The national progressive party of canada, 1921-1930: Agricultural economic conditions and electoral support

Canadian Journal of Political Science

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 1993, Pages 435-453

  Leithner, Christian ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34248250102     PISSN: 00084239     EISSN: 17449324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0008423900003395     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. William L. Morton, The Progressive Party in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1950), vii-x, 266-95.
2. Alvin Finkel, The Social Credit Phenomenon in Alberta (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989);
3. David Laycock, Populism and Democratic Thought in the Canadian Prairies, 1910 to 1945 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1990);
4. S. M. Lipset, Agrarian Socialism: The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation in Saskatchewan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1950);
5. C. B. Macpherson, Democracy in Alberta: Social Credit and the Party System (2nd ed.; Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1962); and Morton, The Progressive Party.
6. One of a very few studies which focusses upon the Progressive (United Farmers of Alberta) vote is J. Paul Grayson and L. M. Grayson, ‘The Social Base of Interwar Political Protest in Urban Alberta,” this JOURNAL 7 (1974), 289-313.
7. Stephen L. Fisher, The Minor Parties of the Federal Republic of Germany: Toward a Comparative Theory of Minor Parties (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1974), 33;
8. V. O. Key, Politics, Parties and Pressure Groups (5th ed.; New York: Crowell, 1964), 49-50, 279;
9. Kenneth Janda, A Conceptual Framework for the Comparative Analysis of Political Parties (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1970), 50;
10. Austin Ranney and Willmoore Kendall, Democracy and the American Party System (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1956), 453-55;
11. Donley T. Studlar and Ian McAllister, “Protest and Survive? Alliance Support in the 1983 British General Election,” Political Studies 35 (1987), 39-60.
12. Lipset, Agrarian Socialism, 26-30, 62, and Morton, The Progressive Party, 266.
13. For an overview of these studies, see Michael S. Lewis-Beck, “Agrarian Political Behavior in the United States,” American Journal of Political Science 21 (1977), 543-65.
14. Angus Campbell, Phillip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller and Donald E. Stokes, The American Voter (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1960), 416, 420;
15. see also Robert A. McGuire, “Economic Causes of Late Nineteenth-Century Unrest: New Evidence,” Journal of Economic History 41 (1981), 835-49.
16. Campbell et al., The American Voter, 416, 419;
17. see also Steven J. Rosenstone, Roy L. Behr and Edward H. Lazarus, Third Parties in America: Citizen Response to Major Party Failure (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), 165;
18. Lee Sigelman, “Politics, Economics and the American Farmer: The Case of 1980,” Rural Sociology 48 (1983), 367-85;
19. Lee Sigelman, “Economic Pressure and the Farm Vote: The Case of 1984,” Rural Sociology 52 (1987), 151-63.
20. Donald Philip Green, “The Price Elasticity of Mass Preferences,” American Political Science Review 86 (1992), 126.
21. Earl O. Heady, The Roots of the Farm Problem (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1965).
22. Richard G. Lipsey, An Introduction to Positive Economics (2nd ed.; London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1966), 116-23.
23. See, for example, Richard Stone, The Measurement of Consumers' Expenditure and Behaviour in the United Kingdom 1920-1938 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954).
24. Economic historians have made this point implicitly rather than explicitly. See Anne Mayhew, “A Reappraisal of Farm Protest Movements in the U.S.,” Journal of Economic History 32 (1972), 464-80;
25. McGuire, “Economic Causes of Late-Nineteenth-Century Unrest,” 835-49;
26. Jeffrey C. Williams, “Economics and Politics: Voting Behavior in Kansas during the Populist Decade,” Explorations in Economic History 18 (1981), 233-56.
27. Lipset, Agrarian Socialism, 35.
28. Gerald Kramer, “Short-Term Fluctuations in U.S. Voter Behavior, 1896-1964,” American Political Science Review 65 (1971), 131-43
29. Rosenstone et al., Third Parties in America.
30. Walter D. Young, Democracy and Discontent: Progressivism, Socialism and Social Credit in the Canadian West (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1969), 1-14.
31. The figure plots series J49 (the Wholesale Price Index of Total Field Crops) and series J52 (the Wholesale Price Index of All Animal Products). The source of the data is M. C. Urquhart and K. A. H. Buckley, eds., Historical Statistics of Canada (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965), 295.
32. Daniel Mazmanian, Third Parties in Presidential Elections (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1974), 27, 71 and 137;
33. see also Fisher, The Minor Parties of the Federal Republic of Germany, 27;
34. Kramer, “Short-Term Fluctuations,” 136;
35. Rosenstone et al., Third Parties in America, 134-38.
36. Richard Allen, The Social Passion: Religion and Social Reform in Canada, 1914-28 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1971).
37. Grayson and Grayson, “The Social Base of Interwar Political Protest,” 295, 303;
38. (Morton, The Progressive Party, 39) have also suggested that persons of British (and British-Canadian) descent tended to support the Progressive party. The measure of British ethnicity, however, is strongly related to the measure of religion; accordingly, and on the advice of one of the journal’s referees, the measure of ethnicity has been dropped from the analysis.
39. Lipset, Agrarian Socialism, 26
40. Grayson and Grayson, “The Social Base of Interwar Political Protest,” 312.
41. Lipset, Agrarian Socialism, 21-36, and Morton, The Progressive Party, 11-12.
42. Maurice Pinard, The Rise of a Third Party: A Study in Crisis Politics (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1975), 91-119, 136-61.
43. Lipset, Agrarian Socialism, 29.
44. Campbell et al., The American Voter, 420.
45. For reviews of these studies, see Lipset, Agrarian Socialism, 10-14
46. Paul F. Sharp, The Agrarian Revolt in Western Canada (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1948).
47. Morton, The Progressive Party, 271.
48. Y. Haitovsky, Regression Estimation from Grouped Observations (London: Griffin, 1973), chap. 5.
49. Robert S. Pindyck and Daniel L. Rubinfeld, Econometric Models and Economic Forecasts (2nd ed.; Singapore: McGraw-Hill, 1981), 278-93.
50. See Rosenstone et al., Third Parties in America, chap. 8.
51. A discussion and justification of the weighting procedure appears in Eric A. Hanushek and John E. Jackson, Statistical Methods for Social Scientists (New York: Academic Press, 1977), 195-98.
52. Christopher Achen, The Statistical Analysis of Quasi-Experiments (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 73-95;
53. John Heckman, “Sample Selection Bias as Specification Error,” Econometrica 47 (1979), 153-61;
54. Forrest D. Nelson, “Censored Regression Models with Unobserved Stochastic Censoring Thresholds,” Journal of Econometrics 6 (1977), 309-25.
55. Achen, The Statistical Analysis of Quasi-Experiments, 99.
56. See, for example, Mazmanian, Third Parties in Presidential Elections, 77-78.
57. Pinard, The Rise of a Third Party, 136-61.