Critical developments in the assessment of personality disorder

British Journal of Psychiatry

Volumn 190, Issue SUPPL. 49, 2007, Pages

  Tyrer, Peter ^a   Coombs, Natalie ^a   Ibrahimi, Fatema ^b   Mathilakath, Anand ^c   Bajaj, Priya ^b   Ranger, Maja ^a   Rao, Bharti ^a   Din, Raana ^b  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b St Mary's Psychiatric Training Scheme   (United Kingdom)

^c West London Psychiatric Training Scheme   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY DISORDER; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; HISTORY OF MEDICINE; HUMAN; INTERRATER RELIABILITY; MEDICAL ERROR; OBSESSION; PERSONALITY DISORDER; PERSONALITY TEST; REVIEW; VALIDATION STUDY; CLASSIFICATION; FORECASTING; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; PSYCHOMETRY;

FORECASTING; HUMANS; PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT; PERSONALITY DISORDERS; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; PSYCHOMETRICS;

EID: 34248204705     PISSN: 00071250     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1192/bjp.190.5.s51     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn) (DSM-III). APA.
2. American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (4th edn) (DSM-IV). APA.
3. Bernstein, D. P., Cohen, P., Velez, C. N., et al (1993) Prevalence and stability of the DSM-III-R personality disorders in a community-based survey of adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1237-1243.
4. Bowden-Jones, O., Iqbal, M. Z., Tyrer, P., et al (2004) Prevalence of personality disorder in alcohol and drug services and associated co-morbidity. Addiction, 99, 1306-1314.
5. Bradley, R., Heim, A. K. & Westen, D. (2005) Transference patterns in the psychotherapy of personality disorders: empirical investigation. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 342-349.
6. Bronisch, T. & Klerman, G. L. (1991) Personality functioning - change and stability in relationship to symptoms and psychopathology. Journal of Personality Disorders, 5, 307-317.
7. Bronisch, T. & Mombour, W. (1994) Comparison of a diagnostic checklist with a structured interview for the assessment of DSM-III-R and ICD-10 personality disorders. Psychopathology, 27, 312-320.
8. Brothwell, J., Casey, P. R. & Tyrer, P. (1992) Who gives the most reliable account of a psychiatric patient's personality? Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 9, 90-93.
9. Casey, P. R. & Tyrer, P. J. (1986) Personality, functioning and symptomatology. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 20, 363-374.
10. Cicchetti, D. V. & Sparrow, S. S. (1981) Developing criteria for establishing the inter-rater reliability of specific items in a given inventory. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 86, 127-137.
11. Cicchetti, D. & Tyrer, P. (1988) Reliability and validity of personality assessment. In Personality Disorders: Diagnosis, Management and Course (ed. P. Tyrer), pp. 63-73. Wright.
12. Cicchetti, D. V., Aivano, S. L. & Vitale, J. (1976) A computer program for assessing the reliability and systematic bias of individual measurements. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 37, 195-201.
13. Clark, L. A. & Harrison, J. A. (2001) Assessment instruments. In Handbook of Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment (ed. W. J. Livesley), pp. 277-306. Guilford.
14. Clark, L. A., Watson, D. & Reynolds, S. (1995) Diagnosis and classification of psychopathology: challenges to the current system and future directions. Annual Review of Psychology, 46, 121-153.
15. Clark, L. A., Livesley, W. J., Schroeder, M. L., et al (1996) Convergence of two systems for assessing personality disorder. Psychological Assessment, 8, 294-303.
16. Clark, L. A., Livesley, W. J. & Morey, L. (1997) Personality disorder assessment: the challenge of construct validity. Journal of Personality Disorders, 11, 205-231.
17. Cloninger, C. R., Przybeck, T. R. & Svrakic, D. M. (1991) The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire: US normative data. Psychological Reports, 69, 1047-1057.
18. Cohen, P., Crawford, T. N., Johnson, J. G., et al (2005) The Children in the Community Study of developmental course of personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 466-486.
19. Coid, J., Yang, M. Tyrer, P., et al (2006 a) Prevalence and correlates of personality disorder in Great Britain. British Journal of Psychiatry, 188, 423-431.
20. Coid, J., Yang, M., Roberts, A. et al (2006b) Violence and psychiatric morbidity in the national household population of Britain: public health implications. British Journal of Psychiatry, 189, 12-19.
21. Cooke, D. J., Michie, C., Hart, S. D., et al (2005) Assessing psychopathy in the UK: concerns about cross-cultural generalisability. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 335-341.
22. Costa, P. T. & McCrae, R. T. R. (1990) Personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality. Journal of Personality Disorders, 4, 362-371.
23. de Girolamo, G. & Reich, J. H. (1993) Personality Disorders. World Health Organization.
24. Dolan, B., Evans, C. & Norton, K. (1995) Multiple axis-II diagnoses of personality disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 107-112.
25. Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Benner, A., Kuipers, A., et al (2006) Comparison of brief dynamic and cognitive-behavioural therapies in avoidant personality disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 189, 60-64.
26. Evans, K., Tyrer, P., Catalan, J., et al. (1999) Manual-assisted cognitive-behaviour therapy (MACT): a randomised controlled trial of a brief intervention with bibliotherapy in the treatment of recurrent deliberate self-harm. Psychological Medicine, 29, 19-25.
27. Eysenck, H. J. (1987) The definition of personality disorders and the criteria appropriate for their description. Journal of Personality Disorders, 1, 211-219.
28. Eysenck, S. B. G. & Eysenck, H. J. (1975) Manual of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Junior and Adult). Hodder and Stoughton.
29. Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J. & Boden, J. M. (2006) Structure of internalising symptoms in early adulthood. British Journal of Psychiatry, 189, 540-546.
30. Grilo C. M., Shea M. T., Sanislow C. A., et al (2004) Two-year stability and change of schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 767-775.
31. Hare, R. D. (1991) The Hare Psychopathy Checklist - Revised. Multi-Health Systems.
32. Hart, S. D., Cox, D. N. & Hare, R. D. (1995) The Hare Psychopathy Checklist - Revised Screening Version (PCL:SV). Multi-Health Systems.
33. Hassiotis, A., Tyrer, P. & Cicchetti, D. (1997) Detection of personality disorders by a community mental health team: a study of diagnostic accuracy. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 14, 88-91.
34. Home Office & Department of Health (1999) Managing Dangerous People with Severe Personality Disorder: Proposals for Policy Development. Department of Health.
35. Kendell, R. E. (2002) The distinction between personality disorder and mental illness. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 110-115.
36. Khan, A. A., Jacobson, K. C., Gardner, C. O., et al (2005) Personality and comorbidity of common psychiatric disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 190-196.
37. Links, P. S., Heslgrave, R. & Van Reekum, R. (1998) Prospective follow-up study of borderline personality disorder: prognosis, prediction of outcome, and Axis II comorbidity. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 43, 265-270.
38. Livesley, W. J. (1990) Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology: Basic Questionnaire (DAPP-BQ). University of British Columbia.
39. Livesley, W. J., Schroeder, M. L., Jackson, D. N., et al (1994) Categorical distinctions in the study of personality disorder: implications for classification. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 6-17.
40. Loranger, A. W., Susman, V. L., Oldham, J. M., et al (1987) International Personality Disorder Examination (PDE). Cornell Medical Center.
41. Loranger, A. W., Lenzegweger, M. F., Gartner, A. F., et al (1991) Trait-state artifacts and the diagnosis of personality disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 720-728.
42. Mervielde, I., De Clercq, B., De Fruyt, F., et al (2005) Temperament, personality, and developmental psychopathology as childhood antecedents of personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 171-201.
43. Monahan, J., Steadman, H. J., Silver, E., et al (2001) Rethinking Risk Assessment: The Mac Arthur Study of Mental Disorder and Violence. Oxford University Press.
44. Moran, P., Walsh, E., Tyrer P., et al (2003) The impact of comorbid personality disorder on violence in psychosis: report from the UK700 trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 182, 129-134.
45. Moran, P., Coffey, C., Mann, A., et al (2006) Personality and substance use disorders in young adults. British Journal of Psychiatry, 188, 374-379.
46. Mulder, R. T. & Joyce, P. R. (1997) Temperament and the structure of personality disorder symptoms. Psychological Medicine. 27, 99-106.
47. Newton-Howes, G., Tyrer, P. & Johnson, T. (2006) Personality disorder and the outcome of depression: a meta-analysis of published studies. British Journal of Psychiatry, 188, 13-20.
48. Nur, U., Tyrer, P., Merson, S., et al (2004) Relationship between clinical symptoms, personality disturbance, and social function: a statistical enquiry. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 21, 19-22.
49. Oldham, J. M., Skodol, A. E., Kellman, H. D., et al (1992) Diagnosis of DSM-III-R personality disorders by two semistructured interviews: patterns of comorbidity. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 213-220.
50. Paris, J. (2002) Implications of long-term outcome research for the management of patients with borderline personality disorder. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 10, 315-323.
51. Paris, J. (2003) Personality Disorders Over Time: Precursors, Course and Outcome. American Psychiatric Publishing.
52. Paris, J. & Zweig-Frank, H. (2001) A 27-year follow-up of patients with borderline personality disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 42, 482-487.
53. Persly, A. S. & Walton, H. J. (1973) Dimensions of abnormal personality. British Journal of Psychiatry, 122, 269-276.
54. Pfohl, B., Blum, N. & Zimmerman, M. (1997) Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders (SIPD). American Psychiatric Press.
55. Rangel, L., Garralda, E., Levin, M., et al (2000) Personality in adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 9, 39-45.
56. Rangel, L., Garralda, M. E., Hall, A., et al (2003) Psychiatric adjustment in chronic fatigue syndrome of childhood and in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Psychological Medicine, 33, 289-297.
57. Ranger, M., Methuen, C., Rutter, D. et al (2004) Prevalence of personality disorder in the case-load of an inner-city assertive outreach team. Psychiatric Bulletin, 28, 441-443.
58. Reich, J. & Thompson, W. D. (1987) DSM-III personality disorder clusters in three populations. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 471-475.
59. Reich, J., Nduaguba, M. & Yates, W. (1988) Age and sex distribution of DSM-III personality cluster traits in a community population. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 29, 298-303.
60. Rutter, M. (1967) A children's behaviour questionnaire for completion by teachers: preliminary findings. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 8, 1-11.
61. Schneider, K. (1923) Die Psychopathischen Persö nlichkeiten. Springer.
62. Seivewright, H. (2005) A new measure of dependent personality: the Dependent Personality Questionnaire. Proceedings of 9th International Congress of the International Society for the Study of Personality Disorders (April 19-22). ISSPD.
63. Seivewright, H., Tyrer, P. & Johnson T. (2002) Change in personality status in neurotic disorders. Lancet, 359, 2253-2254.
64. Seivewright, H., Tyrer, P. & Johnson, T. (2004) Persistent social dysfunction in anxious and depressed patients with personality disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 109, 104-109.
65. Shea, M. T. & Yen, S. (2003) Stability as a distinction between Axis I and Axis II disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17, 373-386.
66. Shea, M. T., Stout, R., Gunderson, J., et al (2002) Short-term diagnostic stability of schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 2036-2041.
67. Simeon, D., Guralnik, O., Schmeidler, J., et al (2004) Fluoxetine therapy in depersonalisation disorder: randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 185, 31-36.
68. Skodol, A. E., Pagano, M. E., Bender, D. S., et al (2005a) Stability of functional impairment in patients with schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, or obsessive-compulsive personality disorder over two years. Psychological Medicine, 35, 443-451.
69. Skodol, A. E., Oldham, J. M., Bender, D. S., et al (2005b) Dimensional representations of DSM-IV personality disorders: relationships to functional impairment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1919-1925.
70. Sokero, T. P., Melartin, T. K., Rytsälä, H. J., et al (2005) Prospective study of risk factors for attempted suicide among patients with DSM-IV major depressive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 314-318.
71. Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Gibbon, M., et al (1987) Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorder (SCID-II). Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute.
72. Standage, K. F. (1979) The use of Schneider's typology for the diagnosis of personality disorders - an examination of reliability. British Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 238-242.
73. Thompson-Brenner, H. & Westen, D. (2005) Personality subtypes in eating disorders: validation of a classification in a naturalistic sample. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 516-524.
74. Torgersen, S., Kringlen, E. & Cramer, V. (2001) The prevalence of personality disorders in a community sample. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 590-596.
75. Tyrer, P. (1996) Comorbidity or consanguinity. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 669-671.
76. Tyrer, P. (2000a) Quick Personality Assessment Schedule: PAS-Q. In Personality Disorders: Diagnosis, Management and Course (2nd edn) (ed. P. Tyrer) pp. 181-190. Arnold.
77. Tyrer, P. (2000b) Personality Assessment Schedule: PAS-1 (ICD-10 version). In Personality Disorders: Diagnosis, Management and Course (2nd edn) (ed. P. Tyrer), pp. 160-180. Arnold.
78. Tyrer, P. (2002) Nidotherapy: a new approach to the treatment of personality disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 105, 469-471.
79. Tyrer, P. (2005a) Temporal change: the third dimension of personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 573-580.
80. Tyrer, P. (2005b) Personality Assessment Schedule - Document-Derived Version (PAS-DOC). Imperial College, Department of Psychological Medicine.
81. Tyrer, P. & Alexander, J. (1979) Classification of personality disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 163-167.
82. Tyrer, P. & Johnson, T. (1996) Establishing the seventy of personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 1593-1597.
83. Tyrer, P. & Bajaj, P. (2005) Nidotherapy: making the environment do the therapeutic work. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 11, 232-238.
84. Tyrer, P., Strauss, J. & Cicchetti, D. (1983) Temporal reliability of personality in psychiatric patients. Psychological Medicine, 13, 393-398.
85. Tyrer, P., Cicchetti, D. V., Casey, P. R., et al (1984) Cross-national reliability study of a schedule for assessing personality disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 172, 718-721.
86. Tyrer, P., Mitchard, S., Methuen, C., et al (2003) Treatment-rejecting and treatment-seeking personality disorders: Type R and Type S. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17, 265-270.
87. Tyrer, P., Morgan, J. & Cicchetti, D. (2004) The Dependent Personality Questionnaire (DPQ): a screening instrument for dependent personality. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 50, 10-17.
88. Tyrer, P., Cooper, S., Seivewright, H., et al (2005a) Temporal reliability of psychological assessments for patients in a special hospital with severe personality disorder: a preliminary note. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 15, 87-92.
89. Tyrer, P., Nur, U., Crawford, M., et al (2005b) The Social Functioning Questionnaire: a rapid and robust measure of perceived functioning. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 51, 265-275.
90. Tyrer, P., Barrett, B., Byford, S., et al (2006) Evaluation of the assessment procedure at two pilot sites in the DSPD programme (IMPALOX Study). Home Office.
91. Viding, E., Frick, P. J. & Plomin, R. (2007) Aetiology of the relationship between callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems in childhood. British Journal of Psychiatry (suppl. 49). s33-s38.
92. Vittengl, J. R., Clark, L. A., Owen-Salters, E., et al (1999) Diagnostic change and personality stability following functional restoration treatment in chronic low back pain patients. Assessment, 6, 79-92.
93. Wessely, S. (2005) Risk, psychiatry and the military. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 459-466.
94. Westen, D., Dutra, L. & Shedler, J. (2005) Assessing adolescent personality pathology. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 227-238.
95. Wigider, T. A. (2005) CIC, CLPS and MSAD. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 586 593.
96. Widiger, T. A. & Simonsen, E. (2005) Alternative dimensional models of personality disorder: finding a common ground. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 110-130.
97. Wiles, N. J., Peters, T. J., Leon, D. A., et al (2005) Birth weight and psychological distress at age 45-51 years. Results from the Aberdeen Children of the 1950s cohort study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 187, 21-28.
98. World Health Organization (1992) ICD-10: Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. WHO.
99. Yang, Y., Raine, A., Lencz, T., et al (2005) Prefrontal white matter in pathological liars. British Journal of Psychiatry, 187, 320-325.
100. Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Chauncey, D. L., et al (1987) The Diagnostic Interview for Personality Disorders: inter-rater and test-retest reliability Comprehensive Psychiatry, 28, 467-480.
101. Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Sickel, A. E., et al (1994) Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders (DIPD-IV). McLean Hospital.
102. Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Hennen, J., et al (2003) The longitudinal course of borderline psychopathology: 6-year prospective follow-up of the phenomenology of borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 274-283.
103. Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Hennen, J., et al (2006) Prediction of the 10-year course of borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 827-832.
104. Zimmerman, M. (1994) Diagnosing personality disorders. A review of issues and research methods. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 225-245.
105. Zimmerman, M., Pfohl, B., Stangl, D., et al (1986) Assessment of DSM-III personality disorders: the importance of interviewing an informant. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 47, 261-263.