20 years of the German small-scale bottom trawl survey (GSBTS): A review

Senckenbergiana Maritima

Volumn 37, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 13-82

  Ehrich, Siegfried ^a   Adlerstein, Sara ^b   Brockmann, Uwe ^c   Floeter, Jens ^c   Garthe, Stefan ^d   Hinz, Hilmar ^e   Kröncke, Ingrid ^e   Neumann, Hermann ^e   Reiss, Henning ^e   Sell, Anne F ^a   Stein, Manfred ^a   Stelzenmüller, Vanessa ^f   Stransky, Christoph ^a   Temming, Axel ^c   Wegner, Gerd ^a   Zauke, Gerd Peter ^g  

^a INSTITUT FÜR SEEFISCHEREI   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY OF KIEL   (Germany)

^e SENCKENBERG DEUTSCHES ENTOMOLOGISCHES INSTITUT   (Germany)

^f INSTITUT DE CIÈNCIES DEL MAR   (Spain)

^g UNIVERSITY OF OLDENBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Benthos; Fish assemblages; Geostatistics; Hydrography; IBTS; North Sea; Nutrients; Predator prey interactions; Sampling method; Scale; Seabirds; Survey design; Temporal variation

Indexed keywords

BENTHOS; BOTTOM TRAWLING; COMMERCIAL SPECIES; FISHERY SURVEY; FOOD WEB; GEOSTATISTICS; HYDROGRAPHY; PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTION; SAMPLING; SEABIRD; SURVEY DESIGN; TEMPORAL VARIATION;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; NORTH SEA;

AVES; INVERTEBRATA;

EID: 34248325257     PISSN: 0080889X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF03043206     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. ADLERSTEIN, S.A. & EHRICH, S. (2002): Effect of deviation from target speed and time of day on catch rates of some abundant species under North Sea international bottom trawl survey protocol conditions. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 59: 594-603.
2. ADLERSTEIN, S.A. & EHRICH, S. (2003): Patterns in diel variation of cod catches in North Sea bottom trawl surveys. - Fisheries Research, 63 (2): 169-178.
3. ADLERSTEIN, S.A. & TRUMBLE, R.J. (1993): Management implications of changes in by-catch rates of Pacific halibut and crab species caused by diel behaviour of groundfish in the Bering Sea. - ICES Marine Science Symposium, 196: 211-215.
4. AGLEN, A., ENGÅS, A., HUSE, I., MICHALSEN, K. & STENSHOLT, B.K. (1999): How vertical migration may affect survey results. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 56: 345-360.
5. ARMSTRONG, F.A.J., STEARNS, C.R. & STRICKLAND, J.D.H. (1967): The measurement of upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means of the Technicon Autoanalyzer and associated equipment. - Deep Sea Research, 14: 381-389.
6. BECKER, R.A., CHAMBERS, J.M. & WILKS, A.R. (1988): The New S Language: A Programming Environment for Data Analysis and Graphics. - Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole Advanced Books & Software, Pacific Grove, CA.
7. BERGHAHN, R. & RÖSNER, H.-U. (1992): A method to quantify feeding of seabirds on discard from the shrimp fishery in the North Sea. - Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 28: 347-350.
8. CALLAWAY, R., ALSVAG, J., DE BOOIS, I., COTTER, J., FORD, A., HINZ, H., JENNINGS, S., KRÖNCKE, I., LANCASTER, J., PIET, G., PRINCE, P. & EHRICH, S. (2002): Diversity and community structure of epibenthic invertebrates and fish in the North Sea. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 59: 1199-1214.
9. CAMPHUYSEN, C.J. (1994): Flatfish selection by Herring Gulls Larus argentatus and Lesser Black-backed Gulls Larus fuscus scavenging at commercial beamtrawlers in the southern North Sea. - Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 32: 91-98.
10. CAMPHUYSEN, C.J., CALVO, B., DURINCK, J., ENSOR, K., FOLLESTAD, A., FURNESS, R.W., GARTHE, S., LEAPER, G., SKOV, H., TASKER, M.L. & WINTER, C.J.N. (1995): Consumption of discards by seabirds in the North Sea. - Final report EC DG XIV research contract BIOECO/93/10, NIOZ-rapport 1995-5, Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel.
11. CARR, M.R. (1996): PRIMER User manual (Plymouth Routines in Multivariate Ecological Research). - 43 pp.; Plymouth, U.K. (Plymouth Marine Laboratory).
12. CLARKE, K.R. & WARWICK, R.M. (1994): Change in marine communities: an approach to statistical analysis and interpretation. - Natural Environment Research Council, UK, 144.
13. CONNELL, S.D. (2000): Is there safety-in-numbers for prey? - Oikos, 88: 527-532.
14. CONNELL, S.D. & GILLANDERS, B.M. (1997): Mortality and abundance of a schooling reef fish. Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium, 1: 1035-1038.
15. COTTER, A.J.R. (2001): Intercalibration of North Sea International Bottom Trawl Surveys by fitting year-class surveys. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 58 (3): 622-632.
16. CRESSIE, N.A.C. (1991): Statistics for Spacial Data. - 900 pp.; New York (John Wiley).
17. DAAN, N. (1989): Data Base Report of the Stomach Sampling Project 1981. - ICES Cooperative Research Report, 144 pp.
18. DAHM, E., WEBER, W, DAMM, U. & LANGE, K. (1996): The Plaice Box. - Effects of different fishing gear and area on the catch composition. - ICES Council Meeting Papers, 1996/B:21: 17 pp.
19. DIETRICH, G. (1950): Die natürlichen Regionen von Nord- und Ostsee auf hydrographischer Grundlage. - Kieler Meeresforschung, 7 (2): 35-69.
20. DIETRICH, G., KALLE, K., KRAUSS, W. & SIEDLER, G. (1975): Allgemeine Meereskunde. - 593 pp.; Berlin (Borntraeger).
21. DOMENICI, P., BATTY, R.S., SILMILÄ, T. & OGAM, E. (2000): Killer whales (Orcinus orca) feeding on schooling herring (Clupea harengus) using underwater tail-slaps: kinematic analyses of field observations. - The Journal of Experimental Biology, 203: 283-294.
22. EBERLEIN, K. & KATTNER, G. (1987): Automatic method for the determination of ortho-phosphate and total dissolved phosphorus in the marine environment. - Fresenius Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie, 326: 354-357.
23. EHRICH, S. (1991): Comparative fishing experiments by research trawlers by cod and haddock in the North Sea. - Journal du Conseil International pour I'Exploration de la Mer, 47: 275-283.
24. EHRICH, S., DAHM, E., DORNHEIM, H., LANGE, K., MERGARDT, N. & STEIN, M. (1994): Comparative Fishing with FRVs "Walther Herwig" and "Walther Herwig III". - ICES Council Meeting Papers, Fish Capture Comm., B 15: 14.
25. EHRICH, S. & GRÖGER, J. (1989): Diurnal variation in catchability of several fish species in the North Sea. - ICES Council Meeting Papers, 1989/B:35: 10 pp.
26. EHRICH, S., KLOPPMANN, M.H.F., SELL, A.F. & BÖTTCHER, U. (2006): Distribution and assemblages of fish species in the German Waters of North and Baltic Seas and potential impact of wind parks. - In: KÖLLER, J., KÖPPEL, J. & PETERS, W. (Eds.): Offshore Wind Energy. Research on Environmental Impacts, 371 pp.; Berlin (Springer).
27. EHRICH, S., REISS, H., DAMM, U. & KRÖNCKE, I. (2004): Vulnerability of bottom fish species to the standard Gov. - ICES Council Meeting Papers, 2004/D:05: 16 pp.
28. EHRICH, S. & STRANSKY, C. (1999): Fishing effects in northeast Atlantic shelf seas: patterns in fishing effort, diversity and community structure. VI. Gale effects on vertical distribution and structure of a fish assemblage in the North Sea. - Fisheries Research, 40: 185-193.
29. EHRICH, S. & STRANSKY, C. (2001): Spatial and temporal changes in the southern species component of North Sea bottom fish assemblages. - In: I. KRÖNCKE, M. TÜRKAY, & J. SÜNDERMANN (Eds.): Burning issues of North Sea ecology. Proceedings of the 14th international Senckenberg Conference North Sea 2000. - Senckenbergiana maritima 31(2): 143-150.
30. ENGÅS, A. & SOLDAL, A.V. (1992): Diurnal variation in bottom trawl catches of cod and haddock and their influence on abundance indices. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 49: 89-95.
31. EU (2002): Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and Council. Setting out a Community Action Plan to integrate environmental protection requirements into the Common Fisheries Policy. - COM (2002) 186 final, Commission of the European Communities, Brussels.
32. EU (2005): Report of the Subgroup on Research Needs (SGRN) on data collection: environmental integration and move towards an ecosystem approach. - Draft, https://stecf.jrc.cec.eu.int/, Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries, Subgroup for Research Needs, Brussels 20-24 June, 2005.
33. EU (2006): Report of the STECF-SGRN-06-01: Data Collection Regulation Review. - Draft report, see https://stecf.jrc.cec.eu.int/, Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries, Subgroup for Research Needs, Brussels 19-23 June, 2006.
34. FERNANDES, PG. & RIVOIRARD, J. (1999): A geostatistical analysis of the spatial distribution and abundance of cod, haddock and whiting in North Scotland. - In: GOMEZ-HERNANDEZ, J., SOARES, A. & FROIDEVAUX, R. (Eds.): Geoenv It - Geostatistics for Environmental Applications, pp. 201-212; Dordrecht, NL.(Kluwer Academic Publisher).
35. FLETCHER, W.J. & SUMNER, N.R. (1999): Spatial distribution of sardine (Sardinops sagax) eggs and larvae: an application of geostatistics and resampling to survey data. - Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 56: 907-914.
36. FLOETER, J. (2005): An investigation of key processes affecting trophic interactions in the North Sea fish assemblage and their significance for multi species fisheries assessment. - PhD thesis, Hamburg University, Germany, 169 pp.
37. FLOETER, J. & TEMMING, A. (2003): Explaining diet composition of North Sea cod (Gadus morhua L.): Prey size preference vs. prey availability. - Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 60: 140-150.
38. FLOETER, J. & TEMMING, A. (2003): North Sea Fish and higher trophic levels: a review. (North Sea 2000: Part 1: State of the Art in Marine Biology at the End of the 20th Century). - Senckenbergiana maritima, 33 (1/2): 269-442.
39. FLOETER, J. & TEMMING, A. (2005): Analysis of prey size preference of North Sea whiting, saithe and grey gurnard. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 62: 897-907.
40. FRAUENHEIM, K., NEUMANN, V, THIEL, H. & TÜRKAY, M. (1989): The distribution of the larger epifauna during summer and winter in the North Sea and its suitability for environmental monitoring. - Senckenbergiana maritima, 20 (3/4): 101-118.
41. FURNESS, R.W. (1987): Kleptoparasitism in seabirds. - In: CROXALL, J.T. (Ed.): Seabirds: Feeding Biology and Role in Marine Ecosystems, pp. 77-100; Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).
42. FURNESS, R.W, HUDSON, A.V. & ENSOR, K. (1988): Interactions between scavenging seabirds and commercial fisheries around the British Isles. - In: BURGER, J. (Ed.): Seabirds and Other Marine Vertebrates: Competition, Predation, and Other Interactions, pp. 240-268; New York (Columbia University Press).
43. GARTHE, S. (1993): Quantifizierung von Abfall und Beifang der Fischerei in der südöstlichen Nordsee und deren Nutzung dutch Seevögel. - Hamburger avifaunistische Beiträge, 25: 125-237.
44. GARTHE, S., CAMPHUYSEN, C.J. & FURNESS, R.W. (1996): Amounts of discards by commercial fisheries and their significance as food for seabirds in the North Sea. - Marine Ecology Progress Series, 136: 1-11.
45. GARTHE, S. & HÜPPOP, O. (1994): Distribution of ship-following seabirds and their utilization of discards in the North Sea in summer. - Marine Ecology Progress Series, 106: 1-9.
46. GARTHE, S. & HÜPPOP, O. (1998): Foraging success, kleptoparasitism and feeding techniques in scavenging seabirds; does crime pay? - Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen, 52: 187-196.
47. GARTHE, S. & HÜPPOP, O. (1998): Possible bias in experiments evaluating the consumption of discards by seabirds in the North Sea. Marine Biology, 131: 735-741.
48. GARTHE, S. & SCHERP, B. (2003): Utilization of discards and offal from commercial fisheries by seabirds in the Baltic Sea. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 60: 980-989.
49. GRASSHOFF, K., KREMLING, K. & EHRHARDT, M.(1999): Methods of seawater analysis. - Weinheim (Wiley-VCH).
50. GRÖNING, G. (2005): Kleinräumige Variabilität der Struktur und Funktion verschiedener Makrofaunagemeinschaften in unterschiedlichen Gebieten der Nordsee. - Diplomarbeit, Universiät Münster, Germany, 129 pp.
51. HARBITZ, A, & ASCHAN, M. (2003): A two-dimensional geostatistic method to simulate the precision of abundance estimates. - Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 60: 1539-1551.
52. HASTIE, T.J. & TIBSHIRANI, R.J. (1990): Generalized Additive Models. - 335 pp.; New York (Chapman & Hall).
53. HILL, M.O. (1973): Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences. - Ecology, 54 (2): 427-432.
54. HINZ, H., KRÖNCKE, I. & EHRICH, S. (2004): Seasonal and annual mesoscale variability of an epifaunal community in the German Bight. - Marine Biology, 144: 735-745.
55. HINZ, H., KRÖNCKE, I. & EHRICH, S. (2005): The feeding strategy of dab (Limanda limanda) in the southern North Sea: Linking stomach contents to prey availability in the environment. -Journal of Fish Biology, 67 (Suppl. B): 1-21.
56. HISLOP, J., BROMLEY, P.J., DAAN, N., GISLASON, H., HEESSEN, H.J. L., ROBB, A.P., SKAGEN, D., SPARHOlT, H. & TEMMING, A. (1997): Database Report of the Stomach Sampling Project 1991. - 422 pp.
57. HOBSON, F.S. (1986): Predation on the Pacific sand lance, Ammodytes hexapterus (Pisces: Ammodytidae), during the transition between day and night in southeastern Alaska. - Copeia, 1: 223-226.
58. HUDSON, A.V. (1989): Interspecific and age-related differences in the handling time of discarded fish by scavenging seabirds. - Seabird, 12: 40-44.
59. HUDSON, A.V. & FURNESS, R.W. (1988): Utilization of discarded fish by scavenging seabirds behind white fish trawlers in Shetland. - Journal of Zoology (London), 215: 151-166.
60. HUDSON, A.V. & FURNESS, R.W. (1989): The behaviour of seabirds foraging at fishing boats around Shetland. - Ibis, 131: 225-237.
61. HUGHES, S.E. (1976): System for sampling large trawl catches of research vessels. - Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 33: 833-839.
62. ICES (1996): Report of the International Bottom Trawl Survey Working Group. - CM1996/H:01, 55 pp.
63. ICES (1997): Report of the Multispecies Assessment Working Group. - CM1997/Assess: 16, 136 pp.
64. ICES (2006): Manual for the International Bottom Trawl Surveys - Revision Vii. Report of the International Bottom Trawl Survey Working Group (IBTSWG), Annex 1. - CM2006/RMC:03, 53 pp.
65. ICES (2006): Report of the Working Group on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing Activities (WGECO), CM2006/ACE:05, 174 pp.
66. ICES (2006): Report of the Working Group on Fish Ecology (WGFE), CM2006/LRC:06,154 pp.
67. ISAAKS, E,H. & SRIVASTAVA, R.M. (1989): An Introduction to Applied Geostatistics. - 561 pp-; New York (Oxford University Press).
68. ITTEKKOT, V, DEGENS, E.T. & BROCKMANN, U. (1982): Monosaccharide composition of acid-hydrolysable carbohydrates in particulate matter during a plankton bloom. - Limnology & Oceanography, 27: 770-776.
69. ITTEKKOT, V.A. (1981): Verteilung von gelöstem organischem Kohlenstoff, gelösten Zuckern und Aminosäuren in Fladengrund, nördliche Nordsee (Flex 1976). - Mitteilungen aus dent Geologisch-Paläontologischen Institut der Universität Hamburg, 51: 115-187.
70. JAX, K., VARESCHI, E. & ZAUKE, G.-P. (1993): Enuwicklung eines theoretischen Konzepts zur Ökosystemforschung Wattenmeer. - UBA-Texte 47/93, Umweltbundesamt, Berlin, 1-138.
71. JENNINGS, S., LANCASTER, J., WOOLMER, A. & COTTER, J. (1999): Distribution, diversity and abundance of epibenthic fauna in the North Sea. -Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 79: 385-399.
72. JENSEN, H. (2001): Settlement dynamics in the lesser sandeel Ammodytes marinus in the North Sea. - PhD thesis, University of Aberdeen, U.K., 230 pp.
73. JONES, R. (1954): The food of the whiting, and a comparison with that of the haddock. - Marine Research, 2: 34 pp.
74. KOROLEFF, E (1969): Direct determination of ammonia in natural waters as indophenol blue. - ICES Council Meeting Papers, 1969/ C:9.
75. LAEVASTU, T. (1963): Surface water types of the North Sea and their characteristics. - Serial Atlas of the Marine Environment, Folio 4: 1-6.
76. LOEWE, P. (2003): North Sea SST Anomalies in June 2003;... in July 2003;... in August 2003; in September 2003. - Available from http://www.bsh.de/Meeresdaten/Beobachtungen/ Meeresoberflae-chentemperatur/anom.jsp.
77. LOEWE, R, BECKER, G., BROCKMANN, U., FROHSE, A., HERKLOTZ, K., KLEIN, H. & SCHULZ, A. (2003): Nordsee und Deutsche Bucht 2002, Ozeanographischer Zustandsbericht. - BSH, 33/2003, Hamburg, 89 pp.
78. LOEWE, P., SCHMOLKE, S., BECKER, G., BROCKMANN, U., DICK, S., ENGELKE, C., FROHSE, A., HORN, W, KLEIN, H., MÜLLER-NAVARRA, S.H., NIES, H., SCHMELZER, N., SCHRADER, D., SCHULZ, A., THEOBALD, N. & WEIGELT, S. (2005): Nordseezustand 2003, Berichte des Bundesamts für Seeschiffahrt und Hydrographie. - BSH, 38/2005, Hamburg, 217 pp.
79. MARAVELIAS, C.D., REID, D.G., SIMMONDS, E.J. & HARALABOUS, J. (1996): Spatial analysis and mapping of acoustic survey data in the presence of high local variability: geostatistical application to North Sea herring (Clupea harengus). - Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 53: 1497-1505.
80. MATHERON, G. (1970): The theory of regionalized variables and their applications. - Les cahiers du Centre de Morphologie Mathématique, pp. 1-212; Fontainebleau, Paris. (Centre de Geostatistique).
81. MAYNOU, E (1998): The application of geostatistics in mapping and assessment of demersal resources. Nephrops norvegicus (L.) in the northwestern Mediterranean: a case study. - Scientia Marina, 62: 117-133.
82. MCCULLAGH, F. & NELDER, J.A. (1989): Generalized Linear Models. - 509 pp.; London (Chapman & Hall).
83. MERGARDT, N. & TEMMING, A. (1997): Diel pattern of food intake in whiting (Merlangius merlangus) investigated from the weight of partly digested food particles in the stomach and laboratory determined particle decay functions. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 54 (2): 226-242.
84. MICHALSEN, K., GODØ, O.R. & FERNÖ, A. (1996): Diel variation in the catchability of gadoids and its influence on the reliability of abundance indices. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 53: 389-395.
85. MOORE, P.D. (2001): Crowd trouble for predators. - Nature, 413: 265.
86. MURPHY, J. & RILEY, J.P. (1962): A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters. - Analytica chimica Acta, 28: 31-36.
87. NEUMANN, H. (2006): Räumliche und zeitliche Variabilität unterschiedlicher Epifaunagemeinschaften in der Nordsee. - Diplomarbeit, Universität Oldenburg, Germany, 113 pp.
88. O'NEILL, R.V. (1989): Perspectives in hierarchy and scale. - In: ROUGHGARDEN, J., MAY, R.M. & LEVIN, S.A. (Eds.): Perspectives in Ecological Theory, pp. 140-156; Princeton (Princeton University Press).
89. PANNATIER, Y. (1996): VARIOWIN: Software for spatial data analysis in 2D. - 91 pp.; New York (Springer).
90. PELLETIER, D. (1998): Intercalibration of research survey vessels in fisheries: a review and an application. - Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 55: 2672-2690.
91. PETITGAS, P. (2001): Geostatistics in fisheries survey design and stock assessment: models, variances and applications. - Fish and Fisheries, 2: 231-249.
92. PETITGAS, P. (1996): Geostatistics and their applications to fisheries survey data. - In: MEGREY, B.A. & MOKSNESS, E. (Eds.): Computers in Fisheries Research, pp. 113-141; London.(Chapman & Hall).
93. PETRAKIS, G., MACLENNAN, D.N. & NEWTON, A.W. (2001): Day-night effects on catch rates during trawl surveys in the North Sea. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 58: 50-60.
94. PITCHER, T.J. & PARRISH, J.K. (1993): Functions of schoaling behaviour in teleosts. - In: PITCHER, T.J. (Ed.): Behaviour in teleost fishes, 363 pp.; London. (Chapman & Hall).
95. PITT, T.K., WELLS, R. & MCKONE, W.D. (1981): A critique of research vessel otter trawl surveys by the St. John's research and resource services. - In: W.G. DOUBLEDAY, & D. RIVARD (Eds.): Bottom trawl surveys. Canadian Special Publication of Fishery Aquatic Science, pp. 42-81.
96. RACHOR, E. (1985): Eutrophierung in der Nordsee - Bedrohung durch Sauerstoffmangel. - Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins Bremen, 40 (3): 283-292.
97. REAY, P.J. (1970): Synopsis of biological data on North Atlantic sand eels of the genus Ammodytes: A. tobianus, A. dubius, A. americanus and A. marinus. - FAO Fisheries Synopsis, 82.
98. REDFIELD, A.C., KETCHUM, B.H. & RICHARDS, F.A. (1963): The influence of organisms on the composition of seawater. - In: HILL, M.N. (Ed.): The Sea, pp. 26-77; New York (Wiley-Interscience).
99. REISS, H., KNÄUPER, S. & KRÖNCKE, I. (2003): Invertebrate associations with gastropod shells inhabited by Pagurus bernhardus (Paguridae) - secondary hard substrate increasing biodiversity in North Sea soft-bottom communities. - Sarsia, 88: 404-414.
100. REISS, H. & KRÖNCKE, I. (2004): Seasonal variability of epibenthic communities in different areas of the southern North Sea. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 61 (6): 882-905.
101. REISS, H., KRÖNCKE, I. & EHRICH, S. (2006): Estimating catch efficiency of a 2 m beam trawl for sampling epifauna by removal experiments. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 63: 1453-1464.
102. REISS, H., NEUMANN, H. & KRÖNCKE, I. (2005): Chelar height - body weight relationships of North Sea hermit crabs (Paguridae). - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 62: 723-726.
103. RICE, J.C. (2000): Evaluating impacts using metrics of community structure. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57: 682-688.
104. RICE, J.C. & ROCHET, M.-J. (2005): A framework for selecting a suite of indicators for fisheries management. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 62 (3): 516-517.
105. RIVOIRARD, J., SIMMONDS, J., FOOTE, K.G., FERNANDES, P.G. & BEZ, N. (2000): Geostatistics for estimating fish abundance. - 206 pp.; Oxford (Blackwell Science).
106. ROBB, S. (1991): Manual for the ICES North Sea stomach sampling project in 1991. - ICES Council Meeting Papers, 1991/G:3: 12 pp.
107. ROBINSON, L. (2003): The ecological disturbance of fishing in demersal fish and benthic invertebrate communities. - MAFCONS report, 2003-003, 40 pp.
108. ROUGHGARDEN,J., GAINES, S. & POSSINGHAM, H. (1988): Recruitment dynamics in complex life cycles. - Science, 241: 1460-1466.
109. RUEDA, M. & DEFEO, O. (2001): Survey abundance indices in a tropical estuarine lagoon and their management implications: a spatially-explicit approach. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 58: 1219-1231.
110. RUEDA, M. & DEFEO, O. (2003): Spatial structure of fish assemblages in a tropical estuarine lagoon: combining multivariate and geostatistical techniques. - Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 296: 93-112.
111. SCHLITZER, R. (2006): Ocean Data View. - Available from http://odv.awi.de.
112. SCHOTT, F. (1966): Der Oberflächensalzgehalt in der Nordsee. - Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift, Ergänzungsheft Reihe A, 9: 1-58.
113. SELLSHOPP, J. (1982): FLEX 76, Zusammenstellung der Messungen mit dem Thermistor-Schleppkabel. - FWG-Ber. 1982-15, Forschungsanstalt der Bundeswehr für Wasserschall und Geophysik, Kiel, 81 pp.
114. SIEBEN, K. (2006): Einfluss von Fischerei auf Makrofaunagemeinschaften der Deutschen Bucht - ein kleinräumiger Vergleich. - Diplomarbeit, Humboldt Universität Berlin, Germany, 148 pp.
115. SPARHOLT, H. (1990): Using GLM analysis on the IYFS herring data for the North Sea. - ICES Council Meeting Papers, 1990/H:6.
116. STELZENMÜLLER, V, EHRICH, S. & ZAUKE, G.P. (2004): Meso-scaled investigation on spatial distribution of the flatfish species Limanda limanda (Linnaeus, 1758) (dab) within the German Bight: A geostatistical approach. - In: NISHIDA, T., KAILOLA, P.J. & HOLLINGWORTH, C.E. (Eds.): Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on GIS/Spatial analyses in Fishery and Aquatic Sciences, pp. 251-269; Kawagoe-City, Japan. (Fishery-Aquatic GIS Research Group).
117. STELZENMÜLLER, V., EHRICH, S. & ZAUKE, G.P. (2005a): Effects of survey scale and water depth on the assessment of spatial distribution patterns of selected fish in the northern North Sea showing different levels of aggregation. - Marine Biology Research (formerly Sarsia and Ophelia), 1: 375-387.
118. STELZENMÜLLER, V, EHRICH, S. & ZAUKE, G.P. (2005b): Impact of additional small-scale survey data on the geostatistical analyses of demersal fish species in the North Sea. - Scientia Marina, 69: 587-602.
119. STELZENMÜLLER, V, EHRICH, S. & ZAUKE, G.P. (2006): Analysis of meso scaled spatial distribution of the dab (Limanda limanda) in the German Bight: Does the type of fishing gear employed matter? - Fisheries Science, 72: 95-104.
120. STENSHOLT, B.K., MICHALSEN, K. & GODØ, O.R. (2000): Behavioural rhythm of cod during migration in the Barents Sea. - ICES Council Meeting Papers, 2000/K34.
121. STRANSKY, C. (1998): A comparison of biomass estimates obtained from small and large-scale groundfish surveys in the North Sea. - M.Sc. Thesis, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK, 1-60 pp.
122. TEMMING, A., GÖTZ, S., MERGARDT, N. & EHRICH, S. (2004): Predation of whiting and haddock on sandeel: aggregative response, competition and diel periodicity. - Journal of Fish Biology, 64: 1351-1372.
123. TEMMING, A. & MERGARDT, N. (2002): Estimating the mean time between meals in the field from stomach content data and gastric evacuation functions of whiting (Merlangius merlangus L.) feeding on sandcel (Ammodytes marinus Raitt). - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 59 (4): 782-793.
124. VENABLES, W.N. & RIPLEY, B.D. (2000): Modern Applied Statistics with S-Plus. - New York (Springer).
125. WEGNER, G. (1994): Zu den Oberflächentemperaturen der Nordsee im Jahr 1993. - Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift, 46 (2): 163-175.
126. WESTRHEIM, S.J. (1967): Sampling research trawl catches at sea. - Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 24 (6): 1187-1202.
127. WESTRHEIM, S.J. (1976): A further note on sampling research trawl catches at sea. - Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 33: 1196.
128. WIELAND, K., FOSDAGER, L., HOLST, R. & JARRE-TEICHMANN, A. (1998): Spatial distribution of estimates of juvenile (age 1 and 2) whiting and cod in the North Sea. - ICES Council Meeting Papers, 1998/J:7.
129. WIELAND, K. & RIVOIRARD,J. (2001): A geostatistical analysis of IBTS data for age 2 North Sea haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) considering day-night effects. - Sarsia, 86: 503-516.
130. WIENS, J.A. (1989): Spatial scaling in ecology. - Functional Ecology, 3: 385-397.
131. WITTENBURGER, J.F. & HUNT, G.L. (1985): The adaptive significance of coloniality in birds. - Journal of Avian Biology, 8 (1): 1-78.
132. WRIGHT, P.J., JENSEN, H. & TuCK, I. (2000): The influence of sediment type on the distribution of the lesser sandeel, Ammodytes marinus. - Journal of Sea Research, 44: 243-256.
133. YANG, J. (1982): The dominant fish fauna in the North Sea and its determination. - Journal of Fish Biology, 20: 635-643.
134. ZAUKE, G.-P. & JAX, K. (2001): Zur Problematik von Maßstabsebenen in der Ökotoxikologie und Umweltwissenschaft. - In: C.E.W. STEINBERG, R. BRÜGGEMANN, K. KÜMMERER, M. LIESS, S. PFLUGMACHER, & G.-P. ZAUKE (Eds.): Streß in limnischen Ökosystemen. Neue Ansätze in der ökotoxikologischen Bewertung von Binnengewässern, pp. 185-193; Berlin. (Parey Buchverlag).
135. ZÜHLKE, R., ALSVAG, J., DE BOOIS, I., COTTER, J., EHRICH, S., FORD, A., HINZ, H., JARRE-TEICHMANN, A., JENNINGS, S., KRÖNCKE, I., LANCASTER, J., PIET, G. & PRINCE, P. (2001): Epibenthic diversity in the North Sea. - Senckenbergiana maritima, 31 (2): 269-281.