Introducing the External Link Model for Studying Spine Fixation and Misalignment: Part 2, Biomechanical Features

Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 279-294

  Henderson, Charles N R ^a   Cramer, Gregory D ^b   Zhang, Qiang ^c   DeVocht, James W ^a   Fournier, Jaeson T ^a  

^a PALMER CENTER FOR CHIROPRACTIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^b NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

^c Ingham County Health Department ^*

Author keywords

Animal; Chiropractic; Immobilization; Models; Spine

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION; BIOMECHANICS; CHIROPRACTIC; CONTROLLED STUDY; EXPERIMENTAL MODEL; IMMOBILIZATION; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK; JOINT FUNCTION; JOINT MOBILITY; JOINT STIFFNESS; MALE; MECHANICAL STRESS; MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS; NONHUMAN; RAT; SPINE; SPINE RADIOGRAPHY; SPINE STABILIZATION; SPRAGUE DAWLEY RAT; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; TEST RETEST RELIABILITY; VERTEBRA DISLOCATION;

ANIMALS; BIOMECHANICS; BONE MALALIGNMENT; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; EXTERNAL FIXATORS; LINEAR MODELS; MALE; MANIPULATION, CHIROPRACTIC; RATS; RATS, SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; REFERENCE VALUES; SPINE;

EID: 34248219854     PISSN: 01614754     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2007.03.002     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Rosner A.L. The role of subluxation in chiropractic (1997), Foundation for Chiropractic Education and Research, Arlington (Va)
2. Leach R.A., and Pickar J.G. Segmental dysfunction hypothesis: joint and muscle pathology and facilitation. In: Leach R.A. (Ed). The chiropractic theories (2005-2005), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 137-206
3. Henderson C.N.R. Three neurophysiologic theories on the chiropractic subluxation. In: Gatterman M.I. (Ed). Foundations of chiropractic: subluxation (2005), Elsevier Mosby, St Louis 296-303
4. Henderson C.N.R., Cramer G.D., Zhang Q., De Vocht J.W., and Fournier J.T. Introducing the external link model (ELM) for studying spine fixation and misalignment: Part 1, Need, rationale, and application. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 30 (2007) 239-245
5. National Research Council. Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. 7th ed (1996), National Academy Press, Washington (DC)
6. Latimer J., Lee M., Goodsell M., Maher C., Wilkinson B., and Adams R. Instrumented measurement of spinal stiffness. Man Ther 1 (1996) 204-209
7. Latimer J., Goodsell M.M., Lee M., Maher C.G., Wilkinson B.N., and Moran C.C. Evaluation of a new device for measuring responses to posteroanterior forces in a patient population, Part 1: Reliability testing. Phys Ther 76 (1996) 158-165
8. White A., and Panjabi M.M. Clinical biomechanics of the spine. 2nd ed. (1990), J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia
9. 2000 Report of the AVMA Panel on Euthanasia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 218 (2001) 669-696
10. Seffinger M., Adams A., Najm W., et al. Spinal palpatory diagnostic procedures utilized by practitioners of spinal manipulation: annotated bibliography of content validity and reliability studies. J Can Chiropr Assoc 47 (2003) 93-109
11. Chiradejnant A., Maher C.G., and Latimer J. Objective manual assessment of lumbar posteroanterior stiffness is now possible. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 26 (2003) 34-39
12. In: Maitland G.D., Hengeveld E., Banks K., and English K. (Eds). Maitland's Vertebral Manipulation. 6th ed (2001), Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford (UK)
13. Jull G. Examination of the articular system. In: Boyling J., and Palastanga N. (Eds). Grieve's modern manual therapy: the vertebral column (1994), Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 520-522
14. Bergman T.F., Peterson D.H., and Lawrence D.J. Chiropractic technique: principles and practice (1993), Churchill Livingstone, New York
15. Maher C.G., Latimer J., and Adams R. An investigation of the reliability and validity of posteroanterior spinal stiffness judgments made using a reference-based protocol. Phys Ther 78 (1998) 829-837
16. Lee M., and Svenson N.L. Measurement of stiffness during simulated spinal physiotherapy. Clin Phys Physiol Meas 11 (1990) 201-207
17. Edmondston S.J., Allison G.T., Gregg C.D., Purden S.M., Svansson G.R., and Watson A.E. Effect of position on the posteroanterior stiffness of the lumbar spine. Man Ther 3 (1998) 21-26
18. Lee M., and Liversidge K. Posteroanterior stiffness at three locations in the lumbar spine. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 17 (1994) 511-516
19. Viner A., Lee M., and Adams R. Posteroanterior stiffness in the lumbosacral spine: the correlation between adjacent vertebral levels. Spine 22 (1997) 2724-2730
20. Lee M., and Svensson N.L. Effect of loading frequency on response of the spine to lumbar posteroanterior forces. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 16 (1993) 439-446
21. Lee M., Latimer J., and Maher C. Manipulation: investigation of a proposed mechanism. Clin Biomech 8 (1993) 302-306
22. Erulkar J.S., Grauer J.N., Ch P.T., and Panjabi M.M. Flexibility analysis of posterolateral fusions in a New Zealand white rabbit model. Spine 26 (2001) 1125-1130
23. Lee C.K., and Langrana N.A. Lumbosacral spinal fusion. A biomechanical study. Spine 9 (1984) 574-581
24. Nibu K., Panjabi M.M., Oxland T., and Cholewicki J. Multidirectional stabilizing potential of BAK interbody spinal fusion system for anterior surgery. Nature 10 (1997) 357-362
25. Abumi K., Panjabi M.M., and Duranceau J. Biomechanical evaluation of spinal fixation devices: Part III. Stability provided by six spinal fixation devices and interbody bone graft. Spine 14 (1989) 1245-1248
26. Panjabi M.M., Abumi K., Duranceau J., and Crisco J.J. Biomechanical evaluation of spinal fixation devices: II. Stability provided by eight internal fixation devices. Spine 13 (1988) 1135-1140
27. Moravec S.J., and Cleall J.F. An assessment of posture in bipedal rats. Am J Anat 180 (1987) 357-364
28. Cramer G.D. The lumbar region. In: Cramer G.D., and Darby S. (Eds). Basic and clinical anatomy of the spine, spinal cord, and ANS (2005), Elsevier Mosby, St Louis 242-307
29. Leach R.A. The chiropractic theories: a textbook of scientific research. 4th ed (2004), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia
30. Muggleton J.M., Kondracki M., and Allen R. Spinal fusion for lumbar instability: does it have a scientific basis?. J Spinal Disord 13 (2000) 200-204
31. Thomas E., Silman A.J., Papageorgiou A.C., and Macfarlnae G.J. Association between measures of spinal mobility and low back pain: an analysis of new attenders in primary care. Spine 23 (1998) 343-347
32. Stoddard A. Manual of osteopathic practice (1983), Hutchinson and Company, London
33. Grob D., Dvorak J., Panjabi M.M., and Antinnes J.A. Fixateur externe an der Halswirbelsäule, ein neues diagnostishes Mittel. Der Unfallchirurg 96 (1996) 416-421
34. Jull G., Bogduk N., and Marsland A. The accuracy of manual diagnosis for cervical zygapophysial joint pain syndromes. Med J Aust 148 (1988) 233-236
35. Phillips D.R., and Twomey L.T. A comparison of manual diagnosis with a diagnosis established by a uni-level lumbar spinal block procedure. Man Ther 2 (1996) 82-87
36. Latimer J., Lee M., Adams R., and Moran C.M. An investigation of the relationship between low back pain and lumbar posteroanterior stiffness. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 19 (1996) 587-591
37. Mootz R.D. Theoretic models of subluxation. In: Gatterman M.I. (Ed). Foundations of chiropractic: subluxation (2005), Elsevier Mosby, St Louis 227-244
38. Cramer G.D., Fournier J.T., Henderson C.N.R., and Wolcott C.C. Degenerative changes following spinal fixation in a small animal model. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 27 (2004) 141-154
39. Palmer B.J. The subluxation specific-the adjustment specific (1934), Palmer School of Chiropractic, Davenport
40. Smith O.G., Langworthy S.M., and Paxson M.C. Subluxations. Modernized chiropractic (1906), Laurance Press, Cedar Rapids 23-29
41. In: Gatterman M.I. (Ed). Foundations of chiropractic: subluxation. 2nd ed. (2005), Elsevier Mosby, St Louis
42. Cassidy J.D., Yong-Hing K., Kirkaldy-Willis W.H., and Wilkinson A.A. A study of the effects of bipedism and upright posture on the lumbosacral spine and paravertebral muscles of the Wistar rat. Spine 13 (1988) 301-308
43. Chen Y.P., Yang Y., and Chen B.X. Immunological studies of osteoarthritis in bipedal rats. Chin Med J 104 (1991) 204-207
44. Yao W., Jee W.S., Chen J., Tam C.S., Setterberg R.B., and Frost H.M. Erect bipedal stance exercise partially prevents orchidectomy-induced bone loss in the lumbar vertebrae of rats. Bone 27 (2000) 667-675
45. Yao W., Jee W.S., Chen J., Liu H., Tam C.S., Cui L., et al. Making rats rise to erect bipedal stance for feeding partially prevented orchidectomy-induced bone loss and added bone to intact rats. J Bone Miner Res 15 (2000) 1158-1168