiry 43:2 (1973): 105.
16. Jo Freeman, The Politics of Women's Liberation (New York: McKay, 1975 ), p. 2.
17. David Riesman, The Lonely Crowd, abr. ed. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961 ), p. 282;
18. William Chafe, The American Woman: Her Changing Social, Economic and Political Roles, 1920-1970 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1972 ), pp. 188-95;
19. Judith Bardwick, In Transition (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1979 ), p. 23.
20. Lipman-Blumen, “Role De-Differentiation,” pp. 116, 123.
21. Kathleen McCourt, Working Class Women and Grass Roots Politics (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1977 ), p. 217.
22. Irene Diamond, Sex Roles in the State House (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977 ), p. 172.
23. Cf. Marjorie Lansing, “Political Change for the American Woman,” in Women in The World: A Comparative Study, ed. Lynne B. Iglitzin and Ruth Ross (Santa Barbara: Clio Books, 1976 ), p. 179.
24. Harold D. Clarke and Allan Kornberg, “Moving Up the Political Elevator: Women Party Officials in the United States and Canada,” Journal of Politics 41 (May 1979): 474-75.
25. Barbara J. Harris, Beyond Her Sphere (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1978 ), p. 188.
26. R. Penny Marquette and George Stevens, “Women on the move,” Journal of College Placement, Summer 1979, p. 43;
27. Kirkpatrick, Political Woman, p. 60.
28. John B. Lansing and Leslie Kish, “Family Life Cycle as an Independent Variable,” American Sociological Review 22 (August 1957): 512-13.
29. Jean Lipman-Blumen, “Changing Sex Roles in American Culture: Future Directions for Research,” paper presented to the 1974 Research Workshop on Future Directions in Human Sexuality, State University of New York at Stony Brook, p. 6;
30. Joseph H. Pleck, “The Work-Family Role System,” Social Problems 24 (1977): 42.
31. See for example Naomi Lynn and Cornelia Flora, “Motherhood and Political Participation: The Changing Sense of Self,” Journal of Political and Military Sociology 1 (Spring 1973): 91-102.
32. Cf. M. Kent Jennings, “Another Look at Life Cycle and Political Participation,” American Journal of Political Science 23 (November 1979): 755-71.
33. Beverly Duncan, Otis Dudley and James A. Mcrae, Jr., Sex Typing and Social Roles (New York: Academic Press, 1978 ), p. 58.
34. Diamond, Sex Roles, p. 5.
35. Susan Welch and Albert Karnig, “Correlates of Female Office Holding in City Politics,” Journal of Politics 41 (May 1979): 488.
36. R. Darcy and Sarah Slavin Schramm, “When Women Run Against Men,” Public Opinion Quarterly 41 (Spring 1977): 1-12;
37. Diane L. Fowlkes, Jerry Perkins and Sue Tolleson Rinehart, “Gender Roles and Party Roles,” American Political Science Review 73 (September 1979): 772-80.
38. Lipman-Blumen, “Changing Sex Roles in American Culture,” p. 13.
39. Daniel Scott Smith, “The Dating of the American Sex Revolution: Evidence and Interpretation,” in The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1973 ), pp. 321-35.
40. Chafe, American Woman, pp. 44-55.
41. J. Stanley Lemons, The Woman Citizen: Social Feminism in the 1920s (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1973), ch. 2.
42. Chafe, American Woman, pp. 39-45.
43. Chafe, American Woman, pp. 135-50.
44. Betty Friedan, It Changed My Life: Writings on the Women's Movement (New York: Random House, 1976 ), p. 13.
45. Jean C. Darian, “Factors Influencing the Rising Labor Force Participation Rates of Married Women with Pre-School Children,” Social Science Quarterly 56 (March 1976): 614-32;
46. Karen Mason Oppenheim, John L. Czajki and Sara Arber, “Change in U.S. Women's Sex-Role Attitudes, 1964-1974,” American Sociological Review 41 (August 1976): 592.
47. Kirkpatrick, New Presidential Elite, p. 13.
48. Robert Axelrod, “Where the Votes Come from: An Analysis of Electoral Coalitions, 1952-1968,” American Political Science Review 66 (March 1972): 11-20.
49. Fowlkes, Perkins and Rinehart, “Gender Roles and Party Roles.”
50. Naomi Lynn and Cornelia Butler Flora, “Societal Punishment and Aspects of Female Political Participation: 1972 National Convention Delegates,” in Marianne Githens and Jewel L. Prestage eds., A Portrait of Marginality (New York: McKay, 1977 ), p. 144.
51. John W. Soule and James W. Clarke, “Amateurs and Professionals: A Study of Delegates to the 1968 Democratic Convention,” American Political Science Review 64 (September 1970): 888-98.
52. Mary Lepper, “A Study of Career Structures of Federal Executives: A Focus on Women,” in Jane S. Jaquette, ed., Women in Politics (New York: Wiley, 1974 ), pp. 126, 199.
53. Grace Hall and Alan Saltzstein, “Dimensions of Women's Employment in City Governments” Paper presented to the 1975 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco.
54. Mary Lepper, “A Study of Career Structures of Federal Executives.”