메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 33, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 325-341

Jambanja: Ideological ambiguities in the politics of land and resouce ownership in Zimbabwe

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTHORITARIANISM; CITIZENSHIP; ETHNOPOLITICS; LAND RIGHTS; LANDOWNERSHIP; MARGINALIZATION; POWER RELATIONS; RACIAL IDENTITY; SOCIAL JUSTICE;

EID: 34248212340     PISSN: 03057070     EISSN: 14653893     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03057070701292616     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (66)

References (130)
  • 2
    • 34248136554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See B. Raftopoulos, 'Nationalism and Labour in Salisbury, 1953-1965', in B. Raftopoulos and T. Yoshikuni (eds), Sites of Struggle: Essays in Zimbabwe's Urban History (Harare, Weaver, 1999), p. 131
    • See B. Raftopoulos, 'Nationalism and Labour in Salisbury, 1953-1965', in B. Raftopoulos and T. Yoshikuni (eds), Sites of Struggle: Essays in Zimbabwe's Urban History (Harare, Weaver, 1999), p. 131
  • 4
    • 34248150036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Census 2002
    • See Government of Zimbabwe, Harare, Central Statistical Office
    • See Government of Zimbabwe, Census 2002, Zimbabwe Preliminary Report (Harare, Central Statistical Office, 2002)
    • (2002) Zimbabwe Preliminary Report
  • 5
    • 33745107534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards a Historical Understanding of the Making of the Coloured Community in Zimbabwe, 1890-1920
    • December
    • J. Muzondidya, 'Towards a Historical Understanding of the Making of the Coloured Community in Zimbabwe, 1890-1920', Identity, Culture and Politics, 3, 2 (December 2002), p. 84.
    • (2002) Identity, Culture and Politics , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 84
    • Muzondidya, J.1
  • 6
    • 34248164612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • By the mid-1920s locally born Coloureds outnumbered Coloureds of foreign origin. See Southern Rhodesia, Report of the Director of Census Regarding the Census of Population taken on the 11th of May 1926, Part 3 and Final (Salisbury, Government Printer, 1928), p. 38.
    • By the mid-1920s locally born Coloureds outnumbered Coloureds of foreign origin. See Southern Rhodesia, Report of the Director of Census Regarding the Census of Population taken on the 11th of May 1926, Part 3 and Final (Salisbury, Government Printer, 1928), p. 38.
  • 9
    • 34248182611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of the colonial state in the construction of racial identities in Africa in general and southern Africa in particular has been well documented in influential studies such as: T.O. Ranger, The Invention of Tribalism in Zimbabwe Gweru, Mambo Press, 1985
    • The role of the colonial state in the construction of racial identities in Africa in general and southern Africa in particular has been well documented in influential studies such as: T.O. Ranger, The Invention of Tribalism in Zimbabwe (Gweru, Mambo Press, 1985)
  • 13
    • 34248167720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Firearms Act (1891) defined native as 'any person being, or being a descendant of, any aboriginal native of Africa'; Asian as 'all Chinese, Indians and Malays or their descendants' and Coloured as 'any person other than an Asiatic or native who has the blood of an Asiatic or native'. 'European' referred to people of Caucasian or European descent who mainly constituted white society. See Southern Rhodesia, Statute Law of Southern Rhodesia, from the Charter to 1910 (Salisbury, Government Printer, 1912), p. 270.
    • The Firearms Act (1891) defined native as 'any person being, or being a descendant of, any aboriginal native of Africa'; Asian as 'all Chinese, Indians and Malays or their descendants' and Coloured as 'any person other than an Asiatic or native who has the blood of an Asiatic or native'. 'European' referred to people of Caucasian or European descent who mainly constituted white society. See Southern Rhodesia, Statute Law of Southern Rhodesia, from the Charter to 1910 (Salisbury, Government Printer, 1912), p. 270.
  • 17
    • 34248191907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Coloured Community in Zimbabwe
    • 78
    • Muzondidya, 'The Coloured Community in Zimbabwe', pp. 74-5, 78, 90-91.
    • Muzondidya1
  • 18
    • 34248160113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Southern Rhodesia, Statute Law of Southern Rhodesia, from Charter to 1910, p. 321
    • Southern Rhodesia, Statute Law of Southern Rhodesia, from Charter to 1910, p. 321
  • 23
    • 34248165597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. Muzondidya, 'The State, Local Government, Local Capital and the Residential Segregation of Minorities: The Case of Coloureds and Indians in Salisbury, 1890-1945' (MA dissertation, University of Zimbabwe, 1996), pp. 70-86.
    • J. Muzondidya, 'The State, Local Government, Local Capital and the Residential Segregation of Minorities: The Case of Coloureds and Indians in Salisbury, 1890-1945' (MA dissertation, University of Zimbabwe, 1996), pp. 70-86.
  • 27
    • 33645122141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Belonging to the Farm(er): Farm Workers, Farmers and the Shifting Politics of Citizenship
    • A. Hammar, B. Raftopoulos and S. Jensen eds, Harare, Weaver Press
    • B. Rutherford, 'Belonging to the Farm(er): Farm Workers, Farmers and the Shifting Politics of Citizenship', in A. Hammar, B. Raftopoulos and S. Jensen (eds), Zimbabwe's Unfinished Business: Rethinking Land, State and Nation in the Context of Crisis (Harare, Weaver Press, 2003), p. 202.
    • (2003) Zimbabwe's Unfinished Business: Rethinking Land, State and Nation in the Context of Crisis , pp. 202
    • Rutherford, B.1
  • 35
    • 34248137070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Association for the Advancement of Mixed Race Coloureds hereafter NAAC, August, available at, retrieved on 13 February 2004
    • National Association for the Advancement of Mixed Race Coloureds (hereafter NAAC), Baseline Study on the Situation of Coloured People in Zimbabwe (August 2003), pp. 29-30, available at www.kubatana.net/ docs/resour/naacbls0308.doc, retrieved on 13 February 2004.
    • (2003) Baseline Study on the Situation of Coloured People in Zimbabwe , pp. 29-30
  • 41
    • 34248146645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See ZNA, LG93/44, City of Salisbury, Town Clerk, Council Meetings, 1 May 1940.
    • See ZNA, LG93/44, City of Salisbury, Town Clerk, Council Meetings, 1 May 1940.
  • 42
    • 34248180199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ZNA, S3279/2/413, Prime Minister, Correspondence, Minister of Local Government and Housing, Memorandum on Property Owners (Residential Protection) Bill, n.d., 1967.
    • ZNA, S3279/2/413, Prime Minister, Correspondence, Minister of Local Government and Housing, Memorandum on Property Owners (Residential Protection) Bill, n.d., 1967.
  • 44
    • 1342305729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Situation of Farm Workers after Land Reform in Zimbabwe
    • May, available at, retrieved on 13 February
    • L.M. Sachikonye, The Situation of Farm Workers after Land Reform in Zimbabwe. A Report Prepared for the Farm Community Trust of Zimbabwe (May 2003), available at www.oxfam.org.uk/what_we_do/issues/livelihoods/ landrights/downloads/zimfwsit.rtf, retrieved on 13 February 2004
    • (2003) A Report Prepared for the Farm Community Trust of Zimbabwe
    • Sachikonye, L.M.1
  • 48
    • 34248158295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. Larmer and S. Kibble, 'Zimbabwe's Farm Workers: From Direct Development to Politicised Advocacy' (draft paper for the Britain-Zimbabwe Society Research Day, St Anthony's College, 16 June 2001).
    • M. Larmer and S. Kibble, 'Zimbabwe's Farm Workers: From Direct Development to Politicised Advocacy' (draft paper for the Britain-Zimbabwe Society Research Day, St Anthony's College, 16 June 2001).
  • 51
    • 34248152286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • My discussions with a number of Zimbabweans on the above issue revealed that most people viewed Patel's Asian background as making her 'more Indian than Zimbabwean'. See also 'Gorgeous Una Shines to the Top', Sunday Mail Magazine, 31 August 1997.
    • My discussions with a number of Zimbabweans on the above issue revealed that most people viewed Patel's Asian background as making her 'more Indian than Zimbabwean'. See also 'Gorgeous Una Shines to the Top', Sunday Mail Magazine, 31 August 1997.
  • 52
    • 34248175903 scopus 로고
    • Controversy Hits Beauty Contest
    • 16 August
    • 'Controversy Hits Beauty Contest', The Sunday News, 16 August 1987.
    • (1987) The Sunday News
  • 54
    • 34248179650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See 'Former Frolizi Fighters Denied Gratuity Payments', Zimbabwe Mirror, 19-25 January 1998.
    • See 'Former Frolizi Fighters Denied Gratuity Payments', Zimbabwe Mirror, 19-25 January 1998.
  • 55
    • 34248139069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, 24 February
    • See Herald, 24 February 1998.
    • (1998)
    • Herald1
  • 57
    • 34248161643 scopus 로고
    • Coloureds Want it Both Ways
    • 24 May
    • 'Coloureds Want it Both Ways', Sunday Mail, 24 May 1981
    • (1981) Sunday Mail
  • 58
    • 34248174470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coloureds Seek Accommodation in Empowerment Programmes
    • 20 April
    • 'Coloureds Seek Accommodation in Empowerment Programmes', Sunday Mail 20 April 1997.
    • (1997) Sunday Mail
  • 59
    • 34248201736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some Mixed Race People Feel out of Present Socio-Economic Set-up
    • 23 December
    • 'Some Mixed Race People Feel out of Present Socio-Economic Set-up', The Herald, 23 December 1996.
    • (1996) The Herald
  • 60
    • 0033930171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Land Reform and Changing Social Relations for Farm Workers in Zimbabwe
    • S. Moyo, B. Rutherford and D. Amanor-Wilks, 'Land Reform and Changing Social Relations for Farm Workers in Zimbabwe', Review of African Political Economy, 27, 84 (2000), p. 189.
    • (2000) Review of African Political Economy , vol.27 , Issue.84 , pp. 189
    • Moyo, S.1    Rutherford, B.2    Amanor-Wilks, D.3
  • 64
    • 34248220065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Under the Rhodesian numerical code system, every 'Native District' in the country was represented by a specific code and every adult native was issued a national identity card, with a code indicating one's district of origin. Coloureds, Indians and whites, regarded as being all urban groups, had the code '00' on their identification records.
    • Under the Rhodesian numerical code system, every 'Native District' in the country was represented by a specific code and every adult native was issued a national identity card, with a code indicating one's district of origin. Coloureds, Indians and whites, regarded as being all urban groups, had the code '00' on their identification records.
  • 65
    • 33749055844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nation, Race, History in Zimbabwean Politics
    • B. Raftopoulos and T. Savage eds, Cape Town, Institute for Justice and Reconciliation
    • B. Raftopoulos, 'Nation, Race, History in Zimbabwean Politics', in B. Raftopoulos and T. Savage (eds), Zimbabwe: Injustice and Political Reconciliation (Cape Town, Institute for Justice and Reconciliation, 2004), p. 160.
    • (2004) Zimbabwe: Injustice and Political Reconciliation , pp. 160
    • Raftopoulos, B.1
  • 66
    • 75749116857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remain United: President
    • 30 November
    • 'Remain United: President', The Herald, 30 November 2004.
    • (2004) The Herald
  • 67
    • 34248232099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gandhi and Jambaya (2002), pp. 4, 12
    • Gandhi and Jambaya (2002), pp. 4, 12
  • 68
    • 34248230838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • as cited in Raftopoulos, 'Nation, Race, History in Zimbabwean Politics', p. 162
    • as cited in Raftopoulos, 'Nation, Race, History in Zimbabwean Politics', p. 162
  • 69
    • 5744224600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The State in Crisis: Authoritarianism, Selective Citizenship and Distortions of Democracy in Zimbabwe
    • Hammar et al, eds
    • B. Raftopoulos, 'The State in Crisis: Authoritarianism, Selective Citizenship and Distortions of Democracy in Zimbabwe', in Hammar et al. (eds), Zimbabwe's Unfinished Business, p. 230.
    • Zimbabwe's Unfinished Business , pp. 230
    • Raftopoulos, B.1
  • 70
    • 84882958286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zanu-PF Accused of Tribalism
    • 14 October
    • 'Zanu-PF Accused of Tribalism', Daily News, 14 October 2002.
    • (2002) Daily News
  • 71
    • 34248212868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coloureds Treated with Utter Disdain at Government Offices
    • 12 July
    • 'Coloureds Treated with Utter Disdain at Government Offices', The Daily News, 12 July 2002.
    • (2002) The Daily News
  • 72
    • 34248149023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urban Dwellers not Zimbabwean - MP
    • 1 July
    • 'Urban Dwellers not Zimbabwean - MP', The Zimbabwe Independent, 1 July 2005.
    • (2005) The Zimbabwe Independent
  • 73
    • 34248150523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coloureds Stuck in the Middle of Nowhere
    • See, 28 September
    • See 'Coloureds Stuck in the Middle of Nowhere', Daily News, 28 September 2002
    • (2002) Daily News
  • 74
    • 34248173542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coloureds Want a Piece of the Indigenisation Cake
    • 4 April
    • 'Coloureds Want a Piece of the Indigenisation Cake', Sunday Mail, 4 April 2001
    • (2001) Sunday Mail
  • 75
    • 34248150033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Whites Were Not the Only Race Coming Under Attack', 3 December 2002, available at www.goffal.com/goffalnews/racism%20against%20Coloureds.htm, retrieved on 16 February 2003.
    • 'Whites Were Not the Only Race Coming Under Attack', 3 December 2002, available at www.goffal.com/goffalnews/racism%20against%20Coloureds.htm, retrieved on 16 February 2003.
  • 76
    • 34248156839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Crisis in Zimbabwe Coalition, 'Not in Our Name: Women Farm Workers and Land Redistribution in Zimbabwe', Feminist Knowledge, n.d., available at http://www.gwsafrica.org/knowledge/zim2.html, retrieved on 28 June 2006
    • See Crisis in Zimbabwe Coalition, 'Not in Our Name: Women Farm Workers and Land Redistribution in Zimbabwe', Feminist Knowledge, n.d., available at http://www.gwsafrica.org/knowledge/zim2.html, retrieved on 28 June 2006
  • 77
    • 34248144533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opinion: Zimbabwe and its Xenophobic Neighbours
    • 10 July
    • 'Opinion: Zimbabwe and its Xenophobic Neighbours', The Sunday Mirror 10 July 2005.
    • (2005) The Sunday Mirror
  • 78
    • 34248225460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Also see online discussions on 'Mugabe Warns MDC Against Attempting to Overthrow Him', Zimdaily Weekend Edition, 10 October 2005, available at http://weekender.zimdaily.com/news/article.php/ 20051009153203360, retrieved on 28 June 2006.
    • Also see online discussions on 'Mugabe Warns MDC Against Attempting to Overthrow Him', Zimdaily Weekend Edition, 10 October 2005, available at http://weekender.zimdaily.com/news/article.php/ 20051009153203360, retrieved on 28 June 2006.
  • 79
    • 34248166125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The character of a 'village idiot' in almost every popular Zimbabwean drama is a Zimbabwean of Malawian, Zambian or Mozambican descent. Most of Zimbabwe's popular singers have at some point in their careers produced a song caricaturing these Zimbabwean population groups.
    • The character of a 'village idiot' in almost every popular Zimbabwean drama is a Zimbabwean of Malawian, Zambian or Mozambican descent. Most of Zimbabwe's popular singers have at some point in their careers produced a song caricaturing these Zimbabwean population groups.
  • 80
    • 34248199502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Communal lands, as Rutherford has rightly argued, have been associated with the nation, the backbone or defining character of the nation itself. See
    • Communal lands, as Rutherford has rightly argued, have been associated with the nation - the backbone or defining character of the nation itself. See Rutherford, 'Belonging to the Farmer', p. 200.
    • Belonging to the Farmer , pp. 200
    • Rutherford1
  • 81
    • 27144555562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, 18 June, available at, retrieved on 29 June
    • See Sokwanele, '"Operation Murambatsvina": An Overview and Summary', 18 June 2005, available at www.sokwanele.com/articles/sokwanele/opmuramboverview18june 2005.html; retrieved on 29 June 2005
    • (2005) Operation Murambatsvina: An Overview and Summary
    • Sokwanele1
  • 82
    • 34248189265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Massive Fuel Hike in Zimbabwe', Mail and Guardian Online (29 June 2005), available at www.mg.co.za/articlepage.aspx?area=/breakingnews/ breakingnewsafrica/&articleid=244061, retrieved on 29 June 2005.
    • 'Massive Fuel Hike in Zimbabwe', Mail and Guardian Online (29 June 2005), available at www.mg.co.za/articlepage.aspx?area=/breakingnews/ breakingnewsafrica/&articleid=244061, retrieved on 29 June 2005.
  • 83
    • 34248226992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Human Rights Watch, 'Clear the Filth: Mass Evictions and Demolitions in Zimbabwe' (11 September 2005), pp. 31-2, available at http://hrw.org/backgrounder/africa/zimbabwe0905/zimbabwe0905.pdf, retrieved on 12 March 2006.
    • See Human Rights Watch, '"Clear the Filth": Mass Evictions and Demolitions in Zimbabwe' (11 September 2005), pp. 31-2, available at http://hrw.org/backgrounder/africa/zimbabwe0905/zimbabwe0905.pdf, retrieved on 12 March 2006.
  • 84
    • 34248140275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Human Rights Forum, 'Human Rights and Zimbabwe's Presidential Election: March 2002' (May 2002), available at http://www.hrforumzim.com/ special_hrru/SpecialReport_4_2002%20Election/SR04.htm, retrieved on 11 December 2004.
    • See Human Rights Forum, 'Human Rights and Zimbabwe's Presidential Election: March 2002' (May 2002), available at http://www.hrforumzim.com/ special_hrru/SpecialReport_4_2002%20Election/SR04.htm, retrieved on 11 December 2004.
  • 85
    • 34248189264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Government of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe Government Gazette, 14 February
    • See Government of Zimbabwe, Citizenship of Zimbabwe Amendment Act 2003 (Zimbabwe Government Gazette, 14 February 2003).
    • (2003) Citizenship of Zimbabwe Amendment Act 2003
  • 86
    • 34248214770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See 'The Ghost Voters, the Exiles, the Non-citizens: An Election of Exclusion', Cape Times, 31 March 2005.
    • See 'The Ghost Voters, the Exiles, the Non-citizens: An Election of Exclusion', Cape Times, 31 March 2005.
  • 87
    • 34248173042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See 'Bennett's Wife to Stand for Chimanimani', Zimbabwe Standard, 20 February 2005.
    • See 'Bennett's Wife to Stand for Chimanimani', Zimbabwe Standard, 20 February 2005.
  • 88
    • 34248160115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See 'Regularize Citizenship Status: RG's Office', The Herald, 18 January 2005
    • See 'Regularize Citizenship Status: RG's Office', The Herald, 18 January 2005
  • 89
    • 34248166644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'ZEC Outlines Category of Non-Eligible Voters', The Herald, Zimbabwe, 17 November 2005; Human Rights Forum, 'Human Rights and Zimbabwe's Presidential Election'.
    • 'ZEC Outlines Category of Non-Eligible Voters', The Herald, Zimbabwe, 17 November 2005; Human Rights Forum, 'Human Rights and Zimbabwe's Presidential Election'.
  • 94
    • 12444306824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Government of Zimbabwe, Harare, Ministry of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare
    • Government of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe Farm Workers Survey (Harare, Ministry of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare, 2001), p. 7
    • (2001) Zimbabwe Farm Workers Survey , pp. 7
  • 97
    • 34248173542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coloureds Want a Piece of the Indigenisation Cake
    • 4 April
    • 'Coloureds Want a Piece of the Indigenisation Cake', Sunday Mail, 4 April 2001.
    • (2001) Sunday Mail
  • 99
    • 34248168823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.
  • 100
    • 34248217647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Zim's Coloureds Want their Share', Dispatch Online, 8 September 2001, available at http://www.dispatch.co.za/2001/09/08/features/ COLOURED.HTM, retrieved on 10 December 2002
    • 'Zim's Coloureds Want their Share', Dispatch Online, 8 September 2001, available at http://www.dispatch.co.za/2001/09/08/features/ COLOURED.HTM, retrieved on 10 December 2002
  • 101
    • 34248150523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coloureds - Stuck in the Middle of Nowhere
    • 28 September
    • 'Coloureds - Stuck in the Middle of Nowhere', Daily News, 28 September 2002.
    • (2002) Daily News
  • 102
    • 34248173542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coloureds Want a Piece of the Indigenisation Cake
    • 4 April
    • 'Coloureds Want a Piece of the Indigenisation Cake', Sunday Mail, 4 April 2001.
    • (2001) Sunday Mail
  • 103
    • 34248141823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The leading local Zanu-PF politicians in this case included the then Governor of Matabeleland North Province, Obert Mpofu, who was accused by Mandaza of trying to exclude him from the property on 'tribal grounds, See 'Fracas at Mandaza's Farms as War Vets Fight Eviction, The Standard, 13 July 2003; 104 'Mpofu/Mandaza in War of Words over Land, Zimbabwe Independent, 16 January 2004
    • The leading local Zanu-PF politicians in this case included the then Governor of Matabeleland North Province, Obert Mpofu, who was accused by Mandaza of trying to exclude him from the property on 'tribal grounds'. See 'Fracas at Mandaza's Farms as War Vets Fight Eviction', The Standard, 13 July 2003; 104 'Mpofu/Mandaza in War of Words over Land', Zimbabwe Independent, 16 January 2004.
  • 105
    • 34248212359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Politics of Land Acquisition and Struggles Over Land in the "Communal" Areas of Zimbabwe: The Case of the Gokwe Region of Northwestern Zimbabwe in the 1980s and 1990s
    • See also
    • See also P.S. Nyambara, 'The Politics of Land Acquisition and Struggles Over Land in the "Communal" Areas of Zimbabwe: The Case of the Gokwe Region of Northwestern Zimbabwe in the 1980s and 1990s', Africa, 71, 2 (2001), pp. 54-108.
    • (2001) Africa , vol.71 , Issue.2 , pp. 54-108
    • Nyambara, P.S.1
  • 106
    • 34248198981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tribalism Alleged in Evictions
    • See, 7 November
    • See 'Tribalism Alleged in Evictions', Daily News, 7 November 2002.
    • (2002) Daily News
  • 108
    • 34248180198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zimbabwe Threat to Asian Property
    • South Africa, 25 April
    • 'Zimbabwe Threat to Asian Property', Business Day (South Africa), 25 April 2002.
    • (2002) Business Day
  • 109
    • 34248164610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.
  • 110
    • 34248197653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Whites Were Not the Only Race Coming Under Attack', 3 December 2002, available at www.goffal.com/goffalnews/racism%20against%20Coloureds.htm, retrieved on 16 February 2003.
    • 'Whites Were Not the Only Race Coming Under Attack', 3 December 2002, available at www.goffal.com/goffalnews/racism%20against%20Coloureds.htm, retrieved on 16 February 2003.
  • 111
    • 34248193443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.
  • 112
    • 34248201735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.
  • 113
    • 84857575767 scopus 로고
    • Asian Political Activity in Rhodesia from the Second World War to 1972
    • Indian businessmen, such as the late Bulawayo business baron Manilal Naran, as well as Kantibhai Patel, the Zanu-PF Deputy Secretary for Finance who was recently appointed Senator, are examples of Indian leaders whose political and economic links with the nationalist leaders go back to the days of the struggle. See
    • Indian businessmen, such as the late Bulawayo business baron Manilal Naran, as well as Kantibhai Patel, the Zanu-PF Deputy Secretary for Finance who was recently appointed Senator, are examples of Indian leaders whose political and economic links with the nationalist leaders go back to the days of the struggle. See H.H. Patel, 'Asian Political Activity in Rhodesia from the Second World War to 1972', Rhodesian History, 9, 1978, pp. 70-80
    • (1978) Rhodesian History , vol.9 , pp. 70-80
    • Patel, H.H.1
  • 115
    • 34248208741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Top Zimbabwean Businessman Naran Dies', Newzimbabwe.com, 7 August 2005, available at www.newzimbabwe.com/pages/inflation32.12948.html, retrieved on 7 August 2005
    • 'Top Zimbabwean Businessman Naran Dies', Newzimbabwe.com, 7 August 2005, available at www.newzimbabwe.com/pages/inflation32.12948.html, retrieved on 7 August 2005
  • 116
    • 34248187208 scopus 로고
    • Come Out and Join Us, Coloureds, Asians Told
    • 2 November
    • 'Come Out and Join Us, Coloureds, Asians Told', The Sunday News, 2 November 1986.
    • (1986) The Sunday News
  • 117
    • 34248217122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • War Vet Leader Ndlovu in Court Again
    • 19 September
    • 'War Vet Leader Ndlovu in Court Again', Daily News, 19 September 2002.
    • (2002) Daily News
  • 118
    • 34248204309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preventing Conflict through Improved Policies on Land Tenure, Natural Resource Rights, and Migration in the Great Lakes Region
    • January
    • C. Huggins, 'Preventing Conflict through Improved Policies on Land Tenure, Natural Resource Rights, and Migration in the Great Lakes Region', Eco-Conflicts, 3, 1 (January 2004), p. 3.
    • (2004) Eco-Conflicts , vol.3 , Issue.1 , pp. 3
    • Huggins, C.1
  • 119
    • 34248153868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Ibid.
    • See Ibid.
  • 120
    • 11144285415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Citizenship, Political Violence and Democratisation in Africa
    • G. Nzongola-Ntalaja, 'Citizenship, Political Violence and Democratisation in Africa', Global Governance, 10 (2004), p. 405.
    • (2004) Global Governance , vol.10 , pp. 405
    • Nzongola-Ntalaja, G.1
  • 125
    • 0037663203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethnicity and Conflict in Angola: Prospects for Reconciliation
    • See, J. Cilliers and C. Dietrich eds, Pretoria, Institute of Security Studies
    • See A. Malaquias, 'Ethnicity and Conflict in Angola: Prospects for Reconciliation', in J. Cilliers and C. Dietrich (eds), Angola's War Economy: The Role of Oil and Diamonds (Pretoria, Institute of Security Studies, 2000), p. 107.
    • (2000) Angola's War Economy: The Role of Oil and Diamonds , pp. 107
    • Malaquias, A.1
  • 129
    • 34248147146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Gbagbo's Bloody Blunder', Business in Africa Online, 13 January 2005, available at http://www.businessinafrica.net/newsfeatures/security/ 403569.htm, retrieved on 8 February 2006.
    • 'Gbagbo's Bloody Blunder', Business in Africa Online, 13 January 2005, available at http://www.businessinafrica.net/newsfeatures/security/ 403569.htm, retrieved on 8 February 2006.
  • 130
    • 34248194414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Citizenship at Heart of Ivorian Conflict', Independent Online (South Africa), 14 July 2005, available at http://www.iol.co.za/ index.php?setid=1&clickid=68&artid=qw112132728172R131, retrieved on 8 February 2006.
    • 'Citizenship at Heart of Ivorian Conflict', Independent Online (South Africa), 14 July 2005, available at http://www.iol.co.za/ index.php?setid=1&clickid=68&artid=qw112132728172R131, retrieved on 8 February 2006.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.