Lebanon's Hizbullah: From Islamic revolution to parliamentary accommodation

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 1993, Pages 321-337

  Hamzeh, A Nizar ^a  

^a AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT   (Lebanon)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34248250585     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: 13602241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01436599308420327     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. On these crisis conditions see Hrair R Dekmejian, Islam In Revolution, Syracuse University Press, 1985, pp 25-32.
2. Al-Nahar, 23 May 1986, p 1.
3. On the creation of both Hizbullah and Islamic Amal, see Al-Hayat, 2 February 1990, p 8.
4. See interview with Sayyid Husayn al-Musawi, in Al-Anba, 18 February 1984, pp 8-9.
5. Mahmud A Faksh, ‘The Shi&a community of Lebanon: a new assertive political force’, Journal of South Asia and Middle Eastern Studies, XIV (3), Spring 1991, p 51.
6. See interview with Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah in Al-Nahar-al-Arabi Wal Duwali, 18 March 1985, p 21.
7. See Henry W Degenhardt (ed), Revolutionary and Dissident Movements, UK: Longman House, 1988, p 214; see also New York Times, 19 March 1990, p 2.
8. Mahmud A Faksh, ‘The Shi&a community of Lebanon’, p 49.
9. Henry W Degenhardt, Revolutionary and Dissident Movements, p 217.
10. See Mount Amel between Israel and Iran in Al-Shira, 7 December 1992, p 19-20.
11. Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr, Lamhah Fiqhiyyah Tamhidiyyah ala Mashru dustur al Jumhuriyyat al-Is-lamiyyah Fi Iran (A preliminary juridical glance at the draft of the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran), Qum, 1979, pp 18-35.
12. For a full treatment of Wilayat al-Faqih see Sayyid Hasan Nasrallah in Al-Ahed, 27 April 1987, p 4.
13. Chibli Mallat, Shi&i Thought From the South of Lebanon, Oxford, GB: Centre for Lebanese Studies, 1988, p 37.
14. Augustus Richard Norton ‘Lebanon after Taif: is the civil war over?’ The Middle East Journal, 45(3), Summer 1991, pp 471-472.
15. Al-Hayat, 27 October 1989, p 6.
16. For further details see Martin Kramer ‘An uneasy truce in Islam,’ Middle East Contemporary Survey, (12), 1988, pp 193-194.
17. Mohammad Shukayr ‘al-Louba al-Siyassiyyah Li-qiadat Hizbullah Fi Libnan’ (The political game of Hizbullah&s leadership in Lebanon) in Al-Wasat, 2 March 1992, pp 10-13.
18. see also Kramer, ‘An uneasy truce in Islam’, p 193.
19. See Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah&s Friday Speech in Al-Ahed, 10 April 1992, p 4; see also interview with Sayyid Hasan Nasrallah in Al-Shira, 13 July 1992, p 23.
20. Nasrallah, Al-Shira p 23.
21. Al-Shira, 2 August 1992, pp 12-13.
22. Al-Shira, 13 July 1992, p 23; see also interview with Hizbullah&s elected representative Sayyid Ibrahim Amin al-Sayyid in Al-Hayat, 25 August 1992, pp 3.
23. See Marius Deeb, Militant Islamic Movements In Lebanon: Origins, Social Basis and Ideology, Washington DC: Center for Contemporary Arabic Studies, 1986, pp 7-8; see also As&ad Abu Khalil, Hizbullah in Lebanon: ‘Islamisation of Leninist organisational principles’, Middle Eastern Studies, (27) July 1991, pp 396-397. Both writers did not give specific details about Hizbullah&s organisational structure with the exception of the decisionmaking process in the Shura Council.
24. As&ad Abu-Khalil ‘Islamisation of Leninist organisational principles’, p 397.
25. The names of the leadership of the Shura Council were compiled from various activities of Hizbullah that were reported between 1991 and 1992 in Al-Ahed as well as from anonymous party members.
26. Interview with Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah in Al-Hayat, 2 February 1990, p 8.
27. Names of Hizbullah Politburo were compiled from the various activities of the party that were reported between 1991 and 1992 in Al-Ahed.
28. See report on Hizbullah in Al-Nahar al-Arabi Wal Duwali, 19 September 1989, p 12.
29. See special report on the Islamic Health Committee in Al-Ahed, 1 August 1989, pp 12-13.
30. See Martin Kramer ‘Islam&s enduring feud’, Middle East Contemporary Survey, 11, 1987, pp 167-168.
31. See special report on Hizbullah&s committees of Reconstruction, Water and Power Resources, Agriculture and Environmental in Al-Ahed, 7 February 1988, pp 12-14.
32. Al-Shira, 31 August 1992, p 28.
33. Al-Nahar al-Arabi Wal Duwali, 18 September 1989, p 17; also for similar figures see Kramer ‘Islam&s enduring feud’, p 168.
34. See Robin Wright ‘Islam&s new political face’, Current History 90 (552), January 1991, p 28.
35. See Al-Masira, 10 February 1992, pp 12-13.
36. Al-Ahed, 14 August 1992, p 18; see also Al-Safir, 26 August 1992, p 5.
37. Al-Nahar, 31 July 1992, p 8.
38. For various results of Lebanese parliamentary elections see Al-Safir, 9 September 1992, p 3.
39. See interview with Nasrallah in Al-Shira, 13 July 1992, p 23; also see Al-Safir, 31 August p 2.
40. Al-Shira, 24 August 1992, pp 20-21.
41. Al-Masira, 28 September 1992, p 11.
42. See Al-Safir, 7 September 1992, p 20.
43. see also Al-Safir, 7 September 1992, p 20.
44. Al-Safir, 5 September 1992, p 11.
45. Al-Shira, 31 August 1992, p 28.
46. Al-Shira, 7 September 1992, p 17.
47. Al-Hayat, 25 August 1992, pp 1, 4; also see Al-Shira 31 August 1992, p 29.
48. Al-Shira, 1 September 1992, pp 20-21.
49. See Al-Ahed, 14 August 1992, p 2.
50. Al-Diyyar, 21 August 1992, p 2.
51. Al-Safir, 9 September 1992, p 3.
52. Al-Safir, 3 September 1992, p 5.
53. Interview with Muhammad Ahmed Berjawi (Hizbullah&s, elected representative), in Al-Safir, 3 September 1992, p 3.
54. For fuller treatment of the position taken by the Christian opposition see Al-Diyar, 21 August and 22 1992, p 2, 3.
55. See also Nasrallah&s speech about political confessionalism and the Islamic Resistance during a celebration in the southern suburbs of Beirut in support of Hizbullah&s candidates in the south, in Al-Ahed, 11 September 1992, p 2.
56. Al-Safir, 17 October 1992, p 4.
57. Al-Safir, 15 October 1992, p 3.
58. Al-Safir, 22 October 1992, p 3.