Excursion and strain of the superficial peroneal nerve during inversion ankle sprain

Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery

Volumn 89, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 979-986

  O'Neill, Patrick J ^a   Parks, Brent G ^a   Walsh, Russell ^a   Simmons, Lucia M ^a   Miller, Stuart D ^a  

^a Union Memorial Orthopaedics   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANKLE LATERAL LIGAMENT; ANKLE SPRAIN; ARTICLE; CADAVER; FORCE; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; MECHANICAL STRESS; NERVE INJURY; PERONEUS NERVE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK; TRANSDUCER; WEIGHT;

EID: 34248195901     PISSN: 00219355     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2106/JBJS.F.00440     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Brooks SC, Potter BT, Rainey JB. Treatment for partial tears of the lateral ligament of the ankle: a prospective trial. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1981;282: 606-7.
2. McCulloch PG, Holden P Robson DJ, Rowley Dl, Norris SH. The value of mobilisation and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesia in the management of inversion injuries of the ankle. Br J Clin Pract. 1985;39:69-72.
3. Ruth CJ. The surgical treatment of injuries of the fibular collateral ligaments of the ankle. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1961;43:229-39.
4. Kannus P, Renstrom P. Treatment for acute tears of the lateral ligaments of the ankle. Operation, cast, or early controlled mobilization. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1991;73:305-12.
5. Sammarco GJ, DiRaimondo CV. Surgical treatment of lateral ankle instability syndrome. Am J Sports Med. 1988;16:501-11.
6. Garrick JG, Requa RK. The epidemiology of foot and ankle injuries in sports. Clin Sports Med. 1988;7:29-36.
7. Anderson ME. Reconstruction of the lateral ligaments of the ankle using the plantaris tendon. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1985;67:930-4.
8. Freeman MA. Instability of the foot after injuries to the lateral ligament of the ankle. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1965;47:669-77.
9. Gerber JP, Williams GN, Scoville CR, Arciero RA, Taylor DC. Persistent disability associated with ankle sprains: a prospective examination of an athletic population. Foot Ankle Int. 1998;19:653-60.
10. Schaap GR, de Keizer G, Marti K. Inversion trauma of the ankle. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1989;108:273-5.
11. Staples OS. Result study of ruptures of lateral ligaments of the ankle. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1972;85:50-8.
12. Acus RW 3rd, Flanagan JP. Perineural fibrosis of superficial peroneal nerve complicating ankle sprain: a case report. Foot Ankle. 1991;11:233-5. Comment in: Foot Ankle. 1991;11:414.
13. Bosien WR, Staples OS, Russell SW. Residual disability following acute ankle sprains. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1955;37:1237-43.
14. Hyslop GH. Injuries to the deep and superficial peroneal nerves complicating ankle sprain. Am J Surg. 1941;51:436-8.
15. Johnston EC, Howell SJ. Tension neuropathy of the superficial peroneal nerve: associated conditions and results of release. Foot Ankle Int. 1999; 20:576-82.
16. Kernohan J, Levack B, Wilson JN. Entrapment of the superficial peroneal nerve. Three case reports. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1985;67:60-1.
17. Kleinrensink GJ, Stoeckart R, Meulstee J, Kaulesar Sukul DM, Vleeming A, Snijders CJ, van Noort A. Lowered motor conduction velocity of the peroneal nerve after inversion trauma. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1994;26:877-83.
18. MacIver DA, Letts FL. Paralysis of the peroneal nerve in association with a plantar flexion inversion injury of the ankle. Med Serv J Can. 1966;22:285-7.
19. Meals RA. Peroneal-nerve palsy complicating ankle sprain. Report of two cases and review of the literature. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1977;59:966-8.
20. Nitz AJ, Dobner JJ, Kersey D. Nerve injury and grades II and III ankle sprains. Am J Sports Med. 1985;13:177-82.
21. Seckler MM, DiStefano V. Peroneal nerve palsy in the athlete: a result of indirect trauma. Orthopedics. 1996;19:345-8.
22. Stoff MD, Greene AF. Common peroneal nerve palsy following inversion ankle injury: a report of two cases. Phys Ther. 1982;62:1463-4.
23. Banerjee T, Koons DD. Superficial peroneal nerve entrapment. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg. 1981;55:991-2.
24. Mizel MS, Hecht PJ, Marymont JV, Temple HT. Evaluation and treatment of chronic ankle pain. Instr Course Lect. 2004;53:311-21.
25. Nobel W. Peroneal palsy due to hematoma in the common peroneal nerve sheath after distal torsional fractures and inversion ankle sprains. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1966;48:1484-95.
26. Streib EW. Traction injury of peroneal nerve caused by minor athletic trauma: electromyographic studies. Arch Neurol. 1983;40:62-3.
27. Brown R, Pedowitz R, Rydevik B, Woo S, Hargens A, Massie J, Kwan M, Garfin SR. Effects of acute graded strain on efferent conduction properties in the rabbit tibial nerve. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993;296:288-94.
28. Highet WB, Sanders FK. The effects of stretching nerves after suture. Br J Surg. 1943;30:355-69.
29. Hoen TI, Brackett CE. Peripheral nerve lengthening. I. Experimental. J Neurosurg. 1956;13:43-62.
30. Kwan MK, Wall EJ, Massie J, Garfin SR. Strain, stress and stretch of peripheral nerve. Rabbit experiments in vitro and in vivo. Acta Orthop Scand. 1992;63:267-72.
31. Liu CT, Benda CE, Lewey FH. Tensile strength of human nerves. Arch Neurol Psychiatry. 1948;59:322-36.
32. Rydevik BL, Kwan MK, Myers RR, Brown RA, Triggs KJ, Woo SL, Garfin SR. An in vitro mechanical and histological study of acute stretching on rabbit tibial nerve. J Orthop Res. 1990;8:694-701.
33. Wall EJ, Massie JB, Kwan MK, Rydevik BL, Myers RR, Garfin SR. Experimental stretch neuropathy. Changes in nerve conduction under tension. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1992;74:126-9.
34. Sunderland S, Bradley KC. Stress-strain phenomena in human peripheral nerve trunks. Brain. 1961;84:102-19.
35. Blair JM, Botte MJ. Surgical anatomy of the superficial peroneal nerve in the ankle and foot. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994;305:229-38.
36. Adkison DP, Bosse MJ, Gaccione DR, Gabriel KR. Anatomical variations in the course of the superficial peroneal nerve. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1991;73:112-4.
37. Wilgis EF, Murphy R. The significance of longitudinal excursion in peripheral nerves. Hand Clin. 1986;2:761-6.
38. Wright TW, Glowczewskie F, Wheeler D, Miller G, Cowin D. Excursion and strain of the median nerve. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996;78:1897-903.
39. Wright TW, Glowczewskie F Jr, Cowin D, Wheeler DL. Ulnar nerve excursion and strain at the elbow and wrist associated with upper extremity motion. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2001;26:655-62.
40. Attarian DE, McCrackin HJ, De Vito DP, McElhaney JH, Garrett WE Jr. Biomechanical characteristics of human ankle ligaments. Foot Ankle. 1985; 6:54-8.
41. Colville MR, Marder RA, Boyle JJ, Zarins B. Strain measurement in lateral ankle ligaments. Am J Sports Med. 1990;18:196-200.
42. Platt H. On the peripheral nerve complications of certain fractures. J Bone Joint Surg. 1928;10:403-14.
43. Redfern DJ, Sauve PS, Sakellariou A. Investigation of incidence of superficial peroneal nerve injury following ankle fracture. Foot Ankle Int. 2003; 24:771-4.
44. Self BP, Harris S, Greenwald RM. Ankle biomechanics during impact landings on uneven surfaces. Foot Ankle Int. 2000;21:138-44.
45. Hayes DW Jr, Mandracchia VJ, Webb GE. Nerve injury associated with plantarflexion-inversion ankle sprains. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2000;17: 361-9, vi-vii.
46. Naraka A. Traumatic brachial plexus lesions. In: Dyck PJ, Thomas PK, Lambert EH, Bunge MB, editors. Peripheral neuropathy. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1984. p. 1394.
47. Pollock FH, Drake D, Bovill EG, Day L, Trafton PG. Treatment of radial neuropathy associated with fractures of the humerus. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981;63:239-43.
48. Mansoor IA. Delayed incomplete traction palsy of the lateral popliteal nerve. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1969;66:183-7.
49. Ogata K, Naito M. Blood flow of peripheral nerve effects of dissection, stretching and compression. J Hand Surg [Br]. 1986;11:10-4.
50. Lerman BI, Gornish LA, Bellin HJ. Injury of the superficial peroneal nerve. J Foot Surg. 1984;23:334-9.
51. Watson-Jones R. Styloid process of the fibula in the knee joint with peroneal palsy. J Bone Joint Surg. 1931;13:258-60.
52. White J. The results of traction injuries to the common peroneal nerve. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1968;50:346-50.
53. Novich MM. Adduction injury of the knee with rupture of the common peroneal nerve. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1960;42:1372-6.
54. Balduini FC, Tetzlaff J. Historical perspectives on injuries of the ligaments of the ankle. Clin Sports Med. 1982;1:3-12.
55. Renstrom P, Wertz M, Incavo S, Pope M, Ostgaard HC, Arms S, Haugh L. Strain in the lateral ligaments of the ankle. Foot Ankle. 1988;9:59-63.
56. Lundborg G, Rydevik B. Effects of stretching the tibial nerve of the rabbit. A preliminary study of the intraneural circulation and the barrier function of the perineurium. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1973;55:390-401.
57. Lundborg G. Structure and function of the intraneural microvessels as related to trauma, edema formation, and nerve function. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1975;57:938-48.
58. Lee MS, Hofbauer MH. Evaluation and management of lateral ankle injuries. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 1999;16:659-78.
59. Sidey JD. Weak ankles. A study of common peroneal entrapment neuropathy. Br Med J. 1969;3:623-6.
60. Hertel J. Functional instability following lateral ankle sprain. Sports Med. 2000;29:361-71.
61. Freeman MA, Dean MR, Hanham IW. The etiology and prevention of functional instability of the foot. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1965;47:678-85.
62. Konradsen L, Ravn JB. Ankle instability caused by prolonged peroneal reaction time. Acta Orthop Scand. 1990;61:388-90.
63. Lemont H. Perineural fibrosis of the superficial peroneal nerve complicating ankle sprain: a case report. Foot Ankle. 1991;11:414.
64. Styf J. Entrapment of the superficial peroneal nerve. Diagnosis and results of decompression. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1989;71:131-5.
65. Toby EB, Hanesworth D. Ulnar nerve strains at the elbow. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1998;23:992-7.