Money for Keeling: Monitoring CO2 levels

Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences

Volumn 37, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 435-452

  Weart, Spencer R ^a  

^a AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34248221599     PISSN: 08909997     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/hsps.2007.37.2.435     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. This text is adapted from an essay on the Web site: Spencer Weart, "The discovery of global warming," http://www.aip.org/history/climate/Kfunds.htm (2002-2005).
2. The chief adaptation was to remove unnecessary overlap with Weart, "Global warming, cold war, and the evolution of research plans," HSPS, 27:2 (1997), 319-356 (q.v. for additional material), and to add explanatory material from other essays on the climate Web site.
3. My interest in funding goes back to my work with Paul Forman and J.L. Heilbron, "Physics circa 1900: Personnel, funding, and productivity of the academic establishments," which constituted the entirety of HSPS, 5 (1975).
4. For background on this and more details on the work through 1960 see Weart (ref 1).
5. Erik Eriksson, "Report on an informal conference in atmospheric chemistry held at the Meteorological Institute, University of Stockholm, May 24-26, 1954," Tellus, 6 (1954), 302-307.
6. 2 in the air, with current data for Scandinavia," Tellus, 7 (1955), 258-265;
7. Fonselius et al., "Carbon dioxide variations in the atmosphere," Tellus, 8 (1956), 176-183.
8. "Hopeless" expressed by C.-G. Rossby, in "Current problems in meteorology," in Bert Bolin, ed., The atmosphere and the sea in motion (New York, 1959), 9-50, on 15.
9. Hans E. Suess, "Radiocarbon concentration in modern wood," Science, 122 (1955), 415-417.
10. 2 during the past decades," Tellus, 9 (1956), 18-27.
11. For general background see Weart, "International cooperation" (June 2005), http://www.aip.org/history/climate/Internat.htm.
12. On the inadequate instrumental technique, see Eric From and Charles D. Keeling, "Reassessment of late 19th-century atmospheric carbon dioxide variations," Tellus, 38B (1986), 87-105, on 88.
13. Here and below see also Jonathan Weiner, The next one hundred years: Shaping the fate of our living Earth (New York, 1990), 15-25;
14. Gale E. Christianson, Greenhouse: The 200-year story of global warming (New York, 1999), 152-154, and Keeling, interview by Weart, Jan 1995, Niels Bohr Library, AIP.
15. Harrison Brown, The challenge of man's future (New York, 1954).
16. G.N. Plass, "Effect of carbon dioxide variations on climate," American journal of physics, 24 (1956), 376-387.
17. For details see Weart, "Basic radiation calculations" (Jan 2005), http://www.aip.org/history/climate/Radmath.htm.
18. 2 research," in John Miller, ed., Mauna Loa Observatory. A 20th anniversary report (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration special report, September 1978) (Boulder, CO, 1978), 36-54, quote on 40 (online at http://www.mlo.noaa.gov/HISTORY/Fhistory.htm). Similarly, Keeling interview (ref. 8).
19. For all this, see also Keeling, "Rewards and penalties of monitoring the Earth," Annual review of energy and the environment, 23 (1998), 25-82.
20. Keeling, "The concentration and isotopic abundances of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere," Tellus, 12 (1960), 200-203.
21. Keeling interview (ref. 8);
22. Keeling, "influence(ref. 11);
23. Keeling, "Rewards" (ref. 11), 46.
24. Keeling, "influence" (ref. 11), 52.
25. Berrien Moore III, personal communication, Sep 1989. Here and below also Keeling, interviews by Weart, confidential communications from others, and papers in various files I saw at NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD.
26. President's Science Advisory Committee, Restoring the quality of our environment. Report of the Environmental Pollution Panel (Washington, D.C., 1965), 26. The panel recommended funding through "the U.S. Weather Bureau and its collaborators," 127.
27. Roger Revelle, interview by Earl Droessler, Feb 1989, A1P.
28. Anonymous review, Oct 1979, folder "Grant - NSF ATM79-25965 Proposal," Keeling office files, SIO; Keeling, "Rewards" (ref. 11), 51-52, 56-57.
29. President's Science Advisory Committee (ref. 16), 26.
30. National Academy of Sciences, Committee on Atmospheric Sciences Panel on Weather and Climate Modification, Weather and climate modification: problems and prospects (2 vols., Washington, D.C., 1966), 1, quote on 20, budget on 16.
31. David Hart, "Strategies of research policy advocacy: Anthropogenic climate change research, 1957-1974" (Cambridge, Harvard University report 92-08, 1992).
32. Hart (ref. 21), 32-33,
33. citing U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Appropriations, "Appropriations for State, Justice, Commerce" for FY 1967-1975.
34. L. Machta, "A history of the Air Resources Laboratory," Draft, Feb 1990.
35. Keeling, "Rewards" (ref. 11), 51-52.
36. Charles D. Keeling, R.B. Bacastow, Q.E. Bainbridge, et al., "Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations at Mauna Loa Observatory," Tellus, 28 (1976), 538-551, on 551. In such papers institutions are acknowledged at the outset by listing authors' affiliations.
37. Domestic Council, Environmental Resources Committee, Subcommittee on Climate Change, A United States climate program (Washington, D.C. 1974).
38. Further details at Weart, "Government: The view from Washington, D.C." (Feb 2005), http://www.aip.org/history/climate/Govt.htm.
39. J.A. Laurmann, "Climate research," Science, 191 (1976), 1002-1005.
40. Broecker to Robert Seamans, 17 Mar 1976, copy in Revelle Papers, MC619:32, SIO.
41. D.H. Slade, "Plan for the DOE carbon dioxide effects program," 14 Oct 1977, William Mitchell Papers, NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD.
42. 2 research priorities," Science news (3 Dec 1977), 375.
43. Various plans in Revelle Papers, MC6 12:15, SIO.
44. William P. Elliott, Diaries (1977-1989), Elliott papers on carbon dioxide and climate change, A1P. Quotes from 13 Nov 1978 and 21 Aug 1980.
45. 2 history" file, office files of Wallace Broecker, Lamont-Doherty Geophysical Observatory, Palisades, NY.
46. A list of stations with dates is at the NOAA site http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/ccgg/flask/ccgnetwork.dat.
47. Keeling, "Rewards" (ref. 11), 56-61;
48. Robert G. Fleagle, Global environmental change. Interactions of science, policy, and politics in the United States (Westport, CT, 1994), 126.
49. Main supporters were Reps. George Brown (CA), along-time friend of science, and James Scheuer (NY). Stephen H Schneider, Global warming: Are we entering the greenhouse century? (San Francisco, 1989), 121-130;
50. James E. Jensen, "An unholy trinity: Science, politics and the press" (unpublished talk), 1990.
51. Elliott (ref. 31), 18 June 1982;
52. Keeling "Rewards" (ref. 11), 60-61, 66;
53. 2 transport based on observed winds," in David H. Peterson, ed., Aspects of climate variability in the Pacific and the western Americas (AGU monograph 55), ed. (Washington, D.C., 1989), 165-363, on 231-232.