Stem cell migration: A quintessential stepping stone to successful therapy

Current Stem Cell Research and Therapy

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 89-103

  Weidt, Corinna ^a   Niggemann, Bernd ^b   Kasenda, Benjamin ^b   Drell, Theodore L ^c   Zänker, Kurt S ^b   Dittmar, Thomas ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL MÜNSTER   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WITTEN HERDECKE   (Germany)

^c i3 Research SKM Oncology   (Germany)

Author keywords

Hematopoietic stem cell migration; Horning; Mobilization

Indexed keywords

CHEMOKINE; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR4; CXCL2 CHEMOKINE; FLT3 LIGAND; GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; INTERLEUKIN 8; STROMAL CELL DERIVED FACTOR 1ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

BONE MARROW; CELL FUNCTION; CELL MIGRATION; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; MEDICAL RESEARCH; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; STEM CELL MOBILIZATION; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; TISSUE REPAIR; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANIMALS; CELL MOVEMENT; CHEMOKINE CXCL12; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL MOBILIZATION; HUMANS; RECEPTORS, CXCR4; STEM CELLS;

EID: 34248193970     PISSN: 1574888X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/157488807779317008     Document Type: Review

References (193)

1. Youn BS, Mantel C, Broxmeyer HE. Chemokines, chemokine receptors and hematopoiesis. Immunol Rev 2000; 177: 150-74.
2. Thelen M. Dancing to the tune of chemokines. Nat Immunol 2001; 2: 129-34.
3. Kucia M, Jankowski K, Reca R, et al. CXCR4-SDF-1 signalling, locomotion, chemotaxis and adhesion. J Mol Histol 2004; 35: 233-45.
4. Wright DE, Bowman EP, Wagers AJ, Butcher EC, Weissman IL. Hematopoietic stem cells are uniquely selective in their migratory response to chemokines. J Exp Med 2002; 195: 1145-54.
5. Aiuti A, Webb IJ, Bleul C, Springer T, Gutierrez-Ramos JC. The chemokine SDF-1 is a chemoattractant for human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells and provides a new mechanism to explain the mobilization of CD34+ progenitors to peripheral blood. J Exp Med 1997; 185: 111-20.
6. Muller A, Homey B, Soto H, et al. Involvement of chemokine receptors in breast cancer metastasis. Nature 2001; 410: 50-6.
7. Sun YX, Wang J, Shelburne CE, et al. Expression of CXCR4 and CXCL12 (SDF-1) in human prostate cancers (PCa) in vivo. J Cell Biochem 2003; 89: 462-73.
8. Vaday GG, Hua SB, Peehl DM, et al. CXCR4 and CXCL12 (SDF-1) in Prostate Cancer: Inhibitory Effects of Human Single Chain Fv Antibodies. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10: 5630-9.
9. Balabanian K, Lagane B, Infantino S, et al. The chemokine SDF-1/ CXCL12 binds to and signals through the orphan receptor RDC1 in T lymphocytes. J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 35760-6.
10. Nagasawa T, Kikutani H, Kishimoto T. Molecular Cloning and structure of a pre-B-cell growth-stimulating factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 2305-9.
11. Shirozu M, Nakano T, Inazawa J, et al. Structure and chromosomal localization of the human stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF1) gene. Genomics 1995; 28: 495-500.
12. Gleichmann M, Gillen C, Czardybon M, et al. Cloning and characterization of SDF-1gamma, a novel SDF-1 chemokine transcript with developmentally regulated expression in the nervous system. Eur J Neurosci 2000; 12: 1857-66.
13. Ceradini DJ, Kulkarni AR, Callaghan MJ, et al. Progenitor cell trafficking is regulated by hypoxic gradients through HIF-1 induction of SDF-1. Nat Med 2004; 10: 858-64.
14. Garcia-Moruja C, Alonso-Lobo JM, Rueda P, et al. Functional characterization of SDF-1 proximal promoter. J Mol Biol 2005; 348: 43-62.
15. Dar A, Goichberg P, Shinder V, et al. Chemokine receptor CXCR4-dependent internalization and resecretion of functional chemokine SDF-1 by bone marrow endothelial and stromal cells. Nat Immunol 2005; 6: 1038-46.
16. Rimland J, Xin W, Sweetnam P, et al. Sequence and expression of a neuropeptide Y receptor cDNA. Mol Pharmacol 1991; 40: 869-75.
17. Federsppiel B, Melhado IG, Duncan AM, et al. Molecular cloning of the cDNA and chromosomal localization of the gene for a putative seven-transmembrane segment (7-TMS) receptor isolated from human spleen. Genomics 1993; 16: 707-12.
18. Loetscher M, Geiser T, O'Reilly T, et al. Cloning of a human seven-transmembrane domain receptor, LESTR, that is highly expressed in leukocytes. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 232-7.
19. Feng Y, Broder CC, Kennedy PE, Berger EA. HIV-1 entry cofactor: functional cDNA cloning of a seven-transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptor. Science 1996; 272: 872-7.
20. Bleul CC, Farzan M. Choe H, et al. The lymphocyte chemoattractant SDF-1 is a ligand for LESTR/fusin and blocks HIV-1 entry. Nature 1996; 382: 829-33.
21. Oberlin E, Amara A, Bachelerie F, et al. The CXC chemokine SDF-1 is the ligand for LESTR/fusin and prevents infection by T-cell-line-adapted HIV-1. Nature 1996; 382: 833-5.
22. Zou YR, Kottmann AH, Kuroda M, Taniuchi I, Littman DR. Function of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in haematopoiesis and in cerebellar development. Nature 1998; 393: 595-9.
23. Ma Q, Jones D, Borghesani PR, et al. Impaired B-lymphopoiesis, myelopoiesis, and derailed cerebellar neuron migration in CXCR4- and SDF-1-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 9448-53.
24. Tachibana K, Hirota S, Iizasa H, et al. The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is essential for vascularization of the gastrointestinal tract. Nature 1998; 393: 591-4.
25. Lu M, Grove EA, Miller RJ. Abnormal development of the hippocampal dentate gyrus in mice lacking the CXCR4 chemokine receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 7090-5.
26. Odemis V, Lamp E, Pezeshki G, et al. Mice deficient in the chemokine receptor CXCR4 exhibit impaired limb innervation and myogenesis. Mol Cell Neurosci 2005; 30: 494-505.
27. Lapidot T, Dar A, Kollet O. How do stem cells find their way home? Blood 2005;
28. Peled A, Petit I, Kollet O, et al. Dependence of human stem cell engraftment and repopulation of NOD/SCID mice on CXCR4. Science 1999; 283: 845-8.
29. Kollet O, Shivtiel S, Chen YQ, et al. HGF, SDF-1, and MMP-9 are involved in stress-induced human CD34+ stem cell recruitment to the liver. J Clin Invest 2003; 112: 160-9.
30. Kollet O, Spiegel A, Peled A, et al. Rapid and efficient homing of human CD34(+)CD38(-/low)CXCR4(+) stem and progenitor cells to the bone marrow and spleen of NOD/SCID and NOD/SCID/B2m(null) mice. Blood 2001; 97:3283-91.
31. Brenner S, Whiting-Theobald N, Kawai T, et al. CXCR4-transgene expression significantly improves marrow engraftment of cultured hematopoietic stem cells. Stem Cells 2004; 22: 1128-33.
32. Kahn J, Byk T, Jansson-Sjostrand L, et al. Overexpression of CXCR4 on human CD34+ progenitors increases their proliferation, migration, and NOD/SCID repopulation. Blood 2004; 103: 2942-9.
33. Kollet O, Petit I, Kahn J, et al. Human CD34(+)CXCR4(-) sorted cells harbor intracellular CXCR4, which can be functionally expressed and provide NOD/SCID repopulation. Blood 2002; 100: 2778-86.
34. Weidt C, Niggemann B, Hatzmann W, Zanker KS, Dittmar T. Differential effects of culture conditions on the migration pattern of stromal cell-derived factor-stimulated hematopoietic stem cells. Stem Cells 2004; 22: 890-6.
35. Berthebaud M, Riviere C, Jarrier P, et al. RGS16 is a negative regulator of SDF-1-CXCR4 signaling in megakaryocytes. Blood 2005; 106: 2962-8.
36. Gazitt Y. Homing and mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells and hematopoietic cancer cells are mirror image processes, utilizing similar signaling pathways and occurring concurrently: circulating cancer cells constitute an ideal target for concurrent treatment with chemotherapy and antilineage-specific antibodies. Leukemia 2004; 18: 1-10.
37. Winter JN, Lazarus HM, Rademaker A, et al. Phase I/II study of combined granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor administration for the mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14:277-86.
38. Gianni AM, Siena S, Bregni M, et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor to harvest circulating haemopoietic stem cells for autotransplantation. Lancet 1989; 2: 580-5.
39. Fukuda S, Broxmeyer HE, Pelus LM. Flt3 ligand and the Flt3 receptor regulate hematopoietic cell migration by modulating the SDF-1alpha(CXCL12)/CXCR4 axis. Blood 2005; 105: 3117-26.
40. Molineux G, McCrea C, Yan XQ, Kerzic P, McNiece I. Flt-3 ligand synergizes with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor to increase neutrophil numbers and to mobilize peripheral blood stem cells with long-term repopulating potential. Blood 1997; 89: 3998-4004.
41. Brasel K, McKenna HJ, Morrissey PJ, et al. Hematologic effects of flt3 ligand in vivo in mice. Blood 1996; 88: 2004-12.
42. Bodine DM, Seidel NE, Zsebo KM, Orlic D. In vivo administration of stem cell factor to mice increases the absolute number of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells. Blood 1993; 82: 445-55.
43. Molineux G, Migdalska A, Szmitkowski M, Zsebo K, Dexter TM. The effects on hematopoiesis of recombinant stem cell factor (ligand for c-kit) administered in vivo to mice either alone or in combination with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Blood 1991; 78: 961-6.
44. Gill M, Dias S, Hattori K, et al. Vascular trauma induces rapid but transient mobilization of VEGFR2(+)AC133(+) endothelial precursor cells. Circ Res 2001; 88: 167-74.
45. Laterveer L, Lindley IJ, Hamilton MS, Willemze R, Fibbe WE. Interleukin-8 induces rapid mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells with radioprotective capacity and long-term myelolymphoid repopulating ability. Blood 1995; 85: 2269-75.
46. Laterveer L, Lindley IJ, Heemskerk DP, et al. Rapid mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells in rhesus monkeys by a single intravenous injection of interleukin-8. Blood 1996; 87: 781-8.
47. Watanabe T, Kawano Y, Kanamaru S, et al. Endogenous interleukin-8 (IL-8) surge in granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-induced peripheral blood stem cell mobilization. Blood 1999; 93: 1157-63.
48. van Pel M, van Os R, Velders GA, et al. Serpinal is a potent inhibitor of IL-8-induced hematopoietic stem cell mobilization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103: 1469-74.
49. Pelus LM, Bian H, King AG, Fukuda S. Neutrophil-derived MMP-9 mediates synergistic mobilization of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells by the combination of G-CSF and the chemokines GRObeta/CXCL2 and GRObetaT/ CXCL2delta4. Blood 2004; 103: 110-9.
50. Wang J, Mukaida N, Zhang Y, et al. Enhanced mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells by mouse MIP-2 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in mice. J Leukoc Biol 1997; 62: 503-9.
51. Levesque JP, Hendy J, Winkler IG, Takamatsu Y, Simmons PJ. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor induces the release in the bone marrow of proteases that cleave c-KIT receptor (CD117) from the surface of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Exp Hematol 2003; 31: 109-17.
52. Levesque JP, Hendy J, Takamatsu Y, et al. Mobilization by either cyclophosphamide or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor transforms the bone marrow into a highly proteolytic environment. Exp Hematol 2002; 30: 440-9.
53. Levesque JP, Hendy J, Takamatsu Y, Simmons PJ, Bendall LJ. Disruption of the CXCR4/CXCL12 chemotactic interaction during hematopoietic stem cell mobilization induced by GCSF or cyclophosphamide. J Clin Invest 2003; 111: 187-96.
54. Christopherson KW, 2nd, Cooper S, Broxmeyer HE. Cell surface peptidase CD26/DPPIV mediates G-CSF mobilization of mouse progenitor cells. Blood 2003; 101: 4680-6.
55. Christopherson KW, Cooper S, Hangoc G, Broxmeyer HE. CD26 is essential for normal G-CSF-induced progenitor cell mobilization as determined by CD26-/-mice. Exp Hematol 2003; 31: 1126-34.
56. Christopherson KW, Hangoc G, Broxmeyer HE. Cell Surface Peptidase CD26/ Dipeptidylpeptidase IV Regulates CXCL12/Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1alpha-Mediated Chemotaxis of Human Cord Blood CD34(+) Progenitor Cells. J Immunol 2002; 169: 7000-8.
57. Christopherson KW, 2nd, Hangoc G, Mantel CR, Broxmeyer HE. Modulation of hematopoietic stem cell homing and engraftment by CD26. Science 2004; 305: 1000-3.
58. Chang C, Werb Z. The many faces of metalloproteases: cell growth, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. Trends Cell Biol 2001; 11:S37-S43.
59. Rundhaug JE. Matrix metalloproteinases and angiogenesis. J Cell Mol Med 2005; 9: 267-85.
60. Pruijt JF, Fibbe WE, Laterveer L, et al. Prevention of interleukin-8-induced mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells in rhesus monkeys by inhibitory antibodies against the metalloproteinase gelatinase B (MMP-9). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 10863-8.
61. Fibbe WE, Pruijt JF, van Kooyk Y, et al. The role of metalloproteinases and adhesion molecules in interleukin-8-induced stem-cell mobilization. Semin Hematol 2000; 37: 19-24.
62. Fibbe WE, Pruijt JF, Velders GA, et al. Biology of IL-8-induced stem cell mobilization. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999; 872: 71-82.
63. Pruijt JF, Verzaal P, van Os R, et al. Neutrophils are indispensable for hematopoietic stem cell mobilization induced by interleukin-8 in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 6228-33.
64. Shen H, Cheng T, Olszak I, et al. CXCR-4 desensitization is associated with tissue localization of hemopoietic progenitor cells. J Immunol 2001; 166: 5027-33.
65. Hattori K, Heissig B, Rafii S. The regulation of hematopoietic stem cell and progenitor mobilization by chemokine SDF-1. Leuk Lymphoma 2003; 44: 575-82.
66. Hattori K, Heissig B, Tashiro K, et al. Plasma elevation of stromal cell-derived factor-1 induces mobilization of mature and immature hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells. Blood 2001; 97: 3354-60.
67. Petit I, Szyper-Kravitz M, Nagler A, et al. G-CSF induces stem cell mobilization by decreasing bone marrow SDF-1 and upregulating CXCR4. Nat Immunol 2002; 3: 687-94.
68. Sweeney EA, Papayannopoulou T. Increase in circulating SDF-1 after treatment with sulfated glycans. The role of SDF-1 in mobilization. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 938: 48-52; discussion -3.
69. Adams GB, Chabner KT, Alley IR, et al. Stem cell engraftment at the endosteal niche is specified by the calcium-sensing receptor. Nature 2006; 439: 599-603.
70. Katayama Y, Battista M, Kao WM, et al. Signals from the sympathetic nervous system regulate hematopoietic stem cell egress from bone marrow. Cell 2006; 124: 407-21.
71. Zhang J, Niu C, Ye L, et al. Identification of the haematopoietic stem cell niche and control of the niche size. Nature 2003; 425: 836-41.
72. Kollet O, Dar A, Shivtiel S, et al. Osteoclasts degrade endosteal components and promote mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Nat Med 2006; 12: 657-64.
73. King AG, Horowitz D, Dillon SB, et al. Rapid mobilization of murine hematopoietic stem cells with enhanced engraftment properties and evaluation of hematopoietic progenitor cell mobilization in rhesus monkeys by a single injection of SB-251353, a specific truncated form of the human CXC chemokine GRObeta. Blood 2001; 97: 1534-42.
74. Larochelle A, Krouse A, Metzger M, et al. AMD3100 mobilizes hematopoietic stem cells with long-term repopulating capacity in nonhuman primates. Blood 2006; 107: 3772-8.
75. Flomenberg N, DiPersio J, Calandra G. Role of CXCR4 chemokine receptor blockade using AMD3100 for mobilization of autologous hematopoietic progenitor cells. Acta Haematol 2005; 114: 198-205.
76. Broxmeyer ME, Orschell CM, Clapp DW, et al. Rapid mobilization of murine and human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells with AMD3100, a CXCR4 antagonist. J Exp Med 2005; 201: 1307-18.
77. Lapidot T. Mechanism of human stem cell migration and repopulation of NOD/SCID and B2mnull NOD/SCID mice. The role of SDF-1/CXCR4 interactions. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001; 938: 83-95.
78. Madri JA, Graesser D. Cell migration in the immune system: the evolving inter-related roles of adhesion molecules and proteinases. Dev Immunol 2000; 7: 103-16.
79. Heyder C, Gloria-Maercker E, Hatzmann W, Zaenker KS, Dittmar T. Visualization of tumor cell extravasation. Contrib Microbiol 2006; 13: 200-8.
80. Papayannopoulou T, Priestley GV, Nakamoto B, Zafiropoulos V, Scott LM. Molecular pathways in bone marrow homing: dominant role of alpha(4)beta(1) over beta(2)-integrins and selectins. Blood 2001; 98: 2403-11.
81. Tavassoli M, Hardy CL. Molecular basis of homing of intravenously transplanted stem cells to the marrow. Blood 1990; 76: 1059-70.
82. Spertini O, Cordey AS, Monai N, Giuffre L, Schapira M. P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 is a ligand for L-selectin on neutrophils, monocytes, and CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells. J Cell Biol 1996; 135: 523-31.
83. Naiyer AJ, Jo DY, Ahn J, et al. Stromal derived factor-1-induced chemokinesis of cord blood CD34(+) cells (long-term culture-initiating cells) through endothelial cells is mediated by E-selectin. Blood 1999; 94: 4011-9.
84. Papayannopoulou T, Craddock C, Nakamoto B, Priestley GV, Wolf NS. The VLA4/VCAM-1 adhesion pathway defines contrasting mechanisms of lodgement of transplanted murine hemopoietic progenitors between bone marrow and spleen. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 9647-51.
85. Scott LM, Priestley GV, Papayannopoulou T. Deletion of alpha4 integrins from adult hematopoietic cells reveals roles in homeostasis, regeneration, and homing. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23: 9349-60.
86. Peled A, Grabovsky V, Habler L, et al. The chemokine SDF-1 stimulates integrin-mediated arrest of CD34(+) cells on vascular endothelium under shear flow. J Clin Invest 1999; 104: 1199-211.
87. Peled A, Kollet O, Ponomaryov T, et al. The chemokine SDF-1 activates the integrins LFA-1, VLA-4, and VLA-5 on immature human CD34(+) cells: role in transendothelial/stromal migration and engraftment of NOD/SCID mice. Blood 2000; 95: 3289-96.
88. Servant G, Weiner OD, Herzmark P, et al. Polarization of chemoattractant receptor signaling during neutrophil chemotaxis. Science 2000; 287: 1037-40.
89. van Buul JD, Voermans C, van Gelderen J, et al. Leukocyte-endothelium interaction promotes SDF-1-dependent polarization of CXCR4. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 30302-10.
90. Avigdor A, Goichberg P, Shivtiel S, et al. CD44 and hyaluronic acid cooperate with SDF-1 in the trafficking of human CD34+ stem/ progenitor cells to bone marrow. Blood 2004; 103: 2981-9.
91. Vermeulen M, Le Pesteur F, Gagnerault MC, et al. Role of adhesion molecules in the homing and mobilization of murine hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Blood 1998; 92: 894-900.
92. Khaldoyanidi S, Denzel A, Zoller M. Requirement for CD44 in proliferation and homing of hematopoietic precursor cells. J Leukoc Biol 1996; 60: 579-92.
93. Oostendorp RA, Ghaffari S, Eaves CJ. Kinetics of in vivo homing and recruitment into cycle of hematopoietic cells are organ-specific but CD44-independent. Bone Marrow Transplant 2000; 26: 559-66.
94. Screaton GR, Bell MV, Jackson DG, et al. Genomic structure of DNA encoding the lymphocyte homing receptor CD44 reveals at least 12 alternatively spliced exons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 12160-4.
95. Sackstein R. The bone marrow is akin to skin: HCELL and the biology of hematopoietic stem cell homing. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 122: 1061-9.
96. Rosu-Myles M, Gallacher L, Murdoch B, et al. The human hematopoietic stem cell compartment is heterogeneous for CXCR4 expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 14626-31.
97. Lee Y, Gotoh A, Kwon HJ, et al. Enhancement of intracellular signaling associated with hematopoietic progenitor cell survival in response to SDF-1/CXCL12 in synergy with other cytokines. Blood 2002; 99: 4307-17.
98. Audet J, Miller CL, Rose-John S, Piret JM, Eaves CJ. Distinct role of gp130 activation in promoting self-renewal divisions by mitogenically stimulated murine hematopoietic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 1757-62.
99. Hirano T, Ishihara K, Hibi M. Roles of STAT3 in mediating the cell growth, differentiation and survival signals relayed through the IL-6 family of cytokine receptors. Oncogene 2000; 19: 2548-56.
100. Jacobsen SE, Ruscetti FW, Okkenhaug C, et al. Distinct and direct synergistic effects of IL-1 and IL-6 on proliferation and differentiation of primitive murine hematopoietic progenitor cells in vitro. Exp Hematol 1994; 22: 1064-9.
101. Kopf M, Ramsay A, Brombacher F, et al. Pleiotropic defects of IL-6-deficient mice including early hematopoiesis, T and B cell function, and acute phase responses. Ann NY Acad Sci 1995; 762: 308-18.
102. Bar-Or A, Nuttall RK, Duddy M, et al. Analyses of all matrix metalloproteinase members in leukocytes emphasize monocytes as major inflammatory mediators in multiple sclerosis. Brain 2003; 126: 2738-49.
103. Vaday GG, Hershkoviz R, Rahat MA, et al. Fibronectin-bound TNF-alpha stimulates monocyte matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression and regulates chemotaxis. J Leukoc Biol 2000; 68: 737-47.
104. Amorino GP, Hoover RL. Interactions of monocytic cells with human endothelial cells stimulate monocytic metalloproteinase production. Am J Pathol 1998; 152: 199-207.
105. Leber TM, Balkwill FR. Regulation of monocyte MMP-9 production by TNF-alpha and a tumour-derived soluble factor (MMPSF). Br J Cancer 1998; 78: 724-32.
106. Cockett MI, Murphy G, Birch ML, et al. Matrix metalloproteinases and metastatic cancer. Biochem soc Symp 1998; 63: 295-313.
107. Kato Y, Yamashita T, Ishikawa M. Relationship between expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 and invasion ability of cervical cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2002; 9: 565-9.
108. Curran S, Murray GI. Matrix metalloproteinases in tumour invasion and metastasis. J Pathol 1999; 189: 300-8.
109. Ellerbroek SM, Stack MS. Membrane associated matrix metalloproteinases in metastasis. Bioessays 1999; 21: 940-9.
110. Kleiner DE, Stetler-Stevenson WG. Matrix metalloproteinases and metastasis. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1999; 43 Suppl: S42-S51.
111. Polette M, Birembaut P. Membrane-type metalloproteinases in tumor invasion. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1998; 30: 1195-202.
112. Stamenkovic I. Matrix metalloproteinases in tumor invasion and metastasis. Semin Cancer Biol 2000; 10: 415-33.
113. Westermarck J, Kahari VM. Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase expression in tumor invasion. FASEB J 1999; 13: 781-92.
114. Yoon SO, Park SJ, Yun CH, Chung AS. Roles of matrix metalloproteinases in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. J Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 36: 128-37.
115. Janowska-Wieczorek A, Marquez LA, Nabholtz JM, et al. Growth factors and cytokines upregulate gelatinase expression in bone marrow CD34(+) cells and their transmigration through reconstituted basement membrane. Blood 1999; 93: 3379-90.
116. Lapidot T, Petit I. Current understanding of stem cell mobilization: the roles of chemokines, proteolytic enzymes, adhesion molecules, cytokines, and stromal cells. Exp Hematol 2002; 30: 973-81.
117. Zheng Y, Sun A, Han ZC. Stem cell factor improves SCID-repopulating activity of human umbilical cord blood-derived hematopoietic stem/ progenitor cells in xenotransplanted NOD/SCID mouse model. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005; 35: 137-42.
118. Zheng Y, Watanabe N, Nagamura-Inoue T, et al. Ex vivo manipulation of umbilical cord blood-derived hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells with recombinant human stem cell factor can up-regulate levels of homing-essential molecules to increase their transmigratory potential. Exp Hematol 2003; 31: 1237-46.
119. Entschladen F, Zänker KS. Locomotion of tumor cells: a molecular comparison to migrating pre- and postmitotic leukocytes. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2000; 126: 671-81.
120. Bleul CC, Fuhlbrigge RC, Casasnovas JM, Aiuti A, Springer TA. A highly efficacious lymphocyte chemoattractant, stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1). J Exp Med 1996; 184: 1101-9.
121. Kim CH, Broxmeyer HE. In vitro behavior of hematopoietic progenitor cells under the influence of chemoattractants: stromal cell-derived factor-1, steel factor, and the bone marrow environment. Blood 1998; 91: 100-10.
122. Ganju RK, Brubaker SA, Meyer J, et al. The alpha-chemokine, stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha, binds to the transmembrane G-protein-coupled CXCR-4 receptor and activates multiple signal transduction pathways. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 23169-75.
123. Wang JF, Park IW, Groopman JE. Stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple focal adhesion proteins and induces migration of hematopoietic progenitor cells: roles of phosphoinositide-3 kinase and protein kinase C. Blood 2000; 95: 2505-13.
124. Vila-Coro AJ, Rodriguez-Frade JM, Martin De Ana A, et al. The chemokine SDF-1alpha triggers CXCR4 receptor dimerization and activates the JAK/STAT pathway. FASEB J 1999; 13: 1699-710.
125. Clark EA, Brugge JS. Integrins and Signal Transduction Pathways: The Road Taken. Science 1995; 268: 233-9.
126. Dittmar T, Brandt BH, Lang K, Zänker KS, Entschladen F. Lessons from tumor and immunocompetent cells. The quantitative engagement of ligand-receptor interactions modulates stop-and-go behavior as well as proliferation. Medicina (B.Aires) 2000; 60 Suppl 2: 27-33.
127. Dittmar T, Husemann A, Schewe Y, et al. Induction of cancer cell migration by epidermal growth factor is initiated by specific phosphorylation of tyrosine 1248 of c-erbB-2 receptor via EGFR. FASEB J 2002; 16: 1823-5.
128. Petit I, Goichberg P, Spiegel A, et al. Atypical PKC-zeta regulates SDF-1-mediated migration and development of human CD34+ progenitor cells. J Clin Invest 2005; 115: 168-76.
129. Mochly-Rosen D. Localization of Protein Kinases by Anchoring Proteins: A Theme in Signal Transduction. Science 1995; 268: 247-51.
130. Hofmann J. The potential for isoenzyme-selective modulation of protein kinase C. FASEB J 1997; 11: 649-69.
131. Cancelas JA, Lee AW, Prabhakar R, et al. Rac GTPases differentially integrate signals regulating hematopoietic stem cell localization. Nat Med 2005; 11: 886-91.
132. Maheshwari G, Lauffenburger DA. Deconstructing (and reconstructing) cell migration. Microsc Res Tech 1998; 43: 358-68.
133. Friedl P, Noble PB, Zänker KS. Lymphocyte locomotion in three-dimensional collagen gels. Comparison of three quantitative methods for analysing cell trajectories. J Immunol Methods 1993; 165: 157-65.
134. Niggemann B, Drell TL 4th, Joseph J, et al. Tumor cell locomotion: differential dynamics of spontaneous and induced migration in a 3D collagen matrix. Exp Cell Res 2004; 298: 178-87.
135. Zaman MH, Kamm RD, Matsudaira P, Lauffenburger DA. Computational model for cell migration in three-dimensional matrices. Biophys J 2005; 89: 1389-97.
136. Benito AI, Diaz MA, Gonzalez-Vicent M, Sevilla J, Madero L. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation using umbilical cord blood progenitors: review of current clinical results. Bone Marrow Transplant 2004; 33: 675-90.
137. Chao NJ, Emerson SG, Weinberg KI. Stem cell transplantation (cord blood transplants). Hematology (Am Soc Hematol Educ Program) 2004; 354-71.
138. Habibian RK, Peters SO, Hsieh CC, et al. The fluctuating phenotype of the lymphohematopoietic stem cell with cell cycle transit. J Exp Med 1998; 188: 393-8.
139. Glimm H, Oh IH, Eaves CJ. Human hematopoietic stem cells stimulated to proliferate in vitro lose engraftment potential during their S/ G(2)/M transit and do not reenter G(0). Blood 2000; 96: 4185-93.
140. Yamaguchi M, Ikebuchi K, Hirayama F, et al. Different adhesive characteristics and VLA-4 expression of CD34(+) progenitors in G0/G1 versus S+G2/M phases of the cell cycle. Blood 1998; 92: 842-8.
141. Ramirez M, Segovia JC, Benet I, et al. Ex vivo expansion of umbilical cord blood (UCB) CD34(+) cells alters the expression and function of alpha 4 beta 1 and alpha 5 beta 1 integrins. Br J Haematol 2001; 115: 213-21.
142. Cashman J, Clark-Lewis I, Eaves A, Eaves C. Stromal-derived factor 1 inhibits the cycling of very primitive human hematopoietic cells in vitro and in NOD/SCID mice. Blood 2002; 99: 792-9.
143. Cashman J, Dykstra B, Clark-Lewis I, Eaves A, Eaves C. Changes in the proliferative activity of human hematopoietic stem cells in NOD/SCID mice and enhancement of their transplantability after in vivo treatment with cell cycle inhibitors. J Exp Med 2002; 196: 1141-9.
144. Glimm H, Tang P, Clark-Lewis I, von Kalle C, Eaves C. Ex vivo treatment of proliferating human cord blood stem cells with stroma-derived factor-1 enhances their ability to engraft NOD/SCID mice. Blood 2002; 99: 3454-7.
145. Gonzalo JA, Lloyd CM, Peled A, et al. Critical involvement of the chemotactic axis CXCR4/stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha in the inflammatory component of allergic airway disease. J Immunol 2000; 165: 499-508.
146. Eddleston J, Christiansen SC, Zuraw BL. Functional expression of the C-X-C chemokine receptor CXCR4 by human bronchial epithelial cells: regulation by proinflammatory mediators. J Immunol 2002; 169: 6445-51.
147. Pashenkov M, Soderstrom M, Link H. Secondary lymphoid organ chemokines are elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid during central nervous system inflammation. J Neuroimmunol 2003; 135: 154-60.
148. Pashenkov M, Teleshova N, Kouwenhoven M, et al. Recruitment of dendritic cells to the cerebrospinal fluid in bacterial neuroinfections. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 122: 106-16.
149. Buckley CD, Amft N, Bradfield PF, et al. Persistent induction of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 by TGF-beta 1 on synovial T cells contributes to their accumulation within the rheumatoid synovium. J Immunol 2000; 165: 3423-9.
150. Nanki T, Hayashida K, El-Gabalawy HS, et al. Stromal cell-derived factor-1-CXC chemokine receptor 4 interactions play a central role in CD4+ T cell accumulation in rheumatoid arthritis synovium. J Immunol 2000; 165: 6590-8.
151. Salvucci O, Basik M, Yao L, Bianchi R, Tosato G. Evidence for the involvement of SDF-1 and CXCR4 in the disruption of endothelial cell-branching morphogenesis and angiogenesis by TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 76: 217-26.
152. Fedyk ER, Jones D, Critchley HO, et al. Expression of stromal-derived factor-1 is decreased by IL-1 and TNF and in dermal wound healing. J Immunol 2001; 166: 5749-54.
153. Rao RM, Betz TV, Lamont DJ, et al. Elastase release by transmigrating neutrophils deactivates endothelial-bound SDF-1alpha and attenuates subsequent T lymphocyte transendothelial migration. J Exp Med 2004; 200: 713-24.
154. McQuibban GA, Butler GS, Gong JH, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase activity inactivates the CXC chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 43503-8.
155. Jin DK, Shido K, Kopp HG, et al. Cytokine-mediated deployment of SDF-1 induces revascularization through recruitment of CXCR4+ hemangiocytes. Nat Med 2006; 12: 557-67.
156. Askari AT, Unzek S, Popovic ZB, et al. Effect of stromal-cell-derived factor 1 on stem-cell homing and tissue regeneration in ischaemic cardiomyopathy. Lancet 2003; 362: 697-703.
157. Ratajczak MZ, Kucia M, Reca R, et al. Stem cell plasticity revisited: CXCR4-positive cells expressing mRNA for early muscle, liver and neural cells 'hide out' in the bone marrow. Leukemia 2004; 18: 29-40.
158. Stumm RK, Rummel J, Junker V, et al. A dual role for the SDF-1/ CXCR4 chemokine receptor system in adult brain: isoform-selective regulation of SDF-1 expression modulates CXCR4-dependent neuronal plasticity and cerebral leukocyte recruitment after focal ischemia. J Neurosci 2002; 22: 5865-78.
159. Mantovani A, Bottazzi B, Colotta F, Sozzani S, Ruco L. The origin and function of tumor-associated macrophages. Immunol Today 1992; 13: 265-70.
160. Bingle L, Brown NJ, Lewis CE. The role of tumour-associated macrophages in tumour progression: implications for new anticancer therapies. J Pathol 2002; 196: 254-65.
161. Balkwill F, Foxwell B, Brennan F. TNF is here to stay! Immunol Today 2000; 21: 470-1.
162. Coussens LM, Werb Z. Inflammation and cancer. Nature 2002; 420: 860-7.
163. Lyden D, Hattori K, Dias S, et al. Impaired recruitment of bone-marrow-derived endothelial and hematopoietic precursor cells blocks tumor angiogenesis and growth. Nat Med 2001; 7: 1194-201.
164. Young MR, Kolesiak K, Wright MA, Gabrilovich DI. Chemoattraction of femoral CD34+ progenitor cells by tumor-derived vascular endothelial cell growth factor. Clin Exp Metastasis 1999; 17: 881-8.
165. Young MR, Petruzzelli GJ, Kolesiak K, et al. Human squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck chemoattract immune suppressive CD34(+) progenitor cells. Hum Immunol 2001; 62: 332-41.
166. Udani VM, Santarelli JG, Yung YC, et al. Hematopoietic stem cells give rise to perivascular endothelial-like cells during brain tumor angiogenesis. Stem Cells Dev 2005; 14: 478-86.
167. De Palma M, Venneri MA, Galli R, et al. Tie2 identifies a hematopoietic lineage of proangiogenic monocytes required for tumor vessel formation and a mesenchymal population of pericyte progenitors. Cancer Cell 2005; 8: 211-26.
168. Jang YY, Collector MI, Baylin SB, Diehl AM, Sharkis SJ. Hematopoietic stem cells convert into liver cells within days without fusion. Nat Cell Biol 2004; 6: 532-9.
169. Ianus; A, Holz GG, Theise ND, Hussain MA. In vivo derivation of glucose-competent pancreatic endocrine cells from bone marrow without evidence of cell fusion. J Clin Invest 2003; 111: 843-50.
170. Newsome PN, Johannessen I, Boyle S, et al. Human cord blood-derived cells can differentiate into hepatocytes in the mouse liver with no evidence of cellular fusion. Gastroenterology 2003; 124: 1891-900.
171. Dittmar T, Seidel J, Zänker KS, Niggemann B. Carcinogenesis Driven by Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells. Contrib Microbiol 2006; 13: 156-69.
172. Geminder H, Sagi-Assif O, Goldberg L, et al. A possible role for CXCR4 and its ligand, the CXC chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1, in the development of bone marrow metastases in neuroblastoma. J Immunol 2001; 167: 4747-57.
173. Mochizuki H, Matsubara A, Teishima J, et al. Interaction of ligand-receptor system between stromal-cell-derived factor-1 and CXC chemokine receptor 4 in human prostate cancer: a possible predictor of metastasis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 320: 656-63.
174. Bartolome RA, Galvez BG, Longo N, et al. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha promotes melanoma cell invasion across basement membranes involving stimulation of membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase and Rho GTPase activities. Cancer Res 2004; 64: 2534-43.
175. Vaupel P, Harrison L. Tumor hypoxia: causative factors, compensatory mechanisms, and cellular response. Oncologist 2004; 9 (Suppl 5): 4-9.
176. Vaupel P, Mayer A, Hockel M. Tumor hypoxia and malignant progression. Methods Enzymol 2004; 381: 335-54.
177. Staller P, Sulitkova J, Lisztwan J, et al. Chemokine receptor CXCR4 downregulated by von Hippel-Lindau tumour suppressor pVHL. Nature 2003; 425: 307-11.
178. Asahara T, Murohara T, Sullivan A, et al. Isolation of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogenesis. Science 1997; 275: 964-7.
179. Kopp HG, Ramos CA, Rafii S. Contribution of endothelial progenitors and proangiogenic hematopoietic cells to vascularization of tumor and ischemic tissue. Curr Opin Hematol 2006; 13: 175-81.
180. Urbich C, Dimmeler S. Endothelial progenitor cells: characterization and role in vascular biology. Circ Res 2004; 95: 343-53.
181. Takahashi T, Kalka C, Masuda H, et al. Ischemia- and cytokine-induced mobilization of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells for neovascularization. Nat Med 1999; 5: 434-8.
182. Moore MA, Hattori K, Heissig B, et al. Mobilization of endothelial and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells by adenovector-mediated elevation of serum levels of SDF-1, VEGF, and angiopoietin-1. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 938: 36-45; discussion -7.
183. Hattori K, Dias S, Heissig B, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-1 stimulate postnatal hematopoiesis by recruitment of vasculogenic and hematopoietic stem cells. J Exp Mod 2001; 193: 1005-14.
184. Bahlmann FH, De Groot K, Spandau JM, et al. Erythropoietin regulates endothelial progenitor cells. Blood 2004; 103: 921-6.
185. Heeschen C, Aicher A, Lehmann R, et al. Erythropoietin is a potent physiologic stimulus for endothelial progenitor cell mobilization. Blood 2003; 102: 1340-6.
186. Iwakura A, Luedemann C, Shastry S, et al. Estrogen-mediated, endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent mobilization of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells contributes to reendothelialization after arterial injury. Circulation 2003; 108: 3115-21.
187. Laufs U, Werner N, Link A, et al. Physical training increases endothelial progenitor cells, inhibits neointima formation, and enhances angiogenesis. Circulation 2004; 109: 220-6.
188. Li X, Tjwa M, Moons L, et al. Revascularization of ischemic tissues by PDGF-CC via effects on endothelial cells and their progenitors. J Clin Invest 2005; 115: 118-27.
189. Bergers G, Brekken R, McMahon G, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 triggers the angiogenic switch during carcinogenesis. Nat Cell Biol 2000; 2: 737-44.
190. Engsig MT, Chen QJ, Vu TH, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 and vascular endothelial growth factor are essential for osteoclast recruitment into developing long bones. J Cell Biol 2000; 151: 879-89.
191. Grunewald M, Avraham I, Dor Y, et al. VEGF-induced adult neovascularization: recruitment, retention, and role of accessory cells. Cell 2006; 124: 175-89.
192. Kaplan RN, Riba RD, Zacharoulis S, et al. VEGFR1-positive haematopoietic bone marrow progenitors initiate the premetastatic niche. Nature 2005; 438: 820-7.
193. Chavakis E, Aicher A, Heeschen C, et al. Role of beta2-integrins for homing and neovascularization capacity of endothelial progenitor cells. J Exp Med 2005; 201: 63-72.