Problems in diagnosing scabies, a global disease in human and animal populations

Clinical Microbiology Reviews

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 268-279

  Walton, Shelley F ^a,b,d   Currie, Bart J ^a,b,c  

^a FLINDERS UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b CHARLES DARWIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c ROYAL DARWIN HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^d MENZIES SCHOOL OF HEALTH RESEARCH   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACARICIDE; CAMPHOR; COCONUT OIL; ESSENTIAL OIL; IVERMECTIN; PERMETHRIN; TEA TREE OIL; TERPENOID;

ANIMAL DISEASE; ANTIBODY DETECTION; ANTIGEN DETECTION; AUSTRALIA; CLINICAL FEATURE; CROSS REACTION; CROWDING; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; EPILUMINESCENCE MICROSCOPY; GENETIC ANALYSIS; HOST PARASITE INTERACTION; HOST RANGE; HOUSE DUST ALLERGY; HUMAN; HYGIENE; HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INDIGENOUS PEOPLE; INFECTION; INFESTATION; LIFE CYCLE; MICROSCOPY; MITE; MORPHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; POVERTY; REVIEW; SCABIES; SERODIAGNOSIS; SKIN TEST; SUPERINFECTION; SURVIVAL;

ALLERGENS; ANIMALS; AUSTRALIA; CROSS REACTIONS; HUMANS; IMMUNOASSAY; PYROGLYPHIDAE; SARCOPTES SCABIEI; SCABIES;

ACARI; ANIMALIA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); SARCOPTES SCABIEI;

EID: 34248198412     PISSN: 08938512     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00042-06     Document Type: Review

References (118)

1. Alexander, J. O. 1984. Arthropods and human skin. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
2. Argenziano, G., G. Fabbrocini, and M. Delfino. 1997. Epiluminescence microscopy. Arch. Dermatol. 133:751-753.
3. Arlian, L. G., M. Ahmed, D. L. Vyszenski-Moher, S. A. Estes, and S. Achar. 1988. Energetic relationships of Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis (Acari: Sarcoptidae) with the laboratory rabbit. J. Med. Entomol. 25:57-63.
4. Arlian, L. G., M. S. Morgan, S. A. Estes, S. F. Walton, D. J. Kemp, and B. J. Currie. 2004. Circulating IgE in patients with ordinary and crusted scabies. J. Med. Entomol. 41:74-77.
5. Arlian, L. G., M. S. Morgan, and J. S. Neal. 2004. Extracts of scabies mites (Sarcoptidae: Sarcoptes scabiei) modulate cytokine expression by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and dendritic cells. J. Med. Entomol. 41:69-73.
6. Arlian, L. G., M. S. Morgan, and J. S. Neal. 2003. Modulation of cytokine expression in human keratinocytes and fibroblasts by extracts of scabies mites. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 69:652-656.
7. Arlian, L. G., M. S. Morgan, and C. C. Paul. 2006. Evidence that scabies mites (Acari: Sarcoptidae) influence production of interleukin-10 and the function of T-regulatory cells (Tr1) in humans. J. Med. Entomol. 43:283-287.
8. Arlian, L. G., M. S. Morgan, C. M. Rapp, and D. L. Vyszenski-Moher. 1996. The development of protective immunity in canine scabies. Vet. Parasitol. 62:133-142.
9. Arlian, L. G., R. A. Runyan, S. Achar, and S. A. Estes. 1984. Survival and infestivity of Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis and var. hominis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 11:210-215.
10. Arlian, L. G., R. A. Runyan, and S. A. Estes. 1984. Cross infestivity of Sarcoptes scabiei. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 10:979-986.
11. Arlian, L. G., R. A. Runyan, L. B. Sorlie, and S. A. Estes. 1984. Host-seeking behavior of Sarcoptes scabiei. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 11:594-598.
12. Arlian, L. G., and D. L. Vyszenski-Moher. 1988. Life cycle of Sarcoptes scabiei var canis. J. Parasitol. 74:427-430.
13. Arlian, L. G., D. L. Vyszenski-Moher, S. G. Ahmed, and S. A. Estes. 1991. Cross-antigenicity between the scabies mite, Sarcoptes scabiei, and the house dust mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. J. Investig. Dermatol. 96:349-354.
14. Bates, P. 2003. Sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei var. vulpes) in a red fox (Vulpes vulpes) population in north-west Surrey. Vet. Rec. 152:112-114.
15. Beck, A. L., Jr. 1965. Animal scabies affecting man. Arch. Dermatol. 91:54-55.
16. Bezold, G., M. Lange, R. Schiener, G. Palmedo, C. A. Sander, M. Kerscher, and R. U. Peter. 2001. Hidden scabies: diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction. Br. J. Dermatol. 144:614-618.
17. Bornstein, S., P. Thebo, and G. Zakrisson. 1996. Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) for the serological diagnosis of canine sarcoptic mange. Vet. Dermatol. 7:21-27.
18. Bornstein, S., and P. Wallgren. 1997. Serodiagnosis of sarcoptic mange in pigs. Vet. Rec. 141:8-12.
19. Brook, I. 1995. Microbiology of secondary bacterial infection in scabies lesions. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:2139-2140.
20. Burgess, I. 1994. Sarcoptes scabiei and scabies. Adv. Parasitol. 33:235-292.
21. Cabrera, R., and M. V. Dahl. 1993. The immunology of scabies. Semin. Dermatol. 12:15-21.
22. Carapetis, J., C. Connors, D. Yarrmirr, V. Krause, and B. Currie. 1997. Success of a scabies control program in an Australian aboriginal community. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 16:494-499.
23. Cargill, C. F., A. M. Pointon, P. R. Davies, and R. Garcia. 1997. Using slaughter inspections to evaluate sarcoptic mange infestation of finishing swine. Vet. Parasitol. 70:191-200.
24. Carslaw, R. W. 1975. Scabies in spinal injuries ward. Br. Med. J. ii:617.
25. Charles, V., and S. X. Charles. 1992. The use and efficacy of Azadirachta indica ADR ('Neem') and Curcuma longa ('Turmeric') in scabies. A pilot study. Trop. Geogr. Med. 44:178-181.
26. Chosidow, O. 2006. Scabies. N. Engl. J. Med. 354:1718-1727.
27. Connors, C. 1994. Scabies treatment. North. Terr. Commun. Dis. Bull. 2:5-6.
28. Currie, B., and U. Hengge. 2006. Scabies, p. 375-388. In S. Tyring, O. Lupi, and U. Hengge (ed.), Tropical dermatology. Elsevier Churchchill Livingstone, London, United Kingdom.
29. Currie, B., S. Huffam, D. O'Brien, and S. Walton. 1997. Ivermectin for scabies. Lancet 350:1551.
30. Currie, B. J., and J. Carapetis. 2000. Skin infections and infestations in Aboriginal communities in northern Australia. Australas. J. Dermatol. 41:139-143.
31. Currie, B. J., C. M. Connors, and V. L. Krause. 1994. Scabies programs in aboriginal communities. Med. J. Aust. 161:636-637.
32. Currie, B. J., P. Harumal, M. McKinnon, and S. F. Walton. 2004. First documentation of in vivo and in vitro ivermectin resistance in Sarcoptes scabiei. Clin. Infect. Dis. 39:e8-e12.
33. de Beer, G., M. A. Miller, L. Tremblay, and J. Monette. 2006. An outbreak of scabies in a long-term care facility: the role of misdiagnosis and the costs associated with control. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 27:517-518.
34. Dougall, A., D. C. Holt, K. Fischer, B. J. Currie, D. J. Kemp, and S. F. Walton. 2005. Identification and characterization of Sarcoptes scabiei and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus glutathione S-transferases: implication as a major potential allergen in crusted scabies. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 73:977-984.
35. Downs, A. M., I. Harvey, and C. T. Kennedy. 1999. The epidemiology of head lice and scabies in the UK. Epidemiol. Infect. 122:471-477.
36. Elbers, A. R., P. G. Rambags, H. M. van der Heijden, and W. A. Hunneman. 2000. Production performance and pruritic behaviour of pigs naturally infected by Sarcoptes scabiei var suis in a contact transmission experiment. Vet. Q. 22:145-149.
37. Estes, S. A., and J. Estes. 1993. Therapy of scabies: nursing homes, hospitals, and the homeless. Semin. Dermatol. 12:26-33.
38. Reference deleted.
39. Fain, A. 1978. Epidemiological problems of scabies. Int. J. Dermatol. 17:20-30.
40. Fain, A. 1968. Étude de la variabilit é de Sarcoptes scabiei avec une revision des Sarcoptidae. Acta Zool. Pathol. Antverp. 47:1-196.
41. Falk, E., and R. Bolle. 1980. IgE antibodies to house dust mite in patients with scabies. Br. J. Dermatol. 102:283-288.
42. Falk, E., and T. Eide. 1981. Histologic and clinical findings in human scabies. Int. J. Dermatol. 20:600-605.
43. Falk, E. S., and R. Bolle. 1980. In vitro demonstration of specific immunological hypersensitivity to scabies mite. Br. J. Dermatol. 103:367-373.
44. Fischer, K., D. C. Holt, P. Harumal, B. J. Currie, S. F. Walton, and D. J. Kemp. 2003. Generation and characterization of cDNA clones from Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis for an expressed sequence tag library: identification of homologues of house dust mite allergens. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 68:61-64.
45. Fischer, K., D. C. Holt, P. Wilson, J. Davis, V. Hewitt, M. Johnson, A. McGrath, B. J. Currie, S. F. Walton, and D. J. Kemp. 2003. Normalization of a cDNA library cloned in lZAP by a long PCR and cDNA reassociation procedure. BioTechniques 34:250-254.
46. Gibbs, S. 1996. Skin disease and socioeconomic conditions in rural Africa: Tanzania. Int. J. Dermatol. 35:633-639.
47. Green, M. S. 1989. Epidemiology of scabies. Epidemiol. Rev. 11:126-150.
48. Guggisberg, D., P. A. de Viragh, C. Constantin, and R. G. Panizzon. 1998. Norwegian scabies in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Dermatology 197:306-308.
49. Guldbakke, K. K., and A. Khachemoune. 2006. Crusted scabies: a clinical review. J. Drugs Dermatol. 5:221-227.
50. Haas, N., and W. Sterry. 2001. The use of ELM to monitor the success of antiscabietic treatment. Epiluminescence light microscopy. Arch. Dermatol. 137:1656-1657.
51. Haas, N., B. Wagemann, B. Hermes, B. M. Henz, C. Heile, and E. Schein. 2005. Crossreacting IgG antibodies against fox mite antigens in human scabies. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 296:327-331.
52. Harumal, P., M. S. Morgan, S. F. Walton, D. C. Holt, J. Rode, L. G. Arlian, B. J. Currie, and D. J. Kemp. 2003. Identification of a homologue of a house dust mite allergen in a cDNA library from Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis and evaluation of its vaccine potential in a rabbit/S. scabiei var. canis model. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 68:54-60.
53. Hebra, F. 1868. On disease of the skin including the exanthemata, vol. 2, p. 164-252. The New Sydenham Society, London, United Kingdom. (Translated by C. H. Fagge and P. H. Pye-Smith.)
54. Hegazy, A. A., N. M. Darwish, I. A. Abdel-Hamid, and S. M. Hammad. 1999. Epidemiology and control of scabies in an Egyptian village. Int. J. Dermatol. 38:291-295.
55. Heilesen, B. 1946. Studies on Acarus scabiei and scabies. Acta Dermato-Venereol. 26(Suppl.):1-370.
56. Heukelbach, J., and H. Feldmeier. 2006 Scabies. Lancet 367:1767-1774.
57. Heukelbach, J., E. van Haeff, B. Rump, T. Wilcke, R. C. Moura, and H. Feldmeier. 2003. Parasitic skin diseases: health care-seeking in a slum in north-east Brazil. Trop. Med. Int. Health 8:368-373.
58. Heukelbach, J., S. F. Walton, and H. Feldmeier. 2005. Ectoparasitic infestations. Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep. 7:373-380.
59. Heukelbach, J., T. Wilcke, B. Winter, F. A. Sales de Oliveira, R. C. Saboia Moura, G. Harms, O. Liesenfeld, and H. Feldmeier. 2004. Efficacy of ivermectin in a patient population concomitantly infected with intestinal helminths and ectoparasites. Arzneim.-Forsch. 54:416-421.
60. Hollanders, W., J. Vercruysse, S. Raes, and S. Bornstein. 1997. Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the serological diagnosis of sarcoptic mange in swine. Vet. Parasitol. 69:117-123.
61. Holness, L., J. G. DeKoven, and J. R. Nethercott. 1992. Scabies in chronic health care institutions. Arch. Dermatol. 128:1257-1260.
62. Holt, D. C., K. Fischer, G. E. Allen, D. Wilson, P. Wilson, R. Slade, B. J. Currie, S. F. Walton, and D. J. Kemp. 2003. Mechanisms for a novel immune evasion strategy in the scabies mite Sarcoptes scabiei: a multigene family of inactivated serine proteases. J. Investig. Dermatol. 121:1419-1424.
63. Holt, D. C., K. Fischer, S. J. Pizzutto, B. J. Currie, S. F. Walton, and D. J. Kemp. 2004. A multigene family of inactivated cysteine proteases in Sarcoptes scabiei. J. Investig. Dermatol. 123:240-241.
64. Hoy, W. 1996. Renal disease in Australian aboriginals. Med. J. Aust. 165:126-127.
65. Huffam, S. E., and B. J. Currie. 1998. Ivermectin for Sarcoptes scabiei hyperinfestation. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2:152-154.
66. Kearns, T., C. Evans, and V. Krause. 2001. Outbreak of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis in the Northern Territory - 2000. North. Terr. Dis. Control Bull. 8:6-14.
67. Kemp, D., S. Walton, P. Harumal, and B. Currie. 2002. The scourge of scabies. Biologist 49:19-24.
68. Kolar, K. A., and R. P. Rapini. 1991. Crusted (Norwegian) scabies. Am. Fam. Physician 44:1317-1321.
69. Kuo, I. C., N. Cheong, M. Trakultivakorn, B. W. Lee, and K. Y. Chua. 2003. An extensive study of human IgE cross-reactivity of Blo t 5 and Der p 5. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 111:603-609.
70. Lawrence, G., J. Leafasia, J. Sheridan, S. Hills, J. Wate, C. Wate, J. Montgomery, N. Pandeya, and D. Purdie. 2005. Control of scabies, skin sores and haematuria in children in the Solomon Islands: another role for ivermectin. Bull. W. H. O. 83:34-42.
71. Ljunggren, E. L., D. Nilsson, and J. G. Mattsson. 2003. Expressed sequence tag analysis of Sarcoptes scabiei. Parasitology 127:139-145.
72. Malandain, H. 2005. IgE-reactive carbohydrate epitopes - classification, cross-reactivity, and clinical impact. Allerg. Immunol. (Paris) 37:122-128.
73. Mallik, S., R. N. Chaudhuri, R. Biswas, and B. Biswas. 2004. A study on morbidity pattern of child labourers engaged in different occupations in a slum area of Calcutta. J. Indian Med. Assoc. 102:198-200, 226.
74. Marchell, N. L., J. Lupton, and M. L. Elgart. 2002. Painful plaques on the soles of an HIV-positive man. Arch. Dermatol. 138:973-978.
75. Martin, R. W., K. A. Handasyde, and L. F. Skerratt. 1998. Current distribution of sarcoptic mange in wombats. Aust. Vet. J. 76:411-414.
76. Mattsson, J. G., E. L. Ljunggren, and K. Bergstrom. 2001. Paramyosin from the parasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei: cDNA cloning and heterologous expression. Parasitology 122:555-562.
77. McCarthy, J. S., D. J. Kemp, S. F. Walton, and B. J. Currie. 2004. Scabies: more than just an irritation. Postgrad. Med. J. 80:382-387.
78. Meinking, T., D. Taplin, J. Hermida, R. Pardo, and F. Kerdel. 1995. The treatment of scabies with ivermectin. N. Engl. J. Med. 333:26-30.
79. Mellanby, K. 1944. The development of symptoms, parasitic infection and immunity in human scabies. Parasitology 35:197-206.
80. Mellanby, K. 1941. The transmission of scabies. Br. Med. J. ii:405-406.
81. Micali, G., F. Lacarrubba, and A. Tedeschi. 2004. Videodermatoscopy enhances the ability to monitor efficacy of scabies treatment and allows optimal timing of drug application. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 18:153-154.
82. Montesu, M. A., and F. Cottoni. 1991. G. C. Bonomo and D. Cestoni. Discoverers of the parasitic origin of scabies. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 13:425-427.
83. Morgan, M. S., L. G. Arlian, and S. A. Estes. 1997. Skin test and radioallergosorbent test characteristics of scabietic patients. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 57:190-196.
84. Morsy, T. A., M. A. Rahem, E. M. el-Sharkawy, and M. A. Shatat. 2003. Eucalyptus globulus (camphor oil) against the zoonotic scabies, Sarcoptes scabiei. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. 33:47-53.
85. Nair, B. K. H., A. J. Kandamuthan, and M. Kandamuthan. 1977. Epidemic scabies. Indian J. Med. Res. 65:513-518.
86. Odueko, O. M., O. Onayemi, and G. A. Oyedeji. 2001. A prevalence survey of skin diseases in Nigerian children. Niger. J. Med. 10:64-67.
87. Oladimeji, F. A., O. O. Orafidiya, T. A. Ogunniyi, and T. A. Adewunmi. 2000. Pediculocidal and scabicidal properties of Lippia multiflora essential oil. J. Ethnopharmacol. 72:305-311.
88. Orkin, M. 1971. Resurgence of scabies. JAMA 217:593-597.
89. Parish, L. C., J. A. Witkowski, and L. E. Mililikan. 1991. Scabies in the extended care facility. Int. J. Dermatol. 30:703-706.
90. Pence, D. B., and E. Ueckermann. 2002. Sarcoptic mange in wildlife. Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epizoot. 21:385-398.
91. Pence, D. B., L. A. Windberg, B. C. Pence, and R. Sprowls. 1983. The epizootiology and pathology of sarcoptic mange in coyotes, Canis latrans, from south Texas. J. Parasitol. 69:1100-1115.
92. Pettersson, E. U., E. L. Ljunggren, D. A. Morrison, and J. G. Mattsson. 2005. Functional analysis and localisation of a delta-class glutathione S-transferase from Sarcoptes scabiei. Int. J. Parasitol. 35:39-48.
93. Pruksachatkunakorn, C., A. Wongthanee, and V. Kasiwat. 2003. Scabies in Thai orphanages. Pediatr. Int. 45:724-727.
94. Ramos-e-Silva, M. 1998. Giovan Cosimo Bonomo (1663-1696): discoverer of the etiology of scabies. Int. J. Dermatol. 37:625-630.
95. Rapp, C. M., M. S. Morgan, and L. G. Arlian. 2006. Presence of host immunoglobulin in the gut of Sarcoptes scabiei (Acari: Sarcoptidae). J. Med. Entomol. 43:539-542.
96. Rehbein, S., M. Visser, R. Winter, B. Trommer, H. F. Matthes, A. E. Maciel, and S. E. Marley. 2003. Productivity effects of bovine mange and control with ivermectin. Vet. Parasitol. 114:267-284.
97. Reid, H. F. M., B. Birju, Y. Holder, J. Hospedales, and T. Poon-King. 1990. Epidemic scabies in four Caribbean islands, 1981-1988. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 84:298-300.
98. Roberts, L. J., S. E. Huffam, S. F. Walton, and B. J. Currie. 2005. Crusted scabies: clinical and immunological findings in seventy-eight patients and a review of the literature. J. Infect. 50:375-381.
99. Santoro, A. F., M. A. Rezac, and J. B. Lee. 2003. Current trend in ivermectin usage for scabies. J. Drugs Dermatol. 2:397-401.
100. Scheinfeld, N. 2004. Controlling scabies in institutional settings: a review of medications, treatment models, and implementation. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 5:31-37.
101. Schmeller, W., and A. Dzikus. 2001. Skin diseases in children in rural Kenya: long-term results of a dermatology project within the primary health care system. Br. J. Dermatol. 144:118-124.
102. Taplin, D., C. Arrue, J. G. Walker, W. I. Roth, and A. Rivera. 1983. Eradication of scabies with a single treatment schedule. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 9:546-550.
103. Taplin, D., T. L. Meinking, J. A. Chen, and R. Sanchez. 1990. Comparison of crotamiton 10% cream (Eurax) and permethrin 5% cream (Elimite) for the treatment of scabies in children. Pediatr. Dermatol. 7:67-73.
104. Taplin, D., S. L. Porcelain, T. L. Meinking, R. L. Athey, J. A. Chen, P. M. Castillero, and R. Sanchez. 1991. Community control of scabies: a model based on use of permethrin cream. Lancet 337:1016-1018.
105. Taplin, D., and A. Rivera. 1983. A comparative trial of three treatment schedules for the eradication of scabies. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 9:550-554.
106. Van Neste, D. 1986. Immunology of scabies. Parasitology 2:194-195.
107. Walton, S., J. Low Choy, A. Bonson, A. Valle, J. McBroom, D. Taplin, L. Arlian, J. Mathews, B. Currie, and D. Kemp. 1999. Genetically distinct dog-derived and human-derived Sarcoptes scabiei in scabies-endemic communities in northern Australia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 61:542-547.
108. Walton, S. F., B. J. Currie, and D. J. Kemp. 1997. A DNA fingerprinting system for the ectoparasite Sarcoptes scabiei. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 85:187-196.
109. Walton, S. F., A. Dougall, S. Pizzutto, D. C. Holt, D. Taplin, L. G. Arlian, M. Morgan, B. J. Currie, and D. J. Kemp. 2004. Genetic epidemiology of Sarcoptes scabiei (Acari: Sarcoptidae) in northern Australia. Int. J. Parasitol. 34:839-849.
110. Walton, S. F., D. C. Holt, B. J. Currie, and D. J. Kemp. 2004. Scabies: new future for a neglected disease. Adv. Parasitol. 57:309-376.
111. Walton, S. F., M. McKinnon, S. Pizzutto, A. Dougall, E. Williams, and B. J. Currie. 2004. Acaricidal activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil: in vitro sensitivity of Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis to terpinen-4-ol. Arch. Dermatol. 140:563-566.
112. Walton, S. F., M. R. Myerscough, and B. J. Currie. 2000. Studies in vitro on the relative efficacy of current acaricides for Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 94:92-96.
113. White, A., W. Hoy, and D. McCredie. 2001. Childhood post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis as a risk factor for chronic renal disease in later life. Med. J. Aust. 174:492-496.
114. Wikel, S. K. 1979. Acquired resistance to ticks: expression of resistance by C4-deficient guinea pigs. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 28:586-590.
115. Willis, C., K. Fischer, S. F. Walton, B. J. Currie, and D. J. Kemp. 2006. Scabies mite inactivated serine protease paralogues are present both internally in the mite gut and externally in feces. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 75:683-687.
116. Wong, L., B. Amega, R. Barker, C. Connors, D. M., A. Ninnal, M. Cumaiyi, L. Kolumboort, and B. Currie. 2002. Factors supporting sustainability of a community-based scabies control program. Australas. J. Dermatol. 43:274-277.
117. Wong, L. C., B. Amega, C. Connors, R. Barker, M. E. Dulla, A. Ninnal, L. Kolumboort, M. M. Cumaiyi, and B. J. Currie. 2001. Outcome of an interventional program for scabies in an Indigenous community. Med. J. Aust. 175:367-370.
118. Woodley, D., and J. H. Saurat. 1981. The Burrow Ink Test and the scabies mite. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 4:715-722.